Emotion最新文献

As peers become a major part of children's social life, children seek out and provide support for each other when experiencing strong emotions. We examined children's intrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation (IER; children's emotion regulation support seeking from peers) and extrinsic IER (regulation strategies peers provide to help regulate emotion). We examined the extent to which (a) the peers whom children turn to for intrinsic IER diverge from those they consider close friends and (b) extrinsic IER strategy provided by peers is associated with intrinsic IER seeking. Study participants were 131 (67 girls) fourth and fifth grade children from six classrooms from urban settings in a U.S. Midwest state. Based on a peer nomination procedure, children nominated classmates who are their close friends, peers they turn to when sad or angry (i.e., intrinsic IER), and peers who help them regulate sadness or anger through listening and talking (i.e., extrinsic IER). We used social network analysis methods, with classrooms as a unit of analysis, to examine the pattern of ties in the nomination data. We demonstrated that (a) children's intrinsic IER ties are related to, yet distinct from, close friendship; (b) peers whom children turn to for intrinsic IER differ, to some extent, for sadness versus anger; and (c) extrinsic IER strategy use is significantly associated with intrinsic IER after taking friendship ties into account. The findings suggest that emotion regulatory needs channel children's social interactions, and extrinsic IER strategy accounts for some of the divergence of intrinsic IER ties from friendship. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

One way older adults may be able to maintain emotional well-being despite declining in cognitive ability is through leveraging social resources for intrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation. Additionally, given their increased life experience, older adults might also be particularly well-suited to regulate the emotions of others. To examine age difference in use and effectiveness of intrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation, community adults (N = 290, aged 25-85 years) were prompted 6×/day for 10 days to report their emotional experience, use of intrinsic emotion regulation strategies (including capitalization, social sharing, co-reappraisal, and reminiscing), and interaction partner age. Older age was associated with being less likely to engage in social sharing of negative emotions, and this effect was stable when controlling for negative emotion experience. Otherwise, there were no age differences in how often or how effectively people use intrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation. In terms of interaction partner age, older partner age was only associated with greater likelihood of using co-reappraisal and higher reports of negative emotion after social sharing. In summary, there was no strong evidence for the idea that interpersonal emotion regulation becomes more (or less) common or effective with age. However, though people may be less likely to share negative emotions and be seen as less effective partners for sharing these emotions later in life, older adults are preferable social partners for co-reappraisal potentially due to their life experience. Future work should explore motivational (i.e., attitudes toward negative emotions) and cultural (i.e., perceptions of roles and emotional abilities) mechanisms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

In everyday life, we commonly experience, express, and regulate our emotions in interpersonal contexts. However, much of the existing research on utilizing others for modulating one's emotions has focused on Western, individualistic cultures, leaving a significant gap in understanding how the selection and adaptiveness of interpersonal emotion regulation (IER) strategies vary across cultural contexts. This cross-national comparison study aims to bridge this gap by examining intrinsic IER in 1,187 participants from Turkey and Germany, which are characterized by different cultural norms, values, and socialization practices regarding emotional experience and expression. All participants completed measures of intrinsic IER strategies alongside measures of adaptive outcomes, including depression, anxiety, negative affect, and positive affect. The results revealed cross-national differences between Turkish and German individuals in terms of the intrinsic IER strategies most frequently selected and their associations with depression, anxiety, negative affect, and positive affect. These findings emphasize the significance of cultural context in intrinsic IER and offer insights into the conditions under which these strategies are linked to adaptive outcomes. By recognizing the cultural nuances in how people navigate their emotions via social interactions, clinicians and researchers can develop more culturally sensitive interventions tailored to the specific needs of individuals in diverse cultural contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Improving others' emotions is cognitively and emotionally demanding, potentially increasing stress levels and decreasing well-being. However, the opposite could also occur: Attempts at improving others' emotions-that is, affect-improving extrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation-could enhance regulators' affective well-being and shield against physiological stress because we theorize that engaging in regulatory action to improve others' emotions can strengthen relationships, activate self-regulation, and elicit prosocial reward. In two studies, we test the consequences on regulators when they help others regulate their emotions. In Study 1, a 7-day diary study (N = 205, 1,434 observations) of significant social interactions, regulators who reported they improved the emotions of others to a greater extent experienced more emotions, both positive and negative, during their interactions. They also experienced an increase in positive affect from pre- to post-diary, no change in negative affect, and better affective well-being at the end of the study. In Study 2, a within-subject observational laboratory study (N = 94, 47 dyads, 235 observations), we found that during the minutes when regulators displayed greater behaviorally coded attempts at improving targets' emotions, regulators also experienced a corresponding buffering of increased physiological stress measured by pre-ejection period reactivity. These findings empirically support the role of improving others' emotions in affective well-being over time and the protection against physiological stress when encountering others' negative emotions. This work also contributes a theoretical framework for understanding why regulating others' emotions is important for well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

When in distress, people often seek help in regulating their emotions by sharing them with others. Paradoxically, although people perceive such social sharing as beneficial, it often fails to promote emotional recovery. This may be explained by people seeking-and eliciting-emotional support, which offers only momentary relief. We hypothesized that (1) the type of support sharers seek shapes corresponding support provided by listeners, (2) the intensity of sharers' emotions increases their desire for emotional support and decreases their desire for cognitive support, and (3) listeners' empathic accuracy promotes support provision that matches sharers' desires. In 8-min interactions, participants (N = 208; data collected in 2016-2017) were randomly assigned to the role of sharer (asked to discuss an upsetting situation) or listener (instructed to respond naturally). Next, participants watched their video-recorded interaction in 20-s fragments. Sharers rated their emotional intensity and support desires, and listeners rated the sharer's emotional intensity and their own support provision. First, we found that the desire for support predicted corresponding support provision. Second, the intensity of sharers' emotions was associated with an increased desire for emotional and cognitive support. Third, the more accurately listeners judged sharers' emotional intensity, the more they fulfilled sharers' emotional (but not cognitive) support desire. These findings suggest that people have partial control over the success of their social sharing in bringing about effective interpersonal emotion regulation. People elicit the support they desire at that moment, explaining why they perceive sharing as beneficial even though it may not engender emotional recovery. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Deficient parental extrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation (IER, how people regulate others' emotions) is a known risk factor for adolescent depression. Although IER and depression development are transactional, dyadic processes, previous work has almost exclusively focused on how parental IER is associated with adolescent depression. The association between parental IER and adolescent depression, and the associations between adolescent IER and adolescent and parental depression have received little attention. Moreover, most studies have focused on the regulation of negative but not positive affect. We address these gaps by examining associations between parent and adolescent IER and depressive symptoms using the actor-partner interdependence model framework. For 28 days, 112 parent-adolescent dyads (12-18-year-old adolescents) completed a dyadic daily diary, reporting their own depressive symptoms and IER strategies employed in response to dyad members' positive and negative affect. Our results, based on 5,442 data points, show that the use of positive- and negative-affect-worsening IER is associated with more depression in the regulator (be it parent or adolescent). Surprisingly, parents' use of more negative-affect-improving IER was associated with higher levels of their own and adolescents' depression. Finally, adolescents' use of positive-affect-improving IER was associated with their own decreased depression. Overall, parents (vs. adolescents) used more negative- and positive-affect-improving extrinsic IER, whereas adolescents used more positive-affect-worsening extrinsic IER. Our results highlight the importance of using dyadic designs in studying depression and IER, as well as the need to consider who is regulating, the valence of the affect regulated, and the type of strategy used. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

A widely used experimental paradigm in psychological research and clinical assessments involves identifying emotions from facial expressions, typically using posed expressions as stimuli. Perceptions of such stimuli are assumed to mirror those of naturally occurring emotional expressions. However, this assumption has been questioned because the perceptual equivalence of posed and spontaneous expressions has not been empirically established. To address this, we directly compared perceptual judgments of posed and spontaneous facial expressions produced by the same expressers in three preregistered studies. A total of 2,408 perceivers judged the emotions displayed in 1,244 dynamic facial expressions of eight emotions (anger, disgust, fear, sadness, joy, pride, compassion, and love). Consistent with our main hypothesis, emotions were much better recognized from posed compared to spontaneous expressions, by both Western (Study 1, N = 470) and non-Western perceivers (Study 2, N = 438). This pattern was replicated in a cross-cultural context in Study 3 (N = 1,500). Furthermore, in all three studies, we observed a "negativity bias" with only posed expressions. Specifically, negative emotions were better recognized than positive emotions from posed expressions, while the opposite was true for spontaneous expressions, such that positive emotions were better recognized than negative emotions. Our findings present clear evidence that perceptions of posed and spontaneous facial expressions meaningfully differ, and raise questions about the generalizability of findings from existing research that uses posed emotional expressions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Episodic memories are characterized by the vividness of their recollection. Recent findings show that low-level visual properties can quickly fade from memory and that more vivid memories are associated with less fading. However, further work is needed to clarify this effect over longer delays and how it may shift based on the emotional valence of a stimulus, as well as one's age. Here, participants (n = 307, aged 19-78, recruited in 2023-2024) incidentally encoded positive, negative, and neutral images shown at different levels of color saturation, contrast, and hue. At a next-day recognition test, images identified as old were rated on subjective vividness and then reconstructed based on the remembered visual information from encoding. More arousing images were recollected with more subjective vividness, and vividness ratings were primarily associated with biases in reconstructed color saturation, but in both instances, the coherence between these measures diminished with increasing age. Negative and neutral images showed memory fading (color saturation underestimations) at lower levels of subjective vividness, and neutral images additionally showed evidence of fading via contrast reconstruction. Positive images did not show evidence of fading and were reconstructed with inflated color saturation and contrast at all levels of vividness relative to negative and neutral images. Our findings show that subjective vividness is not uniformly related to remembered low-level visual information but differs depending on the visual information reconstructed, the emotionality of an experience, and individual differences such as age. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Perceptual judgments are often influenced by goals and preferences, resulting in biased judgments that deviate from objective reality. When presented with ambiguous images, observers are biased to report seeing images associated with rewards. However, it remains unclear whether this is driven by a bias toward stimuli that are desirable or stimuli that are motivationally salient. As rewards are both desirable and motivationally salient, these effects are not easily dissociated in a reward context. This study investigates the effects of desirability and motivational salience on perceptual judgments in an aversive context involving financial losses. Across two experiments conducted between 2023 and 2024, participants completed a visual categorization task where ambiguous stimuli were associated with a large financial loss. Participants' perceptual judgments were biased away from stimuli associated with the loss, indicating a desirability bias. Drift diffusion model analyses revealed that this bias was due to a shift in the starting point of evidence accumulation, such that participants required more evidence to commit to a response associated with an undesirable outcome. The bias in starting point correlated with individual differences in punishment sensitivity but not reward sensitivity, highlighting how individual traits shape motivational effects on perceptual decisions. Results replicated across an in-lab sample and a larger online sample. Altogether, our study provides robust evidence of a desirability bias in perceptual decisions involving financial losses, identifying both the computational mechanisms and trait-level differences that influence how people decide what they see when faced with the prospect of undesirable outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The emotional climate of the family and peer group is theorized to play a central role in the development of emotion regulation (ER) in children and adolescents, such that warmer, more supportive environments promote more effective ER. However, most studies demonstrating associations between social interactions and ER use have focused on individual differences in the regulation of negative affect. This study is the first to investigate whether social interactions with family versus peers are differentially associated with ER, of both negative and positive affect, using a unique multi-timescale approach in which daily assessments were nested within a longitudinal design. Our sample included 112 youths, ages 8-15 at baseline and racially/ethnically representative of our northeast American recruitment area, who completed two waves of daily diaries (21 and 28 days) approximately 1 year apart. Every evening, participants reported the number and valence of interactions they had with family members and friends and their use of ER strategies, producing a total of 5,074 diary entries. We found evidence that (a) experiencing more positive interpersonal events was associated with greater use of effective ER strategies, whereas experiencing more negative interpersonal events was associated with greater use of counterproductive ER strategies, and (b) family events were more strongly associated with ER changes in younger youths, while friend events were more strongly associated with ER changes in older youths. Altogether, our results provide novel evidence for a social reorientation effect in ER development, highlighting the lasting influence of close relationships during the transition to adolescence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).