Emotion最新文献

When in distress, people often seek help in regulating their emotions by sharing them with others. Paradoxically, although people perceive such social sharing as beneficial, it often fails to promote emotional recovery. This may be explained by people seeking-and eliciting-emotional support, which offers only momentary relief. We hypothesized that (1) the type of support sharers seek shapes corresponding support provided by listeners, (2) the intensity of sharers' emotions increases their desire for emotional support and decreases their desire for cognitive support, and (3) listeners' empathic accuracy promotes support provision that matches sharers' desires. In 8-min interactions, participants (N = 208; data collected in 2016-2017) were randomly assigned to the role of sharer (asked to discuss an upsetting situation) or listener (instructed to respond naturally). Next, participants watched their video-recorded interaction in 20-s fragments. Sharers rated their emotional intensity and support desires, and listeners rated the sharer's emotional intensity and their own support provision. First, we found that the desire for support predicted corresponding support provision. Second, the intensity of sharers' emotions was associated with an increased desire for emotional and cognitive support. Third, the more accurately listeners judged sharers' emotional intensity, the more they fulfilled sharers' emotional (but not cognitive) support desire. These findings suggest that people have partial control over the success of their social sharing in bringing about effective interpersonal emotion regulation. People elicit the support they desire at that moment, explaining why they perceive sharing as beneficial even though it may not engender emotional recovery. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Deficient parental extrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation (IER, how people regulate others' emotions) is a known risk factor for adolescent depression. Although IER and depression development are transactional, dyadic processes, previous work has almost exclusively focused on how parental IER is associated with adolescent depression. The association between parental IER and adolescent depression, and the associations between adolescent IER and adolescent and parental depression have received little attention. Moreover, most studies have focused on the regulation of negative but not positive affect. We address these gaps by examining associations between parent and adolescent IER and depressive symptoms using the actor-partner interdependence model framework. For 28 days, 112 parent-adolescent dyads (12-18-year-old adolescents) completed a dyadic daily diary, reporting their own depressive symptoms and IER strategies employed in response to dyad members' positive and negative affect. Our results, based on 5,442 data points, show that the use of positive- and negative-affect-worsening IER is associated with more depression in the regulator (be it parent or adolescent). Surprisingly, parents' use of more negative-affect-improving IER was associated with higher levels of their own and adolescents' depression. Finally, adolescents' use of positive-affect-improving IER was associated with their own decreased depression. Overall, parents (vs. adolescents) used more negative- and positive-affect-improving extrinsic IER, whereas adolescents used more positive-affect-worsening extrinsic IER. Our results highlight the importance of using dyadic designs in studying depression and IER, as well as the need to consider who is regulating, the valence of the affect regulated, and the type of strategy used. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

A widely used experimental paradigm in psychological research and clinical assessments involves identifying emotions from facial expressions, typically using posed expressions as stimuli. Perceptions of such stimuli are assumed to mirror those of naturally occurring emotional expressions. However, this assumption has been questioned because the perceptual equivalence of posed and spontaneous expressions has not been empirically established. To address this, we directly compared perceptual judgments of posed and spontaneous facial expressions produced by the same expressers in three preregistered studies. A total of 2,408 perceivers judged the emotions displayed in 1,244 dynamic facial expressions of eight emotions (anger, disgust, fear, sadness, joy, pride, compassion, and love). Consistent with our main hypothesis, emotions were much better recognized from posed compared to spontaneous expressions, by both Western (Study 1, N = 470) and non-Western perceivers (Study 2, N = 438). This pattern was replicated in a cross-cultural context in Study 3 (N = 1,500). Furthermore, in all three studies, we observed a "negativity bias" with only posed expressions. Specifically, negative emotions were better recognized than positive emotions from posed expressions, while the opposite was true for spontaneous expressions, such that positive emotions were better recognized than negative emotions. Our findings present clear evidence that perceptions of posed and spontaneous facial expressions meaningfully differ, and raise questions about the generalizability of findings from existing research that uses posed emotional expressions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Episodic memories are characterized by the vividness of their recollection. Recent findings show that low-level visual properties can quickly fade from memory and that more vivid memories are associated with less fading. However, further work is needed to clarify this effect over longer delays and how it may shift based on the emotional valence of a stimulus, as well as one's age. Here, participants (n = 307, aged 19-78, recruited in 2023-2024) incidentally encoded positive, negative, and neutral images shown at different levels of color saturation, contrast, and hue. At a next-day recognition test, images identified as old were rated on subjective vividness and then reconstructed based on the remembered visual information from encoding. More arousing images were recollected with more subjective vividness, and vividness ratings were primarily associated with biases in reconstructed color saturation, but in both instances, the coherence between these measures diminished with increasing age. Negative and neutral images showed memory fading (color saturation underestimations) at lower levels of subjective vividness, and neutral images additionally showed evidence of fading via contrast reconstruction. Positive images did not show evidence of fading and were reconstructed with inflated color saturation and contrast at all levels of vividness relative to negative and neutral images. Our findings show that subjective vividness is not uniformly related to remembered low-level visual information but differs depending on the visual information reconstructed, the emotionality of an experience, and individual differences such as age. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Perceptual judgments are often influenced by goals and preferences, resulting in biased judgments that deviate from objective reality. When presented with ambiguous images, observers are biased to report seeing images associated with rewards. However, it remains unclear whether this is driven by a bias toward stimuli that are desirable or stimuli that are motivationally salient. As rewards are both desirable and motivationally salient, these effects are not easily dissociated in a reward context. This study investigates the effects of desirability and motivational salience on perceptual judgments in an aversive context involving financial losses. Across two experiments conducted between 2023 and 2024, participants completed a visual categorization task where ambiguous stimuli were associated with a large financial loss. Participants' perceptual judgments were biased away from stimuli associated with the loss, indicating a desirability bias. Drift diffusion model analyses revealed that this bias was due to a shift in the starting point of evidence accumulation, such that participants required more evidence to commit to a response associated with an undesirable outcome. The bias in starting point correlated with individual differences in punishment sensitivity but not reward sensitivity, highlighting how individual traits shape motivational effects on perceptual decisions. Results replicated across an in-lab sample and a larger online sample. Altogether, our study provides robust evidence of a desirability bias in perceptual decisions involving financial losses, identifying both the computational mechanisms and trait-level differences that influence how people decide what they see when faced with the prospect of undesirable outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The emotional climate of the family and peer group is theorized to play a central role in the development of emotion regulation (ER) in children and adolescents, such that warmer, more supportive environments promote more effective ER. However, most studies demonstrating associations between social interactions and ER use have focused on individual differences in the regulation of negative affect. This study is the first to investigate whether social interactions with family versus peers are differentially associated with ER, of both negative and positive affect, using a unique multi-timescale approach in which daily assessments were nested within a longitudinal design. Our sample included 112 youths, ages 8-15 at baseline and racially/ethnically representative of our northeast American recruitment area, who completed two waves of daily diaries (21 and 28 days) approximately 1 year apart. Every evening, participants reported the number and valence of interactions they had with family members and friends and their use of ER strategies, producing a total of 5,074 diary entries. We found evidence that (a) experiencing more positive interpersonal events was associated with greater use of effective ER strategies, whereas experiencing more negative interpersonal events was associated with greater use of counterproductive ER strategies, and (b) family events were more strongly associated with ER changes in younger youths, while friend events were more strongly associated with ER changes in older youths. Altogether, our results provide novel evidence for a social reorientation effect in ER development, highlighting the lasting influence of close relationships during the transition to adolescence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Adolescence is marked by elevated levels of negative affect (NA) and is a crucial period for the development of emotion regulation (ER). To date, relatively little is known about how adolescents' daily use of different ER strategies (ERS) is associated with momentary affective experiences. To elucidate these dynamics, we investigated whether (a) within-person differences in using different ERS were related to momentary NA and positive affect, (b) ER variability (operationalized as between-strategy variability) was related to momentary affect, and (c) stressor intensity was a moderator herein. Data from two ecological momentary assessment studies were used: N_Study1 = 89 Dutch adolescents (48% females, data collected in 2019) and N_Study2 = 266 Belgian adolescents (42% females, data collected in 2021). Momentary affect and ERS use were measured eight times per day during 1 week (Study 1) or five times during 2 weeks (Study 2). Within-person associations were estimated using a series of univariate autoregressive (Lag-1) dynamic structural equation models. Results show that, of all the ERS examined, only distraction was associated with lower levels of momentary NA and higher levels of positive affect across both studies, whereas the opposite associations were found for rumination. Contrary to expectations, ER variability was associated with lower levels of momentary NA only when stressor intensity was low but with higher levels of NA when stressor intensity was high. Overall, findings have noteworthy implications for future research on affect dynamics in adolescents and reveal a more nuanced picture about the benefits of ER variability in daily life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) are central to cognitive reappraisal, yet the mechanisms underlying their collaboration remain unclear. This study uses transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to modulate neural synchrony between the DLPFC and VLPFC in the theta band, aiming to elucidate the effects of synchronous versus asynchronous neural interaction on reappraisal. It also examines whether these effects are unique to reappraisal or extend to other emotion regulation strategies. In Experiment 1, 43 participants underwent in-phase, antiphase, or sham tACS before performing a reappraisal task to downregulate negative emotions. The findings showed that in-phase tACS significantly enhanced reappraisal performance and reduced regulation difficulty, supporting a causal role of DLPFC-VLPFC synchrony in reappraisal. Experiment 2 combined tACS with electroencephalography to further validate these results and included distraction as a control condition. Another 43 participants engaged in both reappraisal and distraction strategies following either in-phase or sham tACS. Phase-locking values confirmed that in-phase tACS selectively enhanced theta-band oscillations between the DLPFC and VLPFC. Consistent with Experiment 1, in-phase tACS specifically improved reappraisal performance, as indicated by reduced negative emotional responses, lower regulation difficulty, and a decrease in late positive potential amplitude, with no effect on distraction. This study provides the first causal evidence that enhancing DLPFC-VLPFC synchrony improves reappraisal performance. These findings highlight the potential of neural modulation to optimize brain network connectivity, offering promising avenues for targeted interventions in emotion regulation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Interoceptive awareness is a multidimensional construct that denotes the conscious level of one's ability to sense the physiological conditions of their body. Theories (e.g., constructionist theories of emotion) propose associations with psychological clarity, yet empirical support is limited when examining these constructs globally. We hypothesized that these associations exist at the momentary level and that they are associated with certain individual differences (i.e., life satisfaction, conscientiousness, depression, neuroticism). Using experience sampling methodology, participants (N = 179 adults; M_age = 35.3, SD_age = 12.2) reported on six dimensions of interoceptive awareness, as well as emotional clarity and goal clarity five times a day over 14 days. They also completed self-report measures assessing individual differences. We found nearly all measured interoceptive awareness dimensions were independently, positively associated with emotional clarity and goal clarity. These associations were, unexpectedly, strengthened by greater depression and neuroticism and weakened by greater life satisfaction and conscientiousness, suggesting potential implications for the individual differences involved in how people generate, clarify, and understand their emotions and goals. These findings demonstrate dimensions of momentary interoceptive awareness are positively associated with emotional and goal clarity and identify potential mechanisms underlying associations between interoceptive awareness and psychological clarity, including psychological outcomes and personality traits. Individuals with elevated depression or neuroticism may rely more heavily on bottom-up processing to understand their emotions and goals, whereas individuals high in life satisfaction or conscientiousness may be more equipped to use top-down processing for this purpose. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

This study demonstrates that even objects generating acute fear through shock conditioning can be attentionally suppressed. Participants searched for shapes while a color singleton distractor was presented. In a preconditioning phase, participants learned to suppress a color singleton distractor frequently appearing in a specific location. Following fear conditioning, suppression remained in place even for those color distractors that were now associated with receiving an electric shock. This finding provides evidence that people can learn to suppress stimuli they fear. The current results are important as they challenge prevailing theories that suggest attentional capture by fearful stimuli is inflexible and driven by innate, bottom-up processes. Moreover, the finding that fearful stimuli can be suppressed opens up potential avenues for developing behavior modification techniques aimed at counteracting attentional biases toward fearful stimuli. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).