Emotion最新文献

When individuals regulate another person's emotions during a supportive conversation, they can help the person's emotions improve and nurture social connection. However, little is known about what specifically regulators say when regulating a target's emotions effectively. In the present research, we examined associations between regulators' language and targets' perceptions of emotion improvement, responsiveness, and trust in 114 naturalistic conversations between strangers. We used automated text analysis to assess five language categories in regulators' transcripts: self-referential words, target-referential words, cognitive processing words, positive words, and negative words. We also manually coded seven tactics (e.g., self-disclosure, paraphrasing) to more closely examine how regulators used language during these conversations. Results showed that when regulators referred more to themselves, targets reported significantly greater emotional improvement and trust in the regulator. When regulators referred more to the target, targets reported significantly greater perceptions of regulator responsiveness and trust in the regulator. These two language categories reflected different sets of tactics: self-referential words significantly related to greater self-disclosure and less information provision, whereas target-referential words significantly related to greater paraphrasing and questioning, and less self-disclosure and emotional expression. Cognitive processing words and emotional words did not significantly predict target outcomes. These findings suggest that regulators' use of self-referential or target-referential language may play a role in emotional and relational outcomes for targets. Future work may therefore benefit from integrating fine-grained features such as language and tactics into theoretical models of extrinsic emotion regulation strategies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Statelike felt security can change during romantic relationship conflict when the attachment relationship is threatened. According to theorizing, this change should be associated with the romantic partners' emotion regulation. The current research leverages two observational studies involving romantic couples (conducted in 2017 and 2018-2019) to test this underexplored aspect of attachment theory. We hypothesized that higher observer-rated actor and partner balanced emotion regulation during conflict would be associated with increases in pre- to postconflict felt security, whereas higher observer-rated actor and partner hyper-emotion and/or hypo-emotion regulation would be associated with decreases in pre- to postconflict felt security. We also examined whether these hypothesized effects would "spill over" to impact levels of felt security after a positive discussion that followed the conflict discussion. Our findings reveal an association between higher observer-rated actor and partner hyper-emotion regulation and lower postconflict felt security while controlling for preconflict felt security levels. Only the actor effect was replicated across both studies, however. No evidence for spillover effects was found. The effects for observed hypo- and balanced emotion regulation were mixed across the two studies. Future research should aim to identify the mechanisms underlying the association between hyper-emotion regulation and felt security change and determine the ways in which hypo-emotion and balanced emotion regulation might be more reliably associated with felt security change. Therapists might benefit by focusing on the use of hyper-emotion regulation during conflict while encouraging positive partner discussions. We propose that a positive discussion may be a means to recover and disrupt a continued cycle of low felt security. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Do people learn to predict their feelings over time, and do such learning signatures manifest in behavior? Feeling ratings track with what we do. Understanding their properties may thus elucidate behavior. Inspired by reinforcement learning, differences between expected and experienced feelings-affective prediction errors-have recently entered the toolkit of behavioral prediction. But the extent of the analogy between affective prediction errors and conventional prediction errors about outcomes in the environment is unknown. Across reanalyses of existing data (N = 4,607) and four preregistered experiments (N = 1,806; U.S. online samples), we probe affective prediction errors to document and dissect a core analogy: Learning reflected in decreasing (affective) prediction errors over time. We found that decreases in affective prediction errors depended on introspection, as prior experience with a task absent affective reports did not yield the same decreases (Experiment 1). A task manipulation forcing participants to alter their choices showed increased affective prediction errors, ruling out simple response alignment (i.e., to report feeling "as predicted"; Experiment 2). Decreases in affective prediction errors transferred across structurally similar tasks (i.e., stealing vs. giving money; Experiment 3) and affective measures (i.e., from pride or guilt to valence; Experiment 4). Although affective prediction errors often tracked with social choice behavior overall, their absolute decrease over time did not. In sum, we present evidence for convergence (i.e., learning and transfer) and divergence (i.e., introspection dependence and predictive epiphenomenality) between affective prediction errors and conventional prediction errors. Implications for affective measures as a proxy for subjective value are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Building on prominent theories of emotional aging (Carstensen, 2006; Charles & Luong, 2013), this study investigated age differences in the variability and situational sensitivity of emotion regulation strategies. We hypothesized that, older, as compared to younger, adults would demonstrate greater temporal variability in their use of emotion regulation strategies and adapt them more flexibly to the perceived controllability of daily stressors. Over 28 days, younger adults (n = 133, M_age = 24.95 years, SD = 2.79, 49% female) and older adults (n = 119, M_age = 69.50 years, SD = 3.50, 61% female) reported their use of cognitive reappraisal and situation modification strategies in relation to their most stressful situation each day. They also rated the perceived controllability of these situations. Analyses revealed multidirectional age differences in the variability of strategy use: Older adults showed greater temporal variability in situation modification but less variability in cognitive reappraisal, compared to younger adults. Additionally, there were significant age differences in how situation modification strategies were adapted to the perceived controllability of stressors. The within-person correlation between stressor controllability and situation modification use was stronger in older adults than in younger adults. In contrast, no such age differences were found for cognitive reappraisal strategies. These effects remained robust even after controlling for various person- and stressor-related characteristics. Overall, our results suggest that age differences in the ability to flexibly adjust emotion regulation strategies to specific situations might depend on the strategy used. Further research should examine additional situational characteristics and emotion regulation strategies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Intrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation (IER; the process of using others' help to regulate one's own emotions) is an important form of emotion regulation (ER) that has implications for everyday well-being. To further clarify how IER shapes well-being, we investigated how intrinsic IER predicts one's subsequent affect and ER efforts among 215 adults, with and without major depressive disorder, a disorder characterized by ER deficits. Via 2 weeks of ecological momentary assessment, participants reported on their recent intrinsic IER experiences, including whether they engaged in intrinsic IER via social sharing and perceived IER outcomes (problem, relationship). They also reported on their current negative affect (NA), positive affect (PA), and ER strategy use, which occurred subsequent to IER exchanges. Data collection took place between 2017 and 2019. We conducted multilevel modeling to examine within-person associations between recent intrinsic IER and subsequent NA, PA, and ER strategy use. Overall, findings suggest that engagement in intrinsic IER is associated with subsequent affect and ER efforts. Intrinsic IER engagement predicted higher NA and lower PA, but feeling better about the problem shared following IER predicted lower NA and higher PA. Intrinsic IER engagement predicted one's subsequent ER strategy use (i.e., use more social sharing and reappraisal; use less suppression). The findings generally did not vary by major depressive disorder status. Our work clarifies how intrinsic IER relates to emotion experience and regulation over time in naturalistic settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Co-rumination-defined as when individuals perseverate on problems with each other, focus excessively on negative feelings, and cyclically discuss the causes and consequences of problems-is often examined from the perspective of the person seeking support or by assigning one rating of co-rumination to a dyad. This approach muddles how each person contributes to the "co" of co-rumination and may have implications for understanding prior work that has shown associations between co-rumination and intrapersonal and interpersonal well-being. We leveraged state space grids to examine co-rumination as a dyadic and dynamic system, as constituted by the temporal unfolding of each dyad member's self-rated social rumination throughout their discussion. From 2019 to 2020, 85 primarily White and female college-aged close friend dyads engaged in a support discussion. After, friends viewed their recorded discussion and rated their individual contributions to the co-rumination process (i.e., social rumination) every 30 s across the 8 min conversation. Results revealed that the more both dyad members got "stuck" engaging in mutually high social rumination (i.e., co-rumination), the more they perceived each other as responsive, viewed the problem as more solved, and disclosers viewed responders as more supportive. In contrast, when only the person disclosing the problem was stuck in high levels of social rumination, only disclosers rated the problem as more solved, indicating fewer overall benefits. Examining co-rumination dyadically and dynamically can reveal when and for whom co-rumination processes are associated with costs and benefits. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

People spend significant time at work talking with coworkers. Yet surprisingly little is known about how these conversations impact their emotional lives. We addressed this issue across two experience sampling studies performed in 2021 and 2023 with working adults in the United States (N = 358; 26,234 observations). Time-lagged models showed that sharing positive information and sharing information to connect predicted improved emotional well-being, work energy, and connection over time, while sharing negative information and sharing information to vent predicted reductions in emotional well-being and increases in rumination. Additionally, mismatches between sharing motivations and perceived responses from listeners occurred frequently (49.2% of the time) and predicted adverse outcomes. These findings highlight the need for future research to examine whether strategically sharing personal information at work optimizes well-being and productivity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Kama Muta, a relatively new construct, is an emotion of social connection that describes the feeling of being moved to love through five key dimensions. Despite the growing body of research on the beneficial outcomes of Kama Muta, little is known about its antecedents. To fill this gap, this research focuses on the emergence of Kama Muta during social interactions by specifically examining what triggers this emotion in conversations. The theory on Kama Muta suggests it emerges in response to sudden relationship intensification. We propose that, in conversation, this intensification is most likely triggered by high-quality listening. We examined whether high-quality listening, characterized by undivided attention, understanding, acceptance, nonjudgment, and positive intentions, is associated with Kama Muta for both speakers and listeners. Data were collected across three studies (total N = 1,126), employing scenarios (Study 1), recall (Study 2), and live online conversations conducted via Zoom (Study 3). We found general support for our hypotheses. Specifically, both speakers (Studies 1-3) and listeners (Studies 2-3) experiencing high-quality listening reported greater Kama Muta compared to those exposed to lower quality listening. The consistency of these results varied across different dimensions of Kama Muta. This work offers novel insights into a previously unexplored social behavior that can act as an antecedent of Kama Muta and contributes to the listening literature, which has predominantly focused on the effects on speakers. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

This study addresses the long-standing debate on whether the subcortical or cortical visual pathway underlies rapid transmission of threat-related information. Using a single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol to transiently disrupt V1/V2 function at various time points, we examined the necessity of early visual cortices at different phases of fear processing. Our results showed that early disruption of V1/V2 had no effect on fearful emotion recognition under conditions of limited visual accessibility (N = 28 adults), but significantly impaired fear recognition when visual accessibility was increased (N = 28 adults). Notably, the impairment occurred as early as 30 ms poststimulus onset and was specific to low spatial frequency information, in stark contrast to the impairment on nonaffective content of the stimuli. These findings suggest a dual-pathway system in the human brain that flexibly engages either the subcortical or cortical pathway, depending on the availability of threat information in the environment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The success of regulation attempts is highly context-specific, with factors that vary within people and across contexts such as emotional clarity and beliefs about emotion impacting the likelihood that strategies will lead to success. Regulation goal clarity, or how clear people are about their goals for regulating, may be a contextual factor that facilitates the selection of appropriate strategies to promote more successful regulation. The present study examined whether regulation goal clarity may enhance the likelihood that implementing strategies results in successful regulation in daily life. We hypothesized that regulation goal clarity will moderate the relation between use of regulation strategies and success such that greater goal clarity would strengthen the strategy-success link. A sample of 130 undergraduates completed a 14-day daily diary protocol during which they reported a major stressor, the use and helpfulness of strategies, and the clarity of their goals. Results revealed that goal clarity moderated the relationship between the use of problem-focused strategies and regulation success, such that higher strategy use was associated with greater regulation success at higher levels of goal clarity. No significant effects emerged with goal clarity as a moderator for the emotion-focused strategies-success link. It may be that problem-focused strategies are associated with greater action orientation, for which clarity is beneficial in guiding goal pursuit. Future work should continue to investigate the role of goal clarity in regulation, given that it is a goal-directed process. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).