Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization最新文献

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Productivity performance, distance to frontier and AI innovation: Firm-level evidence from Europe 生产力绩效、前沿距离和人工智能创新：欧洲企业层面的证据

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106762

Larissa da Silva Marioni , Ana Rincon-Aznar , Francesco Venturini

Using firm-level data from 15 European countries between 2011 and 2019, this paper examines the productivity effect associated with the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI), measured by patenting success in AI fields. By making advances in AI and expanding on their knowledge base, companies can optimise production tasks, and improve resource utilisation, ultimately leading to higher levels of efficiency. To investigate this, we develop a two-fold panel regression analysis estimated within a Difference-in-Differences (DiD) framework. First, we investigate whether firms that engage in AI innovation experience a productivity boost after developing the new technology, compared to similar firms which do not undertake AI innovation. To analyse this, we employ a novel event-analysis methodology that quantifies the effect of the treatment (AI innovation) on firm performance (productivity) using a Local Projections approach within the DiD setting. Second, we utilise a Distance-to-Frontier (DTF) regression framework in order to examine whether the productivity premium of AI is associated with a firm’s ability to absorb knowledge and learn from the technologies developed by market leaders. Our findings reveal that the productivity gains directly associated with AI are statistically significant and quantitatively important, ranging between 6.2 and 17% in the event analysis, and between 2.1 and 6% in the DTF framework. We also provide some evidence that the productivity benefits of AI might be greater for those firms further away from the frontier (between 0.3 and 0.7%). Our research demonstrates that Artificial Intelligence can play a crucial role in enhancing firm productivity in Europe, a result that is evident even in these early stages of the technology’s life cycle.

本文利用 2011 年至 2019 年期间 15 个欧洲国家的企业级数据，研究了与人工智能（AI）发展相关的生产力效应，该效应以人工智能领域的专利申请成功率为衡量标准。通过在人工智能领域取得进步并扩大知识基础，企业可以优化生产任务，提高资源利用率，最终实现更高的效率水平。为了研究这一点，我们在差分法（DiD）框架内进行了两方面的面板回归分析。首先，我们研究了与没有进行人工智能创新的类似企业相比，进行人工智能创新的企业在开发新技术后是否会提高生产率。为了分析这一点，我们采用了一种新颖的事件分析方法，利用 DiD 环境下的局部预测法量化处理（人工智能创新）对企业绩效（生产率）的影响。其次，我们利用 "前沿距离"（DTF）回归框架，研究人工智能的生产率溢价是否与企业吸收知识和学习市场领导者开发的技术的能力有关。我们的研究结果表明，与人工智能直接相关的生产率收益在统计上是显著的，在数量上也是重要的，在事件分析中介于 6.2% 到 17% 之间，在 DTF 框架中介于 2.1% 到 6% 之间。我们还提供了一些证据，表明人工智能对那些离前沿更远的企业来说，生产率收益可能更大（在 0.3% 到 0.7% 之间）。我们的研究表明，人工智能可以在提高欧洲企业生产率方面发挥关键作用，即使在该技术生命周期的早期阶段，这一结果也是显而易见的。

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引用次数: 0

Not all about the money: Service quality information improves consumer decision-making 不全是钱的问题：服务质量信息改善消费者决策

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106769

Janneke Blijlevens , Swee-Hoon Chuah , Ananta Neelim , Johanna E. Prasch , Ahmed Skali

Information asymmetries are pervasive in many industries and can result in large losses in consumer welfare. Does providing product quality information result in improved consumer decision-making? We study this question in a market where quality is notoriously hard to determine ex ante: the residential energy market. Using a discrete choice experiment (N = 1,002), we document a substantial willingness-to-pay (37–45 % of the median bill) for four service quality attributes (transparency, agency, authenticity, and convenience). In an incentivized search task (N = 432), we show that how quality information is presented matters: consumers who view information in the form of ratings and stamps of approval are (i) 4 % more likely to opt in to the search task, and (ii) 20 % more likely to correctly identify given levels of quality, relative to consumers who are provided with bar graphs, pie charts, and text. Finally, using a decision experiment (N = 510) with real company names familiar to our participants, we find that the provision of quality information increases choices of the best-rated company more than 20-fold, relative to the control scenario where quality information is absent, in which consumers select companies predominantly on price and brand awareness. Our findings are applicable to other markets in which information asymmetries are present, where policymakers should consider interventions that promote transparency and quality information provision.

信息不对称在许多行业都普遍存在，并可能导致消费者福利的巨大损失。提供产品质量信息是否会改善消费者的决策？我们在一个很难事先确定产品质量的市场中研究了这个问题：住宅能源市场。通过离散选择实验（N = 1,002），我们记录了消费者对四种服务质量属性（透明度、代理、真实性和便利性）的巨大支付意愿（账单中位数的 37-45%）。在一项激励搜索任务（N = 432）中，我们发现质量信息的呈现方式非常重要：相对于条形图、饼状图和文本，以评级和认可印章形式查看信息的消费者（i）选择参与搜索任务的可能性高出 4%，（ii）正确识别特定质量水平的可能性高出 20%。最后，我们利用参与者熟悉的真实公司名称进行了一次决策实验（N = 510），结果发现，相对于没有质量信息的对照情景（消费者主要根据价格和品牌知名度来选择公司），提供质量信息会使消费者对最佳评级公司的选择增加 20 倍以上。我们的研究结果适用于存在信息不对称的其他市场，在这些市场中，政策制定者应考虑采取干预措施，促进透明度和质量信息的提供。

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引用次数: 0

Hospital capacity reporting in Germany during Covid-19 德国在 Covid-19 期间的医院能力报告

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106730

Simon Reif, Sabrina Schubert

During the COVID-19 pandemic, hospitals faced a unique predicament. Hospital care was urgently needed and society took efforts to prevent overwhelming hospitals. However, hospitals in case-based reimbursement schemes faced financial problems because of canceled elective care visits and government regulations to keep capacity free for Covid-19 patients. Therefore, emergency financing measures were implemented in many countries. We analyze how hospitals in Germany responded to a scheme that provided financial support if the intensive care unit (ICU) occupancy rate in a county exceeded 75%. The scheme distributed over seven billion euros to hospitals and was notable because financial support depended on a measure (ICU occupancy rate) that hospitals could directly influence. To analyze hospitals’ reactions to this scheme, we employ event study analyses comparing ICU capacity before and after regions became eligible. We find no evidence of strategic reporting at an economically meaningful and hence empirically detectable scale.

在 COVID-19 大流行期间，医院面临着独特的困境。医院急需护理，社会努力防止医院不堪重负。然而，由于取消了择期就诊，以及政府规定要为 Covid-19 病人保留空闲床位，实行病例报销制度的医院面临着财务问题。因此，许多国家实施了紧急融资措施。我们分析了德国的医院是如何应对一项计划的，该计划规定，如果一个县的重症监护室（ICU）占用率超过 75%，医院将提供财政支持。该计划向医院发放了 70 多亿欧元，其显著特点是财政支持取决于医院可以直接影响的指标（重症监护室入住率）。为了分析医院对该计划的反应，我们采用了事件研究分析法，比较了各地区获得资格前后的 ICU 容量。我们没有发现任何证据表明，在有经济意义的范围内存在战略性报告，因此在经验上也无法检测到。

引用次数: 0

Who is to suffer? Quantifying the impact of sanctions on German firms 谁会受害？量化制裁对德国企业的影响

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106767

Holger Görg , Anna Jacobs , Saskia Meuchelböck

In this paper, we use a novel firm level dataset for Germany to investigate the effect of sanctions on export behaviour and performance of German firms. More specifically, we study the sanctions imposed by the EU against Russia in 2014 in response to the annexation of Crimea and Russia’s countermeasures. We find a substantial negative effect on both the extensive and intensive margin of German exports. While the negative effects are strongest for firms exporting products subject to trade restrictions, we provide further evidence on the indirect effects of sanctions. Analysing the impact on broader measures of firm performance, we document that the cost of sanctions is heterogeneous across firms but overall modest. Our results reveal that the negative impact of the shock was concentrated primarily among a small number of firms that were highly dependent on Russia as an export market and those directly affected by the sanctions.

在本文中，我们使用一个新颖的德国企业级数据集来研究制裁对德国企业出口行为和绩效的影响。更具体地说，我们研究了 2014 年欧盟针对俄罗斯吞并克里米亚实施的制裁以及俄罗斯的反制措施。我们发现，制裁对德国出口的广阔边际和密集边际都产生了巨大的负面影响。虽然对出口受贸易限制产品的企业的负面影响最大，但我们提供了制裁间接影响的进一步证据。通过分析制裁对更广泛的企业绩效衡量指标的影响，我们发现制裁的成本在不同企业之间存在差异，但总体上并不高。我们的结果表明，制裁冲击的负面影响主要集中在少数高度依赖俄罗斯作为出口市场的企业和直接受制裁影响的企业。

引用次数: 0

Highway havens for hidden horrors: Expressway connections and child trafficking in China 隐藏恐怖的高速公路避风港：高速公路连接线与中国的儿童贩运

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106765

Xinyan Liu , Yu Bai , Yanjun Li , Yajie Sun

Child trafficking is a deep-seated social issue with enduring consequences that remain concealed or less obvious to the general public. We argue that the intensity of child trafficking increases as an indirect and unintended consequence of improved urban infrastructure, such as the construction of highways that facilitate the expedient transfer of victims between cities. To establish a causal relationship, we analyze data on child abduction and combine it with geo-referenced information on China’s highway routes. Using a staggered difference-in-differences approach and a city-to-city analysis, we find that the construction of highways in a city significantly leads to an increase in abducted children. Changes in both demand and supply factors following the highway construction could explain the increase in child trafficking.

贩卖儿童是一个根深蒂固的社会问题，其持久的后果仍然被掩盖着，或者说对公众来说不太明显。我们认为，拐卖儿童现象的加剧是城市基础设施改善的间接和意外后果，例如高速公路的建设方便了受害者在城市间的快速转移。为了建立因果关系，我们分析了拐卖儿童的数据，并将其与中国高速公路路线的地理参考信息相结合。通过交错差分法和城市间分析，我们发现一个城市的高速公路建设会显著导致被拐儿童的增加。高速公路建设后供需两方面因素的变化可以解释拐卖儿童现象的增加。

引用次数: 0

Moral bandwidth and environmental concerns during a public health crisis: Evidence from Germany 公共卫生危机期间的道德带宽和环境问题：来自德国的证据

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106753

Julia Berazneva , Daniel Graeber , Michelle McCauley , Sabine Zinn , Peter Hans Matthews

Did the COVID-19 pandemic crowd out environmental concerns, as one might expect if “pools of worry” were finite or “moral bandwidth” was limited? We use Chancellor Angela Merkel’s address to the German nation on 18 March 2020 as the threshold in a regression discontinuity in time (RDiT) to evaluate the effects of an increase in COVID-based economic and health concerns on the climate and environmental concerns of respondents to the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). We find no evidence of crowding out – there is even some indication that environmental concerns increased, especially on the intensive margin – and show that this result survives various robustness checks. We also share some evidence that the treatment effects are heterogeneous: the concerns of older and more patient Germans, as well as those who report more social trust, increased relative to other groups. This is consistent with the absence of bandwidth constraints, but other interpretations – hierarchical or complementary concerns, for example – are also possible.

如果 "担忧池 "是有限的，或者 "道德带宽 "是有限的，那么 COVID-19 大流行是否会挤掉人们对环境的担忧？我们以德国总理默克尔 2020 年 3 月 18 日对德国全国发表的讲话作为时间不连续回归（RDiT）的临界点，来评估基于 COVID 的经济和健康问题的增加对德国社会经济调查小组（SOEP）受访者的气候和环境问题的影响。我们没有发现挤出效应的证据--甚至有一些迹象表明环境问题有所增加，尤其是在密集边际--并表明这一结果经受住了各种稳健性检验。我们还分享了一些证据，表明治疗效果是异质性的：相对于其他群体，年龄更大、更有耐心的德国人以及报告社会信任度更高的德国人所关注的问题有所增加。这与缺乏带宽限制是一致的，但也可能存在其他解释--例如，分级或互补性关注。

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引用次数: 0

The educational and labor market consequences of teenage exposure to rural land decollectivization in China 中国农村土地非集体化对青少年教育和劳动力市场的影响

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106771

Zhi-An Hu , Wei Huang , Wei Luo , Wuyue You , Chuanchuan Zhang

China's land decollectivization reform implemented around 1980 expanded the agricultural and nonagricultural sectors in rural areas and thereby increased the opportunity cost of schooling for teenagers. Combining the staggered adoption of the reform across regions with individual life history data, we show that teenagers substituted out of school and into agricultural and nonagricultural work following the reform. Using population census data, we further show that teenage exposure to the reform reduced the probability of completing high school by 2.0–2.2 percentage points, the probability of nonagricultural employment by 1.5–1.6 percentage points, and income by 3.6–4.7 percent.

中国在 1980 年前后实施的土地非集体化改革扩大了农村地区的农业和非农业部门，从而增加了青少年上学的机会成本。结合各地区交错实施改革的情况和个人生活史数据，我们发现改革后青少年从学校辍学，转而从事农业和非农业工作。利用人口普查数据，我们进一步表明，青少年受改革影响后，完成高中学业的概率降低了 2.0-2.2 个百分点，非农业就业的概率降低了 1.5-1.6 个百分点，收入降低了 3.6-4.7 个百分点。

引用次数: 0

Immigrant status and likelihood of opioid treatment. Lessons from Spain’s National Health Service 移民身份与阿片类药物治疗的可能性。西班牙国民健康服务的经验教训

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106754

Luigi Boggian , Joan E. Madia , Francesco Moscone , Cristina E. Orso

This study investigates opioid prescription patterns among immigrants and native populations in Spain, using novel patient health records from the Base de Datos Clínicos de Atención Primaria (BDCAP). We examined two subsets of data from 2017 and 2018, specifically targeting individuals diagnosed with musculoskeletal (MSK) issues and new cancer diagnoses, as these conditions frequently involve pain management. Our empirical analysis involved estimating a series of linear and count data models to explore the relationship between regions of origin, socioeconomic factors, and the probability of opioid use, controlling for a rich set of health conditions, and primary care centers fixed effects. Despite previously documented healthcare inequities, Spain demonstrates no major differences in opioid prescriptions between immigrants and natives, highlighting the effectiveness of its National Health Service (NHS). This contrasts sharply with the opioid crises in the United States and Canada. The absence of significant disparities underscores the importance of comprehensive healthcare systems and stringent regulations on opioid prescribing practices, as observed in European guidelines. Policy implications include the need to maintain and strengthen public healthcare systems to ensure equitable access to essential medications like opioids and to continue monitoring and regulating opioid prescribing practices to safeguard public health.

本研究利用来自基层医疗数据基地（BDCAP）的新型患者健康记录，调查了西班牙移民和本地人口的阿片类药物处方模式。我们研究了 2017 年和 2018 年的两个数据子集，特别针对诊断出肌肉骨骼（MSK）问题和新诊断出癌症的患者，因为这些病症经常涉及疼痛治疗。我们的实证分析包括估计一系列线性和计数数据模型，以探索原籍地区、社会经济因素和阿片类药物使用概率之间的关系，同时控制丰富的健康状况和初级保健中心固定效应。尽管之前有文献记载西班牙存在医疗不平等现象，但西班牙的阿片类药物处方在移民和本地人之间并无重大差异，这凸显了西班牙国民医疗服务体系（NHS）的有效性。这与美国和加拿大的阿片类药物危机形成了鲜明对比。没有明显的差异凸显了全面的医疗保健系统和严格的阿片类药物处方规范的重要性，正如欧洲指南中所指出的那样。政策影响包括需要维护和加强公共医疗保健系统，以确保公平获得阿片类药物等基本药物，并继续监测和规范阿片类药物的处方做法，以保障公众健康。

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引用次数: 0

In pursuit of power: Land tenancy contracts and local political business cycles in Indonesia 追求权力：印度尼西亚的土地租赁合同和地方政治商业周期

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106764

Takashi Kurosaki , Saumik Paul , Firman Witoelar

This study examines whether strategic delegation of land tenancy contracts is linked to local-level political business cycles in the context of a village institution – bengkok land – prevalent since the Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia. Bengkok land refers to communal village land that incumbent village heads receive usufruct rights over until their term in the office ends. We test whether incumbent village heads utilize time-bound access to bengkok land for political consolidation. Based on a novel cross-sectional household survey fielded in 2018 across 130 Javanese villages, we find robust evidence of a positive correlation between the percentage of total tenancy contracts as sharecropping and proximity (before or after) to the village election. As vulnerability of the sharecroppers makes them a pro-poor target for the incumbent village heads, these results implicate political capture.

本研究以印度尼西亚自荷兰殖民统治以来盛行的一种村庄制度--Bengkok 土地--为背景，探讨了土地租赁合同的战略性委托是否与地方政治商业周期有关。Bengkok 土地指的是现任村长在任期结束前获得用益权的村集体土地。我们检验了现任村长是否利用有时限的 bengkok 土地使用权来巩固政治地位。基于 2018 年对 130 个爪哇村庄进行的一项新颖的横截面家庭调查，我们发现了强有力的证据，表明佃农合同占总租赁合同的百分比与村庄选举的临近程度（之前或之后）之间存在正相关。由于佃农的脆弱性使他们成为现任村长的扶贫目标，这些结果暗示了政治俘获。

引用次数: 0

Analysts’ accuracy following an increase in uncertainty: Evidence from the art market 不确定性增加后分析师的准确性：来自艺术品市场的证据

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106761

Spencer Barnes , Brandon Mendez , Andrew Schrowang

This study utilizes the art market as an exogenous setting to explore how an increase in price uncertainty (i.e., the death of an artist) impacts the accuracy and forecast error of analysts’ estimates. We find that in the year following an artist's death, analysts’ accuracy decreases by 14% and their forecast error increases by 11%. Additional analysis indicates that the effect is due to a decrease in the estimation range, an increase in the forecast bias of analysts, and an increase in the price volatility of the artwork. These findings suggest that analysts perform poorly following an increase in uncertainty which is pertinent for asset markets.

本研究以艺术品市场为外生环境，探讨价格不确定性的增加（即艺术家去世）如何影响分析师估算的准确性和预测误差。我们发现，在艺术家去世后的一年里，分析师的准确性降低了 14%，预测误差增加了 11%。其他分析表明，这种影响是由于估算范围的缩小、分析师预测偏差的增加以及艺术品价格波动的增加造成的。这些研究结果表明，在不确定性增加后，分析师的表现不佳，这与资产市场有关。

引用次数: 0

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