Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization最新文献

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Impact of externalities on fishers' risk-taking decisions: Evidence from an experimental study at Lake Victoria, Uganda 外部因素对渔民风险决策的影响：来自乌干达维多利亚湖实验研究的证据

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106757

Philipp Daniel Händel , Dorothy Birungi Namuyiga

Risk decisions by fishers are often accompanied by certain or uncertain externalities. However, the consideration of these externalities in their risk decisions has received little attention so far. In this study, we investigate how resource users incorporate certain or uncertain externalities into their risk decisions. We do this by conducting a lab-in-the-field experiment with Ugandan fishers at Lake Victoria. The fishers make a financially relevant risk decision with different levels of certainty about how a risky decision affects the income of a second fisher. In the treatments, a risky decision has either no impact, a possible positive or negative impact, a possible negative or no impact, or a certain negative impact on the other fisher's income. Our results show that fishers take significantly less risk when risky decisions have a certain negative effect on the income of another fisher than when they have no effect and the other fisher receives a fixed income. They also show that risk-taking only increases significantly compared to individual risk decisions when fishers know the other fisher's income but their risk decision has no impact on it.

渔民的风险决策往往伴随着某些或不确定的外部因素。然而，迄今为止，在渔民的风险决策中考虑这些外部因素的做法很少受到关注。在本研究中，我们调查了资源使用者如何将某些或不确定的外部因素纳入其风险决策。为此，我们在维多利亚湖对乌干达渔民进行了一次实验室现场实验。渔民在做出与经济相关的风险决策时，会对风险决策如何影响第二位渔民的收入做出不同程度的确定性判断。在处理过程中，一个风险决策对另一个渔民的收入要么没有影响，要么可能有正面或负面影响，要么可能有负面影响或没有影响，要么肯定有负面影响。我们的结果表明，当风险决策对另一位渔民的收入有一定负面影响时，渔民承担的风险明显低于无影响且另一位渔民获得固定收入时。结果还显示，只有当渔民知道另一名渔民的收入但其风险决策对其收入没有影响时，渔民的风险承担才会比个人风险决策显著增加。

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引用次数: 0

The Ramadan effect in the workplace 工作场所的斋月效应

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106711

Paola Bertoli , Veronica Grembi

Using daily observations from Spain during the period 2003 to 2016, we leverage the solar rotation of Ramadan days to assess its impact on occupational injuries involving Muslim workers (i.e. first generation immigrants). Compared to non-Muslim first generation immigrants, we show a decrease by 4% in injuries for Muslim workers. We investigate the effects on labor market and find significant changes at the extensive margin (lower employment probability, fewer employment contracts signed) as well as in working conditions. Additionally, we show that the effect is stronger when Ramadan is more harsh (longer fasting day duration). Based on our results, it appears that reconciling religious practices with working schedules in a systematic way, may help to reduce the health and productivity costs associated to injuries.

利用 2003 年至 2016 年期间西班牙的每日观测数据，我们利用斋月日的太阳轮换来评估其对穆斯林工人（即第一代移民）工伤的影响。与非穆斯林第一代移民相比，我们发现穆斯林工人的工伤事故减少了 4%。我们调查了对劳动力市场的影响，发现在广义边际（就业概率降低、签订的就业合同减少）和工作条件方面都发生了显著变化。此外，我们还发现，当斋月更为严酷（斋戒日持续时间更长）时，影响会更大。根据我们的研究结果，以系统的方式协调宗教习俗与工作时间安排似乎有助于降低与伤害相关的健康和生产成本。

引用次数: 0

The effect of recent technological change on US immigration policy 近期技术变革对美国移民政策的影响

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106759

Björn Brey

Does technological change shape immigration policy in the United States? I argue that if technological change tilts the composition of workers towards manual employment, this leads to a more restrictive immigration policy. A theoretical model and empirical evidence analyzing voting on immigration bills in the House of Representatives supports this. Policy makers representing districts exposed to manual-biased technological change are more likely to support restricting low-skill immigration. Results are confirmed using specific automation technologies: IT capital and industrial robot adoption. The analysis is completed by (i) additional results on trade policy and political polarization, (ii) further stylized evidence on the mechanism.

技术变革会影响美国的移民政策吗？我认为，如果技术变革使工人构成向体力劳动倾斜，就会导致更严格的移民政策。分析众议院移民法案投票情况的理论模型和经验证据支持这一观点。代表暴露于偏重体力劳动的技术变革的地区的决策者更有可能支持限制低技能移民。使用特定的自动化技术证实了这一结果：IT 资本和工业机器人的采用。分析还包括：(i) 有关贸易政策和政治极化的额外结果；(ii) 有关机制的进一步风格化证据。

引用次数: 0

What are the priorities of bureaucrats? Evidence from conjoint experiments with procurement officials 官僚的优先事项是什么？采购官员联合实验的证据

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106716

Janne Tukiainen , Sebastian Blesse , Albrecht Bohne , Leonardo M. Giuffrida , Jan Jääskeläinen , Ari Luukinen , Antti Sieppi

While effective bureaucracy is crucial for state capacity, its decision-making remains a black box. We elicit preferences of 900+ real-world public procurement officials in Finland and Germany. This is an important pursuit as they report having sizeable discretion and minimal extrinsic incentives. Through conjoint experiments, we identify the relative importance of multiple features of procurement outcomes. Officials prioritize avoiding unexpectedly high prices over seeking low prices. Avoiding winners with prior bad performance is the most important feature. Officials avoid very low competition, while litigation risks and regional favoritism matter less. Preferences and office interests appear well-aligned among bureaucrats.

虽然有效的官僚机构对国家能力至关重要，但其决策仍是一个黑箱。我们从芬兰和德国的 900 多名现实世界中的公共采购官员那里了解他们的偏好。这是一项重要的工作，因为他们拥有很大的自由裁量权，而外在激励却微乎其微。通过联合实验，我们确定了采购结果多种特征的相对重要性。与追求低价相比，官员们更优先考虑避免意外的高价。避免之前表现不佳的中标者是最重要的特征。官员们避免极低的竞争，而诉讼风险和地区偏袒则不那么重要。官员的偏好和办公室利益似乎是一致的。

引用次数: 0

Choking under pressure in online and live esports competitions 在线和现场电竞比赛中的窒息压力

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106760

Iuliia Naidenova , Petr Parshakov , Igor Tylkin , Gleb Vasiliev

This paper explores the phenomenon of choking under pressure within the context of esports, particularly focusing on the difference between online and live competitive settings and on high-pressure situations during overtime rounds. Employing a quasi-experimental design, the research leverages an extensive dataset covering professional CS:GO matches from 2012 to 2022 (match-level) and from 2015 to 2023 (round-level), including performance metrics such as players' ratings, headshot percentages, and teammate damage. The findings indicate a substantial decrease in the performance of esports players during overtime. This effect, however, is significantly mitigated in online competitions compared to live events. The study also reveals that while individual performance suffers under pressure, the impact on team coordination is less pronounced in online settings, suggesting that the virtual environment might offer a buffer against the negative effects of stress on team dynamics. This study enriches our understanding of performance psychology in digital settings but also opens up new avenues for research on stress, teamwork, and performance in professional and virtual environments.

本文探讨了电子竞技中压力下的窒息现象，尤其关注在线和现场竞技环境的差异以及加时赛中的高压情况。研究采用了准实验设计，利用了广泛的数据集，涵盖了 2012 年至 2022 年（比赛层面）和 2015 年至 2023 年（回合层面）的职业 CS:GO 比赛，包括玩家评分、爆头率和队友伤害等性能指标。研究结果表明，电竞玩家在加时赛中的表现会大幅下降。不过，与现场赛事相比，这种影响在在线比赛中得到明显缓解。研究还发现，虽然个人表现在压力下会受到影响，但在在线环境下，团队协调受到的影响并不明显，这表明虚拟环境可能会提供缓冲，以抵消压力对团队动力的负面影响。这项研究丰富了我们对数字环境中绩效心理学的理解，同时也为专业和虚拟环境中的压力、团队合作和绩效研究开辟了新的途径。

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引用次数: 0

Endogenous reorganization: Status, productivity & meritocratic dynamics 内生重组：地位、生产力和任人唯贤的动力

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106747

Ashutosh Thakur , Jonathan Bendor

We model the dynamics of endogenous organizational assignments of people to positions where those being assigned positions can themselves lobby for who gets which position. Internal labor market changes depend on how much individuals value their personal status, organizational output, their friends’ welfare, and the quality of their departmental colleagues. We show that an organization converges to the meritocratic, efficient assignment of people to positions by a combination of agents valuing organizational output and restrictions on the scale of reorganization. However, concentrated decision-making power, lax restrictions on agenda-setting protocols, certain friendship networks, and department/team structures can hinder such paths of reshuffling.

我们模拟了内生的组织职位分配动态，在这种情况下，被分配职位的人可以自己游说谁获得哪个职位。内部劳动力市场的变化取决于个人对个人地位、组织产出、朋友福利以及部门同事素质的重视程度。我们的研究表明，一个组织在重视组织产出和限制重组规模的共同作用下，会趋同于任人唯贤的高效职位分配。然而，集中的决策权、对议程设置协议的宽松限制、某些友谊网络以及部门/团队结构都会阻碍这种重新洗牌的路径。

引用次数: 0

Do community needs affect the decision to volunteer? The case of refugees in Germany 社区需求会影响志愿服务的决定吗？以德国难民为例

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106758

Annalisa Tassi

I study the relationship between changes in community needs and the supply of voluntary work. I present basic theoretical considerations, which suggest that the relationship between voluntary work and an increase in community needs is ambiguous. Then, I test the relationship empirically by proxying community needs with the number of needy people, i.e., refugees, in a county, and by exploiting the quasi-random allocation of refugees within Germany. I find that doubling the number of refugees increases the probability of volunteering by about 2 percentage points. These estimates imply that 1.45 million people additionally volunteered during the refugee crisis, i.e., more than one person per refugee.

我研究了社区需求变化与志愿工作供给之间的关系。我提出了基本的理论考虑，认为志愿工作与社区需求增加之间的关系是模糊的。然后，我用一个县的贫困人口（即难民）数量来代替社区需求，并利用难民在德国境内的准随机分配，对两者之间的关系进行了实证检验。我发现，难民人数增加一倍，志愿服务的概率就会增加约 2 个百分点。这些估计值意味着，在难民危机期间，有 145 万人额外参与了志愿服务，即每个难民有超过一人参与志愿服务。

引用次数: 0

What's in a name? Evidence of transgender labor discrimination in Mexico 名字里有什么？墨西哥变性人劳动歧视的证据

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106738

Alejandra Martínez-Alfaro , Adan Silverio-Murillo , Jose Balmori-de-la-Miyar

This study aims to investigate the potential impact of signaling a transgender identity on the likelihood of receiving a callback during a hiring process in Mexico. Employing a correspondence study design, 512 resumes were randomly sent to employers across sixteen states. We exclusively used profiles of transgender and cisgender women in women-dominated sectors: sales and administration. Results indicate that applications from transgender candidates received 36% fewer positive responses than those from cisgender candidates. These findings corroborate existing evidence of discriminatory practices in hiring processes against transgender individuals.

本研究旨在调查在墨西哥的招聘过程中，变性人身份信号对收到回电可能性的潜在影响。我们采用通信研究设计，向 16 个州的雇主随机发送了 512 份简历。我们只使用了女性占主导地位的行业（销售和行政）中跨性别和顺性别女性的简历。结果表明，变性求职者的申请得到的积极回应比顺性求职者少 36%。这些发现证实了现有的证据，即在招聘过程中存在对变性人的歧视性做法。

引用次数: 0

Productivity losses in the transition to Daylight Saving Time: Evidence from hourly GitHub activity 夏令时过渡期的生产力损失：GitHub 每小时活动的证据

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106749

Andrew Dickinson , Glen R. Waddell

Using data on GitHub users around the world, we estimate the effects of transitions to Daylight Saving Time on worker activity. In daily activity, transitions appear short lived—there is evidence of two days of declines before activity returns to baseline levels. However, hourly analysis reveals a transition to Daylight Saving Time that is much longer—losses appear in the early working hours of work days into a second week following the initiation of Daylight Saving Time.

利用全球 GitHub 用户的数据，我们估算了夏令时过渡对工人活动的影响。在日常活动中，过渡似乎是短暂的--有证据表明，活动量在恢复到基线水平之前会有两天的下降。然而，按小时进行的分析表明，向夏令时过渡的时间要长得多--在夏令时开始后的第二周，损失出现在工作日的早期工作时间。

引用次数: 0

Incentivizing interdependent tasks: Evidence from a real-effort experiment 激励相互依存的任务：来自真实努力实验的证据

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106718

Lorenz Goette , Julien Senn

Workers are often required to jointly work on interdependent tasks that are cognitively complex. Yet, relatively little empirical evidence exists on how to effectively incentivize the workforce in such settings. Using a novel real-effort experiment, we assess the effects of team-based incentives (TBI) and individual-based incentives (IBI) on productivity. We provide evidence that TBI yield higher productivity than IBI, both when holding the incentives for the worker constant, and when holding the marginal cost of output for the firm constant. Various measures point towards workers engaging in lower quality work under IBI. We also provide new evidence that performance does not necessarily increase with the size of the monetary rewards. Overall, these results underscore the benefits of incentivizing the workforce in teams in settings in which workers’ payoff are interdependent and tasks are complex.

工人们经常需要共同完成相互依存的任务，这些任务在认知上十分复杂。然而，关于如何在这种情况下有效激励劳动力的经验证据却相对较少。我们利用一个新颖的实际工作实验，评估了团队激励（TBI）和个人激励（IBI）对生产率的影响。我们提供的证据表明，无论是在工人的激励机制不变的情况下，还是在企业的边际产出成本不变的情况下，团队激励机制都比个人激励机制产生更高的生产率。各种测量结果表明，在 IBI 下，工人的工作质量较低。我们还提供了新的证据，证明绩效并不一定会随着货币奖励的增加而提高。总之，这些结果强调了在工人报酬相互依赖且任务复杂的情况下，激励团队劳动力的好处。

引用次数: 0

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