Emotion最新文献

Schematized knowledge structures have been extensively studied in the cognitive domain, and yet the nature of affective schemas remains an uncharted area, with experimental work virtually nonexistent. Here, we examined how affective schemas are acquired, updated, and used for inference-making using three novel experimental paradigms. We show that affective schemas emerge by abstracting a common affective value from a distribution of unique affective associations. This common abstracted affective value semanticizes from the discrete exemplars into complex, valenced schemas (negative, positive, neutral), which consolidates across a 24-hr period. Valenced schemas (negative/positive) form faster than neutral schemas, resist affective reversals more strongly, and facilitate rapid learning and memory for related emotional information. Negative-valenced schemas, in particular, are most prioritized for learning, show greater resilience to change, and are more effective in supporting generalized (gist-based) inferences. This work defines key features of affective schemas, moving the study of emotional learning and memory systems from the conditioning of specific associations to the abstraction and consolidation of complex emotional knowledge. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Reports an error in "The need for a unified language framework in extrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation research" by Sarah A. Walker, Belén López-Pérez, Jens F. Beckmann, Hannah Kunst and Shayne Polias (Emotion, 2025[Jun], Vol 25[4], 922-928; see record 2025-58948-001). The original article had the incorrect open access license listed in the author note due to a processing error. The correct open access license for the article is CC BY 4.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. The online version of this article has been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2025-58948-001). With increasing research interest in extrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation, this article aims to address the critical need for a unified language framework to strengthen and support these research efforts. Despite increasing interest and research in this area, the lack of consistent terminology poses significant challenges to conceptual clarity and scientific progress. By examining the current landscape, the authors identify the proliferation of varied terms across disciplines, which threatens to hamper effective communication and collaboration and, thus, progress. This article first argues for the necessity of a unified terminology and then proposes a possible methodological approach to achieve this. A Delphi study that provides a frame for the collaborative effort of subject matter experts is outlined. Establishing such unified language framework is expected to enhance research quality, foster innovation, and facilitate knowledge accumulation in the field. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Group-based guilt is known for its role in mitigating intergroup conflict and facilitating reconciliation. Although extensive research has explored this emotion among adults, its development and reparative functions during childhood remain unclear. The present study investigated the emergence and development of group-based guilt and its reparative prosocial behaviors among children (Han Chinese aged 4-11 years, N = 268, 135 girls) in response to transgressions committed by in-group members. The results indicated that children began to report group-based guilt soon after they reached 5 years old, with the intensity of this feeling increasing with age. Between the ages of 5 and 6 years, children developed a tendency to engage in verbal prosocial expressions (e.g., apologizing, comforting, and helping) to repair the harm caused by their in-group. However, it was not until nearly 8 years of age that they began sacrificing their possessions to compensate the victim. Both forms of reparative behavior were strengthened with age. Group-based guilt mediated the relationships between harm illegitimacy, in-group responsibility, and reparative behaviors. Overall, these findings suggest that harm illegitimacy and in-group responsibility serve as cognitive antecedents to group-based guilt, which emerges in preschool and transforms into more sophisticated intergroup reparative behaviors as children grow older. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Interoceptive attention refers to how an individual typically allocates their attentional resources to physiological signals. We do not, however, fully understand how interoceptive attention relates with other forms of internally focused attention, such as attention to internal thoughts (e.g., mind-wandering, reflection, worry), and whether these factors compete for limited attentional resources at the trait and state level. Across two studies (n = 222, n = 109; years data collected: 2021-2022, 2023-2024; from a U.K.-based predominantly undergraduate population), we isolated two components from several established trait-level measures of attention to thoughts, these reflected negative automatic thoughts (worry, rumination) and controlled thoughts (deliberate mind-wandering, reflection). In subsequent regression analyses, negative automatic thoughts, but not controlled thoughts, were a significant positive predictor of interoceptive attention, even when controlling for perceived interoceptive accuracy. This significant relationship was, however, accounted for by trait anxiety when included in the model. To test this pattern at the state-level, a novel monotonous responding task with three-dimensional attention probes was developed, which measures the reported allocation of attention between thoughts, bodily sensations, and the task. In contrast to trait-level attention, reported priority of attention to thoughts and body signals was inversely correlated, despite both increasing across the task. The results suggest that in a single moment attention to bodily signals and internal thoughts may compete; but over time, individuals who report focusing more on their internal thoughts also report more time attending to their body, with some evidence showing that this positive correlation could be due to underlying trait anxiety. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

One factor that relates to clinical symptoms, affect, and emotion regulation is beliefs that individuals hold about the nature of emotions, specifically the degree to which they view emotions as changeable (E. T. Kneeland, Dovidio, et al., 2016). Across two studies (Study 1, N = 371, data collected from June 2021 to May 2023; Study 2, N = 143, data collected from January 2023 to December 2023), we examined how the discrepancy between individuals' beliefs about the malleability of emotion in general relative to their own emotions related to and predicted clinical symptoms, affect, and emotion regulation efforts. Mechanisms linking the discrepancy in emotion beliefs to emotional distress and emotion regulation also were investigated, as well as how differences in emotion beliefs varied by depression status (Study 2). In line with hypotheses, a stronger bias toward viewing emotion in general as more malleable compared to one's own emotions was associated with higher psychological distress and less active emotion regulation concurrently and longitudinally. As expected, individuals with past depression or no history of depression had more of a bias toward viewing their own emotions as more malleable compared to emotion in general. The present studies address a gap in existing emotion belief research to clarify how discrepancies in general versus personal emotion beliefs are associated with emotional distress and emotion regulation and mechanisms in these relationships.143, data collected from January 2023 to December 2023), we examined (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Emotion differentiation (ED), or the ability to make fine-grained distinctions about one's own emotional experiences, has been frequently linked to well-being but has only been studied as an intrapersonal construct. The present study proposes a new construct, Interpersonal ED, defined as the ability to classify others' emotions in a nuanced manner. Using daily diary data, we explored how Interpersonal ED is associated with ED, internalizing symptoms, and relationship satisfaction among 77 cohabiting couples. Participants self-reported their own emotions and their perceptions of their partner's emotions, which were used to calculate indices of positive and negative ED (NED/PED) and Interpersonal ED indices (Interpersonal NED/PED). Results show that although ED and Interpersonal ED were strongly associated, they were differentially related to internalizing symptoms. Specifically, greater NED (but not Interpersonal NED) was associated with participants experiencing greater anxiety symptoms in the context of heightened negative emotionality. In contrast, greater Interpersonal NED/PED (but not NED/PED) was associated with partners experiencing fewer anxiety symptoms, and Interpersonal NED alone was associated with partners experiencing fewer depressive symptoms. These findings highlight Interpersonal ED as a novel construct uniquely associated with mental health across individuals in romantic relationships. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Little is known about the degree to which older adults rely on advice in their everyday decision-making, as well as predictors and outcomes of their advice-taking. The present study aimed to examine whether social closeness and momentary affect predict advice-taking across the adult lifespan using an experience sampling method in everyday life. Decision satisfaction with or without advice-taking was also examined. Participants (N = 117) were predominately Western, European aged 21-76 years. They reported on their advice-taking 3 times a day for 10 days. Data collected over 2023-2024 revealed that degree of social closeness did not influence the association between age and advice-taking. However, when affect was more positive, older age was associated with greater advice-taking. These findings suggest that affective state but not relationship goals and closeness to an advisor predict greater advice-taking with older age. In addition, greater advice-taking and more positive affect are associated with greater decision satisfaction, regardless of age. Overall, the current findings indicate that in their everyday decision-making, older adults are more likely to take advice when they are in a positive mood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Grounded theories of cognition would predict that processing concepts such as emotions, which are inherently associated with a variety of bodily states, would rely on embodied simulations. Here, we manipulated attention to respiratory rate and used a feature-verification task to assess the degree to which such simulations are involved when processing emotion, concrete, and abstract (but non-emotion-related) concepts. Participants in the experimental group were guided through a mindful breathing exercise and instructed to pay attention to the sensations of breath for the duration of the feature verification task. They reported an estimate of number of breaths taken during the preceding minute at specific intervals throughout the experiment, while we continuously recorded the participants' respiration rate. A separate control group tracked the presence of an unrelated visual distractor while completing the feature verification task. Using a linear mixed effects model to analyze the data, we found evidence of an interference effect where attention to respiration slowed reaction times specifically for emotion concepts. This effect was driven by multiple dimensions of interoceptive ability, including individual differences in baseline interoceptive sensibility, and task-concurrent engagement of those interoceptive resources. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Positive affect has been linked to better sleep. However, this evidence primarily comes from Western societies with a long-standing cultural tradition of prioritizing the pursuit of positivity. Here, we tested whether such benefits generalize to East Asian societies, where positive affect is less culturally valued. In these cultural contexts, individuals strive to achieve emotional balance, and thus, elevating positive emotions may not confer the same health benefits. We tested this hypothesis in two cross-cultural studies. Using large-scale surveys from American and Japanese midlife adults (N = 1,358), Study 1 examined whether culture moderates the relationship between positive affect and subjective sleep quality. As predicted, higher positive affect was associated with better subjective sleep quality among European Americans, but not among Japanese. Study 2 employed a 2-week daily diary design to examine whether European American and East Asian college students (N = 119) differ in how positive affect relates to both subjective and actigraphy-derived sleep measures. Among European Americans, higher average positive affect was associated with better subjective sleep quality and a calmer (vs. tense) mood upon awakening. By contrast, these associations were not observed among East Asians; instead, greater positive affect predicted shorter sleep duration for these individuals. Notably, these cultural differences emerged only for high-arousal (not low-arousal) positive affect. Together, these findings suggest that the restorative benefits of positive affect on sleep may be culturally contingent, depending on how positive emotions are viewed in different societies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Are you willing to trade some present happiness for a better future? This study examined cross-country variation in delaying happiness-the belief that sacrificing current joy is worthwhile for long-term happiness. Using nationally representative data from 22 countries (N > 200,000), Study 1 showed that people in countries with high relational mobility (e.g., North and Latin America) were more likely to delay happiness than those in countries with lower mobility (e.g., East Asia). Other national-level variables such as national wealth, income inequality, and individualism-collectivism did not account for this difference. Study 2 replicated the link between relational mobility and delaying happiness in two countries (N = 785) and further tested the mediating roles of sense of control and optimism. We also showed that delaying happiness is associated with different domains of well-being, including happiness/satisfaction, meaning/purpose, and balance/harmony, at both the individual and country levels. These findings suggest that social ecologies that afford greater relational freedom may foster a sense of control over one's current situation and an optimistic view of the future, which in turn encourages the pursuit of long-term happiness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).