Pub Date : 2024-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106799
Sai Madhurika Mamunuru , Anand Shrivastava , Arjun Jayadev
Traditional measures of inequality, such as the Gini coefficient, involve pairwise comparisons across all members of a given population. But, most people possess information about, and therefore experience inequality in comparison to, only a subset of the population. In this paper, we provide simple axioms to describe inequality as experienced in social networks. We propose an index to measure aggregate experienced inequality that is consistent with these axioms. We then compute the Gini coefficient and ‘experienced inequality’ in 75 villages in Karnataka, India. We show that for a given wealth distribution, the social network could either accentuate or diminish experienced inequality. We show, first analytically and then empirically, how this can happen with respect to two network properties. Firstly, wealth-based homophily is negatively associated with experienced inequality. Secondly, caste-based homophily is negatively associated with experienced inequality when within-caste inequality is less than the overall Gini coefficient (and positively associated when the opposite is true).
{"title":"Social networks and experienced inequality","authors":"Sai Madhurika Mamunuru , Anand Shrivastava , Arjun Jayadev","doi":"10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106799","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106799","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional measures of inequality, such as the Gini coefficient, involve pairwise comparisons across all members of a given population. But, most people possess information about, and therefore experience inequality in comparison to, only a subset of the population. In this paper, we provide simple axioms to describe inequality as experienced in social networks. We propose an index to measure aggregate experienced inequality that is consistent with these axioms. We then compute the Gini coefficient and ‘experienced inequality’ in 75 villages in Karnataka, India. We show that for a given wealth distribution, the social network could either accentuate or diminish experienced inequality. We show, first analytically and then empirically, how this can happen with respect to two network properties. Firstly, wealth-based homophily is negatively associated with experienced inequality. Secondly, caste-based homophily is negatively associated with experienced inequality when within-caste inequality is less than the overall Gini coefficient (and positively associated when the opposite is true).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 106799"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142721184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106781
Martin Abel, Emma Bomfim, Izzy Cisneros, Jackson Coyle, Song Eraou, Martha Gebeyehu, Gerardo Hernandez, Julian Juantorena, Lizzy Kaplan, Danielle Marquez, Jack Mullen, Peyton Mulhern, Ayana Opong-Nyantekyi, Rin Osathanugrah, Joe Paul, Austin Philie, Luke Tingley, Jingyi Wang
We conduct an incentivized experiment with a nationally representative sample to investigate gender discrimination among people receiving advice on risky investments. Participants learn about actual start-up firms they can invest in. Before deciding how much of their endowment to invest, they receive recommendations from either female or male professionals. We find that before outcomes are revealed, participants are equally likely to follow recommendations of female and male advisors. Likewise, we observe no gender discrimination following advice that proves correct. However, for advice that turns out to be incorrect, advisor gender significantly impacts the decisions made by male participants. They invest 47% less in the direction of this advice compared to situations where male advisors were incorrect. These differences are not explained by participants’ stated views on gender roles and advisors’ ability as well as the level of attention towards female advisors.
{"title":"Are women blamed more for giving incorrect financial advice?","authors":"Martin Abel, Emma Bomfim, Izzy Cisneros, Jackson Coyle, Song Eraou, Martha Gebeyehu, Gerardo Hernandez, Julian Juantorena, Lizzy Kaplan, Danielle Marquez, Jack Mullen, Peyton Mulhern, Ayana Opong-Nyantekyi, Rin Osathanugrah, Joe Paul, Austin Philie, Luke Tingley, Jingyi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106781","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We conduct an incentivized experiment with a nationally representative sample to investigate gender discrimination among people receiving advice on risky investments. Participants learn about actual start-up firms they can invest in. Before deciding how much of their endowment to invest, they receive recommendations from either female or male professionals. We find that before outcomes are revealed, participants are equally likely to follow recommendations of female and male advisors. Likewise, we observe no gender discrimination following advice that proves correct. However, for advice that turns out to be incorrect, advisor gender significantly impacts the decisions made by male participants. They invest 47% less in the direction of this advice compared to situations where male advisors were incorrect. These differences are not explained by participants’ stated views on gender roles and advisors’ ability as well as the level of attention towards female advisors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization","volume":"228 ","pages":"Article 106781"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142703698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106809
Silas Amo-Agyei
This study uses broad-based measures of household consumption and a utility proxy to estimate the effect of health on the marginal utility of consumption, utilizing data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (1994–2019). To do so, I estimate how an observed within-individual utility change associated with a health shock varies across individuals of different consumption levels. The results indicate that the marginal utility of consumption increases as health deteriorates. Specifically, the baseline estimates show that moving from a healthy state to a poor health state raises the marginal utility of consumption by approximately 4 percentage points. In relative terms, a one-standard-deviation increase in poor health is associated with a proportional increase of 22.7% to 29.4% in the marginal utility of consumption relative to the marginal utility in a healthy state. These findings are primarily driven by the increased marginal utility of luxuries rather than necessities, suggesting that certain types of goods offer greater utility in poor health and play a crucial role in mitigating the adverse impacts of health shocks.
{"title":"The effect of health on the marginal utility of consumption: Evidence based on household consumption expenditure","authors":"Silas Amo-Agyei","doi":"10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106809","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106809","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study uses broad-based measures of household consumption and a utility proxy to estimate the effect of health on the marginal utility of consumption, utilizing data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (1994–2019). To do so, I estimate how an observed within-individual utility change associated with a health shock varies across individuals of different consumption levels. The results indicate that the marginal utility of consumption increases as health deteriorates. Specifically, the baseline estimates show that moving from a healthy state to a poor health state raises the marginal utility of consumption by approximately 4 percentage points. In relative terms, a one-standard-deviation increase in poor health is associated with a proportional increase of 22.7% to 29.4% in the marginal utility of consumption relative to the marginal utility in a healthy state. These findings are primarily driven by the increased marginal utility of luxuries rather than necessities, suggesting that certain types of goods offer greater utility in poor health and play a crucial role in mitigating the adverse impacts of health shocks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 106809"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142703023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106811
Marco Amendola , Marcelo C. Pereira
The paper delves into the potential of Agent-Based Models (ABM) in analysing phenomena characterized by the non-linear propagation of shocks and system dynamics. Recognizing that state dependency can naturally emerge in complex evolving systems, we present a new methodological framework to evaluate state-dependent (or non-linear) impulse response functions in an ABM setting. Inspired by threshold time series modelling approaches, we propose analysing state-dependent impulse responses by creating alternative controlled states of the system, from which randomized impulse responses can be computed. Furthermore, a data-driven, machine-learning algorithm is proposed to endogenously identify relevant system states for the observed response. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such an approach is advanced. An R library implementing all the required methods is also offered to ensure applicability in diverse fields. Finally, the methodology is applied in economics to test for monetary policy shocks in a reference macro ABM, highlighting its effectiveness in mapping the system impulse response to the identified key state variables, as well as showing the importance of state dependence for policy design and systematic identification of critical system states.
本文深入探讨了基于代理的模型（ABM）在分析以冲击的非线性传播和系统动态为特征的现象方面的潜力。我们认识到，在复杂的演化系统中会自然而然地出现状态依赖性，因此提出了一种新的方法论框架，用于评估 ABM 环境中的状态依赖性（或非线性）脉冲响应函数。受阈值时间序列建模方法的启发，我们建议通过创建系统的替代受控状态来分析与状态相关的脉冲响应，并从中计算出随机脉冲响应。此外，我们还提出了一种数据驱动的机器学习算法，用于内生识别观测到的响应的相关系统状态。据我们所知，这是首次提出这种方法。此外，还提供了一个实现所有必要方法的 R 库，以确保在不同领域的适用性。最后，我们将该方法应用于经济学，以测试参考宏观 ABM 中的货币政策冲击，突出了该方法在将系统脉冲响应映射到已识别的关键状态变量方面的有效性，并显示了状态依赖性对于政策设计和系统识别关键系统状态的重要性。
{"title":"State-dependent impulse responses in agent-based models: A new methodology and an economic application","authors":"Marco Amendola , Marcelo C. Pereira","doi":"10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106811","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106811","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The paper delves into the potential of Agent-Based Models (ABM) in analysing phenomena characterized by the non-linear propagation of shocks and system dynamics. Recognizing that state dependency can naturally emerge in complex evolving systems, we present a new methodological framework to evaluate state-dependent (or non-linear) impulse response functions in an ABM setting. Inspired by threshold time series modelling approaches, we propose analysing state-dependent impulse responses by creating alternative controlled states of the system, from which randomized impulse responses can be computed. Furthermore, a data-driven, machine-learning algorithm is proposed to endogenously identify relevant system states for the observed response. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such an approach is advanced. An R library implementing all the required methods is also offered to ensure applicability in diverse fields. Finally, the methodology is applied in economics to test for monetary policy shocks in a reference macro ABM, highlighting its effectiveness in mapping the system impulse response to the identified key state variables, as well as showing the importance of state dependence for policy design and systematic identification of critical system states.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 106811"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106789
Mehmet Y. Gürdal , Özgür Gürerk , Yeliz Kaçamak , Edip Kart
Conditional commitment devices, such as price-matching guarantees, legal agreements, and smart contracts, can significantly enhance cooperation and improve outcomes in various scenarios. Despite their potential, empirical evidence of their effectiveness in the context of public goods is limited. This paper addresses this gap by demonstrating that conditional and binding commitments can indeed increase voluntary contributions to public goods. We begin by theoretically analyzing the impact of conditional commitments managed by a mediator on public good contributions. Our analysis shows that conditional commitments can be structured to achieve a Pareto Optimal Nash Equilibrium (PONE). We then validate our theoretical findings with laboratory experiments. The results reveal that when a PONE exists, nearly all participant groups adopt conditional commitments and achieve high levels of sustained cooperation. Conversely, when conditional commitments lead to socially inefficient outcomes, their use declines and cooperation levels drop significantly.
{"title":"How to increase and sustain cooperation in public goods games: Conditional commitments via a mediator","authors":"Mehmet Y. Gürdal , Özgür Gürerk , Yeliz Kaçamak , Edip Kart","doi":"10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106789","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106789","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conditional commitment devices, such as price-matching guarantees, legal agreements, and smart contracts, can significantly enhance cooperation and improve outcomes in various scenarios. Despite their potential, empirical evidence of their effectiveness in the context of public goods is limited. This paper addresses this gap by demonstrating that conditional and binding commitments can indeed increase voluntary contributions to public goods. We begin by theoretically analyzing the impact of conditional commitments managed by a mediator on public good contributions. Our analysis shows that conditional commitments can be structured to achieve a Pareto Optimal Nash Equilibrium (PONE). We then validate our theoretical findings with laboratory experiments. The results reveal that when a PONE exists, nearly all participant groups adopt conditional commitments and achieve high levels of sustained cooperation. Conversely, when conditional commitments lead to socially inefficient outcomes, their use declines and cooperation levels drop significantly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization","volume":"228 ","pages":"Article 106789"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106810
Jing Hao , Yue Lu , Jing Zhang , Hengyu Bai , Ji (George) Wu
We examine the impact of provincial gambling culture on the local firms’ R&D expenditure. We find that local gambling culture, measured by the regional lottery sales revenue per capita, promotes local firms’ R&D expenditure. Further tests show that provincial gambling culture produces more innovation outcomes and results in high innovation quality in the long run. Our result is robust to endogeneity corrections using the instrumental variable and PSM-DiD approaches and controlling for firm fixed effects. The mechanism tests reveal that our main finding works through two channels to increase local firms’ risk-taking: hiring young CEOs and using more equity. In addition, we rule out the impact of neighbouring regional gambling culture on the local firms’ R&D investments by using geographic RDD analysis. Finally, our results are more pronounced for firms in provinces with high levels of social trustworthiness, more young ageing populations, and non-SOEs.
{"title":"Does provincial gambling culture affect corporate innovation? Evidence from China","authors":"Jing Hao , Yue Lu , Jing Zhang , Hengyu Bai , Ji (George) Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106810","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106810","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We examine the impact of provincial gambling culture on the local firms’ R&D expenditure. We find that local gambling culture, measured by the regional lottery sales revenue per capita, promotes local firms’ R&D expenditure. Further tests show that provincial gambling culture produces more innovation outcomes and results in high innovation quality in the long run. Our result is robust to endogeneity corrections using the instrumental variable and PSM-DiD approaches and controlling for firm fixed effects. The mechanism tests reveal that our main finding works through two channels to increase local firms’ risk-taking: hiring young CEOs and using more equity. In addition, we rule out the impact of neighbouring regional gambling culture on the local firms’ R&D investments by using geographic RDD analysis. Finally, our results are more pronounced for firms in provinces with high levels of social trustworthiness, more young ageing populations, and non-SOEs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization","volume":"228 ","pages":"Article 106810"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106815
Georgy Lukyanov , David Li
This paper studies a two-player game in which the players face uncertainty regarding the nature of their partner. In this variation of the standard Prisoner’s Dilemma, players may encounter an ‘honest’ type who always cooperates. Mistreating such a player imposes a moral cost on the defector. This situation creates a trade-off, resolved in favor of cooperation if the player’s trust level, or belief in their partner’s honesty, is sufficiently high. We investigate whether an environment where players have explicit beliefs about each other’s honesty is more or less conducive to cooperation, compared to a scenario where players are entirely uncertain about their partner’s beliefs. We establish that belief diversity hampers cooperation in environments where the level of trust is relatively low and boosts cooperation in environments with a high level of trust.
{"title":"Belief diversity and cooperation","authors":"Georgy Lukyanov , David Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106815","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106815","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper studies a two-player game in which the players face uncertainty regarding the nature of their partner. In this variation of the standard Prisoner’s Dilemma, players may encounter an ‘honest’ type who always cooperates. Mistreating such a player imposes a moral cost on the defector. This situation creates a trade-off, resolved in favor of cooperation if the player’s trust level, or belief in their partner’s honesty, is sufficiently high. We investigate whether an environment where players have explicit beliefs about each other’s honesty is more or less conducive to cooperation, compared to a scenario where players are entirely uncertain about their partner’s beliefs. We establish that belief diversity hampers cooperation in environments where the level of trust is relatively low and boosts cooperation in environments with a high level of trust.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 106815"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106812
Dongyang Zhang , Yichen Guo , Samuel A. Vigne
Different categories of cultural traits have acknowledged that culture matters for a multiplicity of decisions made regarding economic outcomes. In response to the increasing awareness of cultural traits and their relationship to corporate sustainable behavior, this paper focused on one specific aspect of the relevance of culture: the association of family culture to green behaviors. This paper explored the nexus between family culture, the deceptive behavior of greenwashing, and firm performance in China, which provided original evidence that family culture firms have a significantly lower likelihood in participating in deceptive green behaviors as measured by greenwashing. By collecting the listed Chinese firms during 2011 to 2021, we estimated empirical models and drew a variety of conclusions accordingly. First, family culture firms have a negative and significant impact on greenwashing behaviors, leading to a decline in deceptive green production decision-making. Second, we further provided mechanisms which hamper family firms’ greenwashing behaviors into two perspectives: financial constraint and agency cost between shareholders and family managers. We recognized that financial constraints motivate family culture firms to greenwash, whereas the low agency cost related to family culture discourages family firms from greenwashing decision-making. Third, we provide very rich dimensions in discussion of heterogeneous effects. Specifically, within the internal family culture structure heterogeneities, family managers without overseas backgrounds, no generational or descendant involvement, and high family-controlled firms are even less involved in greenwashing decision-making. Moreover, with respect to external heterogeneities, family culture in pollution-intensive industries, highly regulated environmental firms, and Confucian social culture intensive regions, can significantly reduce greenwashing behaviors.
{"title":"Does family culture hamper corporate deceptive green behavior decision-making?","authors":"Dongyang Zhang , Yichen Guo , Samuel A. Vigne","doi":"10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106812","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106812","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Different categories of cultural traits have acknowledged that culture matters for a multiplicity of decisions made regarding economic outcomes. In response to the increasing awareness of cultural traits and their relationship to corporate sustainable behavior, this paper focused on one specific aspect of the relevance of culture: the association of family culture to green behaviors. This paper explored the nexus between family culture, the deceptive behavior of greenwashing, and firm performance in China, which provided original evidence that family culture firms have a significantly lower likelihood in participating in deceptive green behaviors as measured by greenwashing. By collecting the listed Chinese firms during 2011 to 2021, we estimated empirical models and drew a variety of conclusions accordingly. First, family culture firms have a negative and significant impact on greenwashing behaviors, leading to a decline in deceptive green production decision-making. Second, we further provided mechanisms which hamper family firms’ greenwashing behaviors into two perspectives: financial constraint and agency cost between shareholders and family managers. We recognized that financial constraints motivate family culture firms to greenwash, whereas the low agency cost related to family culture discourages family firms from greenwashing decision-making. Third, we provide very rich dimensions in discussion of heterogeneous effects. Specifically, within the internal family culture structure heterogeneities, family managers without overseas backgrounds, no generational or descendant involvement, and high family-controlled firms are even less involved in greenwashing decision-making. Moreover, with respect to external heterogeneities, family culture in pollution-intensive industries, highly regulated environmental firms, and Confucian social culture intensive regions, can significantly reduce greenwashing behaviors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization","volume":"228 ","pages":"Article 106812"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roughly a quarter of physicians in the United States are either international medical graduates (IMGs) or foreign-born physicians (FBPs). We propose a theoretical model where patient preferences that disfavor IMGs/FBPs may result in these physicians offering better access to their services compared with non-IMGs/FBPs in equilibrium. We use data from two field experiments to test the predictions from the model: one concerning patient preferences and the other concerning physician availability. In the patient preferences field experiment, we find that patients strongly prefer physicians educated in the United States to IMGs by more than 2-to-1. In the physician availability field experiment, we find that US-born physicians generally have lower levels of availability including offering fewer appointments and longer wait times. These results may indicate a substantial underutilization of FBPs relative to US-born physicians and suggest that greater acceptance of IMGs/FBPs will improve access to healthcare in a system that is constrained by supply shortages.
{"title":"Patient preferences and physician availability based on physician nativity and international medical school attendance","authors":"Brigham Walker , Janna Wisniewski , Sarah Tinkler , Miron Stano , Rajiv Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106813","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106813","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Roughly a quarter of physicians in the United States are either international medical graduates (IMGs) or foreign-born physicians (FBPs). We propose a theoretical model where patient preferences that disfavor IMGs/FBPs may result in these physicians offering better access to their services compared with non-IMGs/FBPs in equilibrium. We use data from two field experiments to test the predictions from the model: one concerning patient preferences and the other concerning physician availability. In the patient preferences field experiment, we find that patients strongly prefer physicians educated in the United States to IMGs by more than 2-to-1. In the physician availability field experiment, we find that US-born physicians generally have lower levels of availability including offering fewer appointments and longer wait times. These results may indicate a substantial underutilization of FBPs relative to US-born physicians and suggest that greater acceptance of IMGs/FBPs will improve access to healthcare in a system that is constrained by supply shortages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization","volume":"228 ","pages":"Article 106813"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106782
Hong Liu , Jiaying Li , Hong Song , Xianqiang Zou
This study provides the first empirical evidence of the impact of maternity leave entitlements on labor market outcomes for women of childbearing age in urban China. We exploit a reform during which approximately two-thirds of the provinces in China extended their leave entitlements from 2014 to 2016 and employ a triple-difference strategy to deal with the identification. The results suggest unintended effects, as leave entitlement extensions led to a reduction in the likelihood of working, formal employment, and wage for women of childbearing age relative to their counterparts. We further establish that greater reliance on employer liability may be the main mechanism behind the unintended effects, highlighting the importance of payment schemes. This study provides novel evidence and mechanisms for the labor market effect of maternity leave in women of childbearing age and provides new insights for maternity leave related policy designs.
{"title":"Unintended consequences of maternity leave entitlements on female labor market outcomes in China","authors":"Hong Liu , Jiaying Li , Hong Song , Xianqiang Zou","doi":"10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106782","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106782","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study provides the first empirical evidence of the impact of maternity leave entitlements on labor market outcomes for women of childbearing age in urban China. We exploit a reform during which approximately two-thirds of the provinces in China extended their leave entitlements from 2014 to 2016 and employ a triple-difference strategy to deal with the identification. The results suggest unintended effects, as leave entitlement extensions led to a reduction in the likelihood of working, formal employment, and wage for women of childbearing age relative to their counterparts. We further establish that greater reliance on employer liability may be the main mechanism behind the unintended effects, highlighting the importance of payment schemes. This study provides novel evidence and mechanisms for the labor market effect of maternity leave in women of childbearing age and provides new insights for maternity leave related policy designs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization","volume":"228 ","pages":"Article 106782"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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