Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization最新文献

英文中文

Forced experimentation: An analysis of multi-armed bandits with an inconsistent option 强迫实验：具有不一致选择的多武装强盗的分析

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2026.107434

Stanton Hudja , Daniel Woods , J. Braxton Gately

This paper investigates behavior in environments with forced experimentation. We analyze behavior in novel bandit problems where individuals repeatedly choose between an inconsistent option that may randomly be blocked in any given decision and a consistent option that is always available to be implemented. We analyze two environments with forced experimentation: an “Ex-Ante” environment and an “Ex-Post” environment. In the Ex-Ante environment, an individual knows at the start of a decision whether the inconsistent option can be implemented. In the Ex-Post environment, an individual only observes if the inconsistent option can be implemented by trying to implement it. We conduct an experiment where individuals in these two environments are predicted to choose the inconsistent option more often than the consistent option. Contrary to this prediction, we find evidence that subjects choose the consistent option more often. Structural analysis suggests that this result is driven by subjects who exhibit inertia after being forced into the consistent option and subjects who are averse to choosing an inconsistent option. Our results suggest that subjects may avoid inconsistently available options and that the presence of blocking in bandit problems leads to new behavioral factors to consider.

本文研究强迫实验环境下的行为。我们分析了新型土匪问题中的行为，其中个体在任意给定决策中可能被随机阻止的不一致选项和始终可用的一致选项之间反复选择。我们分析了两种强制实验环境：“事前”环境和“事后”环境。在事前环境中，个体在决策开始时就知道不一致的选项是否可以实现。在post - post环境中，个人只能通过尝试实现不一致选项来观察它是否可以实现。我们进行了一个实验，预测在这两种环境中的个体选择不一致的选项比选择一致的选项更频繁。与这一预测相反，我们发现有证据表明，受试者更经常选择一致的选项。结构分析表明，这一结果是由被迫选择一致选项后表现出惰性的受试者和不愿选择不一致选项的受试者驱动的。我们的研究结果表明，受试者可能会避免不一致的可用选项，并且在强盗问题中存在阻塞导致需要考虑新的行为因素。

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引用次数: 0

Measuring social norms: direct and indirect methods and the role of financial incentives in reducing misreporting 衡量社会规范：直接和间接方法以及财政激励在减少误报中的作用

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2026.107465

Ann-Kristin Reitmann , Clotilde Mahé , Micheline Goedhuys , Eleonora Nillesen

We test two common features of the opinion-matching method to elicit personal beliefs and perceived social norms regarding female labor force participation among a sample of young Tunisian men and women. Our survey experiment contains two orthogonal treatment arms. In the first treatment arm, respondents were randomly assigned to answer a direct question about their personal beliefs regarding women working outside the home and an indirect questioning technique that provides more cover for the respondent: the list experiment. We find significant discrepancies between the two, particularly among male respondents – suggesting either biased personal beliefs in the direct question or non-strategic misreporting in the list experiment. It follows that, depending on which method is deemed more credible and which gender sample is considered, the prevalence of pluralistic ignorance varies widely in our setting. For the second treatment arm, we provided half of our sample with a financial incentive when eliciting perceived social norms regarding the appropriateness of women working. We find that financial incentives are necessary for both men and women to distinguish their personal beliefs from their perception of what others believe.

我们测试了意见匹配方法的两个共同特征，以引出突尼斯年轻男性和女性样本中关于女性劳动力参与的个人信仰和感知的社会规范。我们的调查实验包含两个正交处理臂。在第一个治疗组中，受访者被随机分配回答一个关于他们对女性在外工作的个人看法的直接问题，以及一个为受访者提供更多掩护的间接提问技巧：列表实验。我们发现两者之间存在显著差异，尤其是在男性受访者中——这表明要么是直接问题中的个人偏见，要么是列表实验中的非战略性错误报告。因此，根据哪种方法被认为更可信以及考虑了哪种性别样本，多元无知的普遍程度在我们的环境中差别很大。对于第二个治疗组，我们为一半的样本提供了经济激励，以引出关于女性工作适当性的感知社会规范。我们发现，对于男性和女性来说，经济激励都是必要的，以区分他们的个人信仰和他们对他人信仰的看法。

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引用次数: 0

Norms as a solution to the tragedy of the commons: A co-evolutionary model 规范作为公地悲剧的解决方案：一个共同进化模型

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2026.107433

Fabian Mankat

This paper examines how societies can conserve a common-pool resource (CPR) through the cultural transmission of norms. To this end, we introduce a novel model that endogenizes the formation of behavior, personal, social injunctive, and social descriptive norms, and the resource stock. We find that the resource can persist through (1) asymptotically stable equilibrium points where personal norms and behavior are either homogeneous or heterogeneous across individuals and (2) an asymptotically stable limit cycle where herding causes alternating aggregate behavior and fluctuating resource stocks. We examine the degree of substitutability between two key factors—(a) institutional pressure and (b) social sanctions as a co-determinant of reproductive fitness—for upholding norms and, thus, the CPR. Moreover, we find that, in some cases, an increase in behavioral incentives for not exploiting the resource may, surprisingly, adversely affect resource conservation in the long run by interfering with cultural dynamics.

本文探讨了社会如何通过规范的文化传播来保护公共资源（CPR）。为此，我们引入了一个新的模型，该模型将行为、个人、社会禁令和社会描述性规范以及资源储备的形成内化。我们发现资源可以通过(1)渐近稳定的平衡点，其中个人规范和行为在个体之间是同质或异质的；(2)渐近稳定的极限环，其中羊群导致交替的总行为和波动的资源存量。我们研究了两个关键因素之间的可替代性程度——(a)制度压力和(b)社会制裁作为生殖健康的共同决定因素——以维护规范，因此，CPR。此外，我们发现，在某些情况下，不开发资源的行为激励的增加可能会干扰文化动态，从长远来看对资源保护产生不利影响。

引用次数: 0

A miscalculated risk: Investment choices under exponential growth bias 错误估计的风险：指数增长偏差下的投资选择

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2025.107365

Karna Basu

“Exponential growth bias” – the tendency to underestimate exponential growth – has been shown to affect how much people save and borrow. I develop a simple theoretical framework to show that this bias, through its interaction with individual risk preferences, also affects how people save and borrow. Relatively risk-tolerant consumers will choose inefficiently safe investments, appearing more risk-averse than they are. In contrast, relatively risk-averse consumers will choose inefficiently risky investments, appearing less risk-averse than they are. I present survey data to support this hypothesis. The model introduces a new perspective on some apparent anomalies in intertemporal choice and raises additional considerations for consumer protection and financial literacy programs.

“指数增长偏差”——低估指数增长的倾向——已被证明会影响人们储蓄和借贷的数量。我发展了一个简单的理论框架来表明，这种偏见，通过它与个人风险偏好的相互作用，也会影响人们如何储蓄和借贷。相对风险承受能力较强的消费者会选择效率较低的安全投资，表现得比实际更厌恶风险。相比之下，相对厌恶风险的消费者会选择低效率的风险投资，看起来不那么厌恶风险。我提供调查数据来支持这一假设。该模型引入了对跨期选择中一些明显异常现象的新视角，并提出了对消费者保护和金融扫盲计划的额外考虑。

引用次数: 0

WARNings – The impact of negative economic news on racial animus 警告-负面经济新闻对种族敌意的影响

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2025.107399

Adam Bestenbostel , Abigail Peralta

Racially charged rhetoric often surrounds layoff events, with specific minorities blamed for the loss of “American jobs.” We examine whether information about impending mass layoffs causes racial animus. Our data consist of information on mass layoff notices linked to Google Search Trends and FBI Hate Crime Statistics. We compare outcomes across areas that vary in the timing of impending mass layoffs. Results indicate an increase in both racist internet searches (1.4 percent) and hate crimes (1.2 percent) following layoff notices.

围绕裁员事件，经常会出现带有种族主义色彩的言论，将“美国就业”的流失归咎于特定的少数族裔。我们研究关于即将到来的大规模裁员的信息是否会导致种族仇恨。我们的数据包括与谷歌搜索趋势和联邦调查局仇恨犯罪统计数据相关的大规模裁员通知信息。我们比较了在即将到来的大规模裁员时间不同的地区的结果。结果表明，在裁员通知发布后，种族主义互联网搜索（1.4%）和仇恨犯罪（1.2%）都有所增加。

引用次数: 0

Home ties, global trade: How clan culture shapes Chinese exports 家庭关系，全球贸易：宗族文化如何影响中国出口

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2026.107464

Yi Zhang , Chenchen Deng , Chun Liu , Yunyan Wei

This paper investigates how domestic institutions, specifically Confucian clan culture, influence firms’ participation in international trade. Using a nationally representative survey of small and medium-sized private enterprises in China, we show that firms located in counties with a stronger historical presence of clans are more likely to export and achieve higher export values. These findings remain robust after addressing potential endogeneity through instrumental variable estimation, matching analysis, alternative model specifications, and an extensive set of control variables. Mechanism analysis reveals that clan culture promotes exports primarily by alleviating financial constraints and enhancing contract enforcement, with the financing channel playing the more prominent role. Moreover, the effect of clan culture on exports is significantly stronger in regions with weaker formal institutions, suggesting that clans can serve as effective substitutes for formal market-supporting institutions.

本文考察了国内制度，特别是儒家宗族文化对企业参与国际贸易的影响。通过一项具有全国代表性的中国中小民营企业调查，我们发现，位于历史上宗族存在更强的县的企业更有可能出口，并实现更高的出口价值。在通过工具变量估计、匹配分析、替代模型规范和广泛的控制变量集解决潜在的内生性后，这些发现仍然是稳健的。机制分析表明，宗族文化促进出口的主要途径是缓解财政约束和加强契约执行，其中融资渠道的作用更为突出。此外，在正规制度较弱的地区，宗族文化对出口的影响明显更强，这表明宗族可以作为正规市场支持制度的有效替代品。

引用次数: 0

Diseases of commerce: Unbundling economic freedom and public health 商业之病：经济自由与公共健康的分离

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2026.107460

Vincent Geloso , Kelly Hyde , Ilia Murtazashvili

We explore the institutional foundations of public health by distinguishing among three broad categories of disease: diseases of poverty, which are income-sensitive and decline with improved living standards; diseases of commerce, which are contact-transmissible and spread with mobility and exchange; and diseases of affluence, which are longevity-mediated noncommunicable conditions such as cancer, heart disease, and diabetes that become more prevalent as people live longer. This classification allows us to examine how economic freedom, through its effects on income, mobility, and survival, reshapes the mix of disease rather than health outcomes in aggregate. Using global health data, we find that economically free societies experience large reductions in diseases of poverty, modest changes in diseases of commerce, and a higher relative share of diseases of affluence even as total age-standardized mortality declines. These results reveal that institutional arrangements influence the composition of mortality more than its overall level: economic freedom enhances prosperity and resilience while shifting the burden of disease toward conditions associated with longer lives.

我们通过区分三大类疾病来探索公共卫生的制度基础：贫困疾病，对收入敏感，随着生活水平的提高而下降；商业疾病，通过接触传播，通过流动和交流传播；还有富裕型疾病，即与寿命有关的非传染性疾病，如癌症、心脏病和糖尿病，随着人们寿命的延长，这些疾病会变得越来越普遍。这种分类使我们能够研究经济自由如何通过其对收入、流动性和生存的影响来重塑疾病的组合，而不是总体上的健康结果。利用全球健康数据，我们发现经济自由的社会经历了贫困疾病的大幅减少，商业疾病的适度变化，富裕疾病的相对份额更高，即使总年龄标准化死亡率下降。这些结果表明，制度安排对死亡率构成的影响大于其总体水平：经济自由促进了繁荣和复原力，同时将疾病负担转移到与更长的寿命相关的条件上。

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引用次数: 0

Firm prominence and price framing 公司突出地位和价格框架

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2026.107458

Ioana Chioveanu , Yiquan Gu , Tobias Wenzel

This paper explores the strategic use of price framing in a duopoly where firms differ in their prominence and where both frame differentiation and frame complexity are sources of consumer confusion. It analyzes the interaction between the relative effectiveness of the two sources of consumer confusion and firms’ prominence levels, and its impact on equilibrium outcomes. A parametric condition on firms’ prominence delineates different equilibrium outcomes and synthesizes the interaction between firm prominence and consumer confusion. In equilibrium, firms do not always coordinate on the most effective source of confusion. The impact of consumer protection policy on market outcomes, especially consumer surplus, depends crucially on underlying market conditions, and can be ineffective or even detrimental to consumers.

本文探讨了在双头垄断中价格框架的战略使用，其中公司的突出程度不同，框架差异和框架复杂性都是消费者困惑的来源。它分析了消费者困惑的两种来源的相对有效性与企业突出水平之间的相互作用，以及它对均衡结果的影响。企业突出地位的参数条件描述了不同的均衡结果，并综合了企业突出地位与消费者混淆之间的相互作用。在均衡状态下，企业并不总是在最有效的混乱来源上进行协调。消费者保护政策对市场结果的影响，特别是对消费者剩余的影响，主要取决于潜在的市场条件，可能对消费者无效，甚至有害。

引用次数: 0

Dissolving an ambiguous partnership 解除暧昧的伙伴关系

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2026.107453

Jörg Oechssler , Alex Roomets

Two partners try to dissolve a partnership that owns an asset of ambiguous value, where the value is determined ex post by a draw from an Ellsberg urn. In a within-subject experiment, subjects make decisions in three different bargaining mechanisms: unstructured bargaining, the Texas shoot-out, and a

K + 1

auction. We find that the

K + 1

auction is the most efficient mechanism, which is in line with theory. Free format bargaining yields a surprising number of disagreements, which are not usually observed when the partnership has a certain or risky value.

两个合伙人试图解散拥有价值不明确的资产的合伙关系，其中价值是由埃尔斯伯格瓮的抽牌决定的。在一项受试者内部实验中，受试者在三种不同的讨价还价机制下做出决定：非结构化讨价还价、德克萨斯枪战和K+1拍卖。我们发现K+1拍卖是最有效的机制，这与理论相符。自由形式的讨价还价产生了数量惊人的分歧，当伙伴关系具有一定的或有风险的价值时，通常不会观察到这种分歧。

引用次数: 0

Mendicant orders and the foundations of impersonal exchange 乞讨者的命令和非个人交换的基础

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2026.107417

Benito Arruñada , Lucas López-Manuel

We argue that the main Mendicant Orders of the Late Middle Ages—Dominican and Franciscan—were instrumental in shaping key cultural and institutional traits of impersonal exchange by updating both moral codes and religious practice. As one of the three pillars of impersonal exchange—alongside state capacity and merchant institutions—religiously infused moral cognition provides the focus of our analysis. In line with their specializations, we document opposing effects of the two Orders on individualism, impersonal prosociality, and impartial enforcement: positive from exposure to the Dominicans and negative from exposure to the Franciscans. These effects stem from deep moral changes tied to the emotions of guilt, shame, and compassion, with knowledge and education accounting for historical persistence. We assess these differences across multiple datasets, analytical levels, and historical contexts—always focusing on the differential effects of the two Orders. Our findings invite a reassessment of the Church’s role in cultural and institutional development and underscore the divergent effects of its branches and doctrines.

我们认为，中世纪晚期的主要修道会——多明尼加和方济各会——通过更新道德规范和宗教实践，在塑造非个人交流的关键文化和制度特征方面发挥了重要作用。作为非个人交换的三大支柱之一，与国家能力和商业制度并列，宗教注入的道德认知提供了我们分析的重点。根据他们的专业，我们记录了两种修会对个人主义、非个人亲社会和公正执法的相反影响：多明尼加会的正面影响和方济各会的负面影响。这些影响源于深刻的道德变化，这些变化与内疚、羞耻和同情的情绪有关，而知识和教育则是历史持续存在的原因。我们在多个数据集、分析水平和历史背景下评估这些差异，始终关注两个秩序的差异影响。我们的研究结果要求重新评估教会在文化和制度发展中的作用，并强调其分支和教义的不同影响。

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