Pub Date : 2025-02-01Epub Date: 2024-09-30DOI: 10.1037/emo0001437
Claire J Shimshock, Katherine R Thorson, Brett J Peters, Jeremy P Jamieson
Physiological synchrony-or similarity between two people's physiological responses-is thought to have important consequences for health and well-being and has been observed in social relationship contexts. The present study investigated variability in dyads' physiological synchrony as a function of both partners' behaviors during an emotionally salient discussion. We examined concurrent covariation in cardiac interbeat intervals in a sample of young adult romantic couples (N = 79 dyads) who discussed the coordination of a personal goal with the future of their relationship (data collected from 2013 to 2015). Partners assigned to be disclosers revealed hypothetical good news (e.g., a dream job offer) with their partner, the responder, who reacted to this disclosure. To understand covariation-behavior associations, we examined three motivationally relevant behaviors that may underlie synchrony based on people's role in the discussion. We found significant variability in how much couples experienced covariation, and covariation depended, at least in part, on people's behaviors during the discussions. When disclosers spoke more (a behavior associated with less satisfying relationships and less positive partner perceptions), dyads experienced less physiological covariation. Furthermore, when responders showed more neglect and withdrawal, and when both partners displayed less positive emotion, dyads experienced less physiological covariation. These findings underscore couples' physiological synchrony as a heterogeneous process that can emerge with the presence of greater behavioral and emotional positivity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Behavioral variability in physiological synchrony during future-based conversations between romantic partners.","authors":"Claire J Shimshock, Katherine R Thorson, Brett J Peters, Jeremy P Jamieson","doi":"10.1037/emo0001437","DOIUrl":"10.1037/emo0001437","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Physiological synchrony-or similarity between two people's physiological responses-is thought to have important consequences for health and well-being and has been observed in social relationship contexts. The present study investigated variability in dyads' physiological synchrony as a function of both partners' behaviors during an emotionally salient discussion. We examined concurrent covariation in cardiac interbeat intervals in a sample of young adult romantic couples (<i>N</i> = 79 dyads) who discussed the coordination of a personal goal with the future of their relationship (data collected from 2013 to 2015). Partners assigned to be <i>disclosers</i> revealed hypothetical good news (e.g., a dream job offer) with their partner, the <i>responder</i>, who reacted to this disclosure. To understand covariation-behavior associations, we examined three motivationally relevant behaviors that may underlie synchrony based on people's role in the discussion. We found significant variability in how much couples experienced covariation, and covariation depended, at least in part, on people's behaviors during the discussions. When disclosers spoke more (a behavior associated with less satisfying relationships and less positive partner perceptions), dyads experienced less physiological covariation. Furthermore, when responders showed more neglect and withdrawal, and when both partners displayed less positive emotion, dyads experienced less physiological covariation. These findings underscore couples' physiological synchrony as a heterogeneous process that can emerge with the presence of greater behavioral and emotional positivity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48417,"journal":{"name":"Emotion","volume":" ","pages":"186-197"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142337123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01Epub Date: 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1037/emo0001408
Themis Nikolas Efthimiou, Joshua Baker, Arthur Elsenaar, Marc Mehu, Sebastian Korb
According to the facial feedback hypothesis, feedback from facial muscles can initiate and modulate a person's emotional state. This assumption is debated, however, and existing research has arguably suffered from a lack of control over which facial muscles are activated, when, to what degree, and for how long. To overcome these limitations, we carried out a preregistered experiment including 58 participants. Facial neuromuscular electrical stimulation (fNMES) was applied to the bilateral zygomaticus major and depressor anguli oris muscles for 5 s at 100% and 50% of the participants' individual motor threshold. After each trial, participants reported their emotional valence and intensity and levels of experienced discomfort. Facial muscle activations were verified with automatic video coding; heart rate and electrodermal activity were recorded throughout. Results showed that muscle activation through fNMES, even when controlling for fNMES-induced discomfort, modulated participants' emotional state as expected, with more positive emotions reported after stronger stimulation of the zygomaticus major than the depressor anguli oris muscle. The addition of expression-congruent emotional images increased the effect. Moreover, fNMES intensity predicted intensity ratings, reduced HR, and skin conductance response. The finding that changes in felt emotion can be induced through brief and controlled activation of specific facial muscles is in line with the facial feedback hypothesis and offers exciting opportunities for translational intervention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Smiling and frowning induced by facial neuromuscular electrical stimulation (fNMES) modulate felt emotion and physiology.","authors":"Themis Nikolas Efthimiou, Joshua Baker, Arthur Elsenaar, Marc Mehu, Sebastian Korb","doi":"10.1037/emo0001408","DOIUrl":"10.1037/emo0001408","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>According to the facial feedback hypothesis, feedback from facial muscles can initiate and modulate a person's emotional state. This assumption is debated, however, and existing research has arguably suffered from a lack of control over which facial muscles are activated, when, to what degree, and for how long. To overcome these limitations, we carried out a preregistered experiment including 58 participants. Facial neuromuscular electrical stimulation (fNMES) was applied to the bilateral zygomaticus major and depressor anguli oris muscles for 5 s at 100% and 50% of the participants' individual motor threshold. After each trial, participants reported their emotional valence and intensity and levels of experienced discomfort. Facial muscle activations were verified with automatic video coding; heart rate and electrodermal activity were recorded throughout. Results showed that muscle activation through fNMES, even when controlling for fNMES-induced discomfort, modulated participants' emotional state as expected, with more positive emotions reported after stronger stimulation of the zygomaticus major than the depressor anguli oris muscle. The addition of expression-congruent emotional images increased the effect. Moreover, fNMES intensity predicted intensity ratings, reduced HR, and skin conductance response. The finding that changes in felt emotion can be induced through brief and controlled activation of specific facial muscles is in line with the facial feedback hypothesis and offers exciting opportunities for translational intervention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48417,"journal":{"name":"Emotion","volume":" ","pages":"79-92"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142298828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01Epub Date: 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1037/emo0001425
Allon Vishkin, Min Young Kim, Nevin Solak, Kinga Szymaniak, Cindel J M White, Shinobu Kitayama
Gratitude confers a sense of indebtedness to repay the benefactor, which poses a limitation on one's autonomy-an aversive experience in individualist cultures. Yet, gratitude is frequently valued and expressed in individualist cultures such as the United States. One solution to this dilemma is that gratitude has different aspects: It confers a sense of obligation but also strengthens social relations. Thus, gratitude might be associated more strongly with indebtedness in cultural contexts where autonomy is less valued, but it might be associated with a desire to be close to others in cultural contexts where autonomy is more valued. We tested how motivations for being indebted, for connecting to others, and for a hedonic emotional balance predict both gratitude to God and interpersonal gratitude in samples from the United States, India, Israel, Poland, South Korea, and Turkey (N = 2,093). Results revealed substantial cultural variation in how these correlates are associated with gratitude. We discuss how gratitude can inform cultural differences in how relationships are construed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
感恩会让人产生一种要报答恩人的亏欠感,从而限制了一个人的自主性--这在个人主义文化中是一种令人厌恶的体验。然而,在美国等个人主义文化中,感恩却经常受到重视并得到表达。解决这一难题的一个办法是,感恩具有不同的方面:它既能赋予人一种义务感,又能加强社会关系。因此,在不太重视自主性的文化背景下,感恩可能与负债有更强的关联,但在更重视自主性的文化背景下,感恩可能与亲近他人的愿望有关联。我们对来自美国、印度、以色列、波兰、韩国和土耳其的样本(N = 2,093)进行了测试,以了解负债动机、与他人联系的动机和享乐主义情感平衡的动机如何预测对神的感激之情和人际感激之情。研究结果表明,这些相关因素与感恩的关系存在很大的文化差异。我们将讨论如何通过感恩来理解人际关系的文化差异。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
{"title":"Cultural variation in the motivational correlates of gratitude.","authors":"Allon Vishkin, Min Young Kim, Nevin Solak, Kinga Szymaniak, Cindel J M White, Shinobu Kitayama","doi":"10.1037/emo0001425","DOIUrl":"10.1037/emo0001425","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gratitude confers a sense of indebtedness to repay the benefactor, which poses a limitation on one's autonomy-an aversive experience in individualist cultures. Yet, gratitude is frequently valued and expressed in individualist cultures such as the United States. One solution to this dilemma is that gratitude has different aspects: It confers a sense of obligation but also strengthens social relations. Thus, gratitude might be associated more strongly with indebtedness in cultural contexts where autonomy is less valued, but it might be associated with a desire to be close to others in cultural contexts where autonomy is more valued. We tested how motivations for being indebted, for connecting to others, and for a hedonic emotional balance predict both gratitude to God and interpersonal gratitude in samples from the United States, India, Israel, Poland, South Korea, and Turkey (<i>N</i> = 2,093). Results revealed substantial cultural variation in how these correlates are associated with gratitude. We discuss how gratitude can inform cultural differences in how relationships are construed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48417,"journal":{"name":"Emotion","volume":" ","pages":"114-125"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142337125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01Epub Date: 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1037/emo0001416
David J Disabato, Emily A Gawlik, Pallavi Aurora, Karin G Coifman
Prior research suggests variability of positive affect (PA), or the degree to which an individual's experience of PA is variable rather than stable, is associated with worse psychological health. However, it is unclear whether different aspects of PA variability serve different psychological functions. One possibility is that changes in PA in response to rewarding contexts, or PA reactivity, serve a healthy function, while general instability of PA from one moment to the next serves an unhealthy function. The current investigation separated out PA reactivity to pleasant activities from general PA instability. We tested associations in three experience-sampling studies collected between 2012 and 2020 (N = 323). An internal meta-analysis revealed a significant association between PA reactivity to pleasant activities and less well-being. Moderation by average levels of PA was present but inconsistent across studies. We discuss how PA reactions to rewarding contexts may not necessarily reflect healthy emotion regulation and consider that "mood brightening" effects in daily life may indicate ill-being rather than well-being. Caution is warranted when interpreting the primary findings, as the indirect effect of PA reactivity was significant in only one of the three individual studies, and the effect was only found for the outcome of well-being and not distress. Results can be most confidently generalized to White adults living in the Midwest region of the United States. Future research should test not only the intensity of PA reactivity to rewarding contexts but also how long a person can sustain elevated PA-in relation to psychological health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
先前的研究表明,积极情绪(PA)的可变性,或者说一个人的积极情绪体验可变而非稳定的程度,与心理健康状况的恶化有关。然而,目前还不清楚积极情感变化的不同方面是否具有不同的心理功能。一种可能的情况是,PA 对奖励情境的响应变化或 PA 反应性具有健康功能,而 PA 从一而终的普遍不稳定性则具有不健康功能。目前的调查将对愉快活动的反应性与一般的反应性不稳定性区分开来。我们在 2012 年至 2020 年间收集的三项经验取样研究中测试了两者之间的关联(N = 323)。一项内部荟萃分析显示,愉快活动的 PA 反应性与幸福感较低之间存在显著关联。平均 PA 水平的调节作用是存在的,但在不同研究中并不一致。我们讨论了对有益情境的 PA 反应不一定能反映健康的情绪调节,并认为日常生活中的 "情绪提振 "效应可能预示着不健康而非幸福。在解释主要研究结果时需要谨慎,因为在三项单独的研究中,只有一项研究的PA反应性的间接效应是显著的,而且该效应只对幸福感而非痛苦的结果有影响。研究结果最有信心推广到生活在美国中西部地区的白人成年人。未来的研究不仅要测试PA对奖励情境的反应强度,还要测试一个人能够维持多长时间的PA升高--这与心理健康有关。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
{"title":"Unpacking the components of positive affect variability: Implications for psychological health across contexts.","authors":"David J Disabato, Emily A Gawlik, Pallavi Aurora, Karin G Coifman","doi":"10.1037/emo0001416","DOIUrl":"10.1037/emo0001416","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prior research suggests variability of positive affect (PA), or the degree to which an individual's experience of PA is variable rather than stable, is associated with worse psychological health. However, it is unclear whether different aspects of PA variability serve different psychological functions. One possibility is that changes in PA in response to rewarding contexts, or PA reactivity, serve a healthy function, while general instability of PA from one moment to the next serves an unhealthy function. The current investigation separated out PA reactivity to pleasant activities from general PA instability. We tested associations in three experience-sampling studies collected between 2012 and 2020 (<i>N</i> = 323). An internal meta-analysis revealed a significant association between PA reactivity to pleasant activities and <i>less</i> well-being. Moderation by average levels of PA was present but inconsistent across studies. We discuss how PA reactions to rewarding contexts may <i>not</i> necessarily reflect healthy emotion regulation and consider that \"mood brightening\" effects in daily life may indicate ill-being rather than well-being. Caution is warranted when interpreting the primary findings, as the indirect effect of PA reactivity was significant in only one of the three individual studies, and the effect was only found for the outcome of well-being and not distress. Results can be most confidently generalized to White adults living in the Midwest region of the United States. Future research should test not only the intensity of PA reactivity to rewarding contexts but also how long a person can sustain elevated PA-in relation to psychological health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48417,"journal":{"name":"Emotion","volume":" ","pages":"126-143"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142337177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emotional clarity and emotion differentiation (ED) are two core aspects of the application of emotional knowledge. During adolescence, novel emotional experiences result in temporary decreases of differentiation and clarity. These temporary difficulties might profoundly impact choices of regulatory strategies. And indeed, prior research has shown that lower emotional clarity and emotion differentiation are each associated with higher use of putatively maladaptive emotion regulation strategies in youth. The two constructs, however, are rarely examined together, and it remains unclear how they are associated in daily life, particularly in children and adolescents. In addition, previous studies have focused on the regulation of negative but not positive affect. To address these gaps, the present study used an intensive longitudinal design in youth. Between June 2021 and March 2022, 172 children and adolescents (M = 12.99 years) completed a 28-day diary (> 3,500 entries in total) reporting daily affect, emotional clarity, and the use of five emotion regulation strategies in response to negative and positive affect (i.e., rumination, dampening, behavioral avoidance, negative and positive suppression). As predicted, on both between- and within-person levels, higher emotional clarity was associated with decreased use of all maladaptive emotion regulation strategies after adjusting for mean affect intensity. Results for emotion differentiation were mostly nonsignificant. Only higher daily positive emotion differentiation was associated with decreased rumination. In sum, this innovative study explores multiple aspects of emotional knowledge usage and regulation during a critical developmental stage and emphasizes the role of emotional clarity in the regulation of negative and positive affect. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Examining the association among adolescents' emotional clarity, emotion differentiation, and the regulation of negative and positive affect using a daily diary approach.","authors":"Nicola Hohensee, Jutta Joormann, Reuma Gadassi-Polack","doi":"10.1037/emo0001424","DOIUrl":"10.1037/emo0001424","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emotional clarity and emotion differentiation (ED) are two core aspects of the application of emotional knowledge. During adolescence, novel emotional experiences result in temporary decreases of differentiation and clarity. These temporary difficulties might profoundly impact choices of regulatory strategies. And indeed, prior research has shown that lower emotional clarity and emotion differentiation are each associated with higher use of putatively maladaptive emotion regulation strategies in youth. The two constructs, however, are rarely examined together, and it remains unclear how they are associated in daily life, particularly in children and adolescents. In addition, previous studies have focused on the regulation of negative but not positive affect. To address these gaps, the present study used an intensive longitudinal design in youth. Between June 2021 and March 2022, 172 children and adolescents (<i>M</i> = 12.99 years) completed a 28-day diary (> 3,500 entries in total) reporting daily affect, emotional clarity, and the use of five emotion regulation strategies in response to negative and positive affect (i.e., rumination, dampening, behavioral avoidance, negative and positive suppression). As predicted, on both between- and within-person levels, higher emotional clarity was associated with decreased use of all maladaptive emotion regulation strategies after adjusting for mean affect intensity. Results for emotion differentiation were mostly nonsignificant. Only higher daily positive emotion differentiation was associated with decreased rumination. In sum, this innovative study explores multiple aspects of emotional knowledge usage and regulation during a critical developmental stage and emphasizes the role of emotional clarity in the regulation of negative and positive affect. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48417,"journal":{"name":"Emotion","volume":" ","pages":"144-157"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142337126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gregory John Depow, Victoria Oldemburgo de Mello, Michael Inzlicht
With more than half the global population on social media, there is a critical need to understand how to engage it in a way that improves rather than worsens user well-being. Here, we show that positive empathy is a promising tool. Participants who received brief positive empathy instructions before 10 min of browsing their own Instagram feed showed greater affective well-being (Studies 1-4) and life satisfaction (Study 4) at posttest relative to participants who were instructed to browse as usual. The positive empathy intervention showed an average effect size on well-being of about a quarter of a standard deviation (mean Cohen's d = 0.25). We included unique active control groups in each study. We found using positive empathy on social media was about as beneficial to well-being as watching a nature video (Study 1, N = 298) and was better than instructions to focus on positive content (Study 2, N = 302), empathize with all emotions (Study 3, N = 301), or reappraise one's own emotions (Study 4, N = 426). We used structural equation modeling to demonstrate the effect of the intervention on subjective well-being is mediated by changes in positive emotion sharing, appreciative joy, and self-compassion. These experiences form a latent factor we term positive empathy. Our results show that a brief intervention successfully manipulates positive empathy on Instagram, which increases well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"A positive empathy intervention to improve well-being on Instagram.","authors":"Gregory John Depow, Victoria Oldemburgo de Mello, Michael Inzlicht","doi":"10.1037/emo0001489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001489","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With more than half the global population on social media, there is a critical need to understand how to engage it in a way that improves rather than worsens user well-being. Here, we show that positive empathy is a promising tool. Participants who received brief positive empathy instructions before 10 min of browsing their own Instagram feed showed greater affective well-being (Studies 1-4) and life satisfaction (Study 4) at posttest relative to participants who were instructed to browse as usual. The positive empathy intervention showed an average effect size on well-being of about a quarter of a standard deviation (mean Cohen's <i>d</i> = 0.25). We included unique active control groups in each study. We found using positive empathy on social media was about as beneficial to well-being as watching a nature video (Study 1, N = 298) and was better than instructions to focus on positive content (Study 2, <i>N</i> = 302), empathize with all emotions (Study 3, <i>N</i> = 301), or reappraise one's own emotions (Study 4, <i>N</i> = 426). We used structural equation modeling to demonstrate the effect of the intervention on subjective well-being is mediated by changes in positive emotion sharing, appreciative joy, and self-compassion. These experiences form a latent factor we term positive empathy. Our results show that a brief intervention successfully manipulates positive empathy on Instagram, which increases well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48417,"journal":{"name":"Emotion","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143068419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Timon Elmer, Aurelio Fernández, Marie Stadel, Martien J H Kas, Anna M Langener
Given the pervasive role of smartphones in modern life, research into their impact on well-being has flourished. This study addresses existing methodological shortcomings using smartphone log data and experience sampling methods (ESM) to explore the bidirectional within-person relationship between smartphone usage and momentary well-being variables (i.e., affect valence, loneliness, positive affect, and negative affect). We further examine different categories of smartphone usage, namely, communication, social media, and other apps. We analyze three samples (N₁ = 225, N₂ = 17, N₃ = 13; with T₁ = 7,874, T₂ = 2,566, T₃ = 1,533 ESM reports) with multilevel models to test our preregistered hypotheses. Data for Sample I were collected in Spain in 2022 (82% female; Mage = 23.1). Samples II and III (80% female; Mage = 21.6) were collected in the Netherlands between 2021 and 2022. Our results suggest that smartphone usage within an hour before ESM assessment, especially using social media apps, is associated with reduced affect valence and increased loneliness on a within-person level. Loneliness was associated with more smartphone usage than usual, particularly the use of social media apps, within the hour following ESM assessments. However, overall, our findings indicate weak bidirectional associations between smartphone usage and indicators of momentary well-being (range standardized β = .00-.08). On the between-person level, those individuals generally high in loneliness were more affected in their momentary loneliness by prior social media use, suggesting a heightened social media sensitivity. The interplay between social media use and momentary loneliness should be studied in more detail, including contextual factors and experimental designs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Bidirectional associations between smartphone usage and momentary well-being in young adults: Tackling methodological challenges by combining experience sampling methods with passive smartphone data.","authors":"Timon Elmer, Aurelio Fernández, Marie Stadel, Martien J H Kas, Anna M Langener","doi":"10.1037/emo0001485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001485","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Given the pervasive role of smartphones in modern life, research into their impact on well-being has flourished. This study addresses existing methodological shortcomings using smartphone log data and experience sampling methods (ESM) to explore the bidirectional within-person relationship between smartphone usage and momentary well-being variables (i.e., affect valence, loneliness, positive affect, and negative affect). We further examine different categories of smartphone usage, namely, communication, social media, and other apps. We analyze three samples (<i>N</i>₁ = 225, <i>N</i>₂ = 17, <i>N</i>₃ = 13; with <i>T</i>₁ = 7,874, <i>T</i>₂ = 2,566, <i>T</i>₃ = 1,533 ESM reports) with multilevel models to test our preregistered hypotheses. Data for Sample I were collected in Spain in 2022 (82% female; <i>M</i><sub>age</sub> = 23.1). Samples II and III (80% female; <i>M</i><sub>age</sub> = 21.6) were collected in the Netherlands between 2021 and 2022. Our results suggest that smartphone usage within an hour before ESM assessment, especially using social media apps, is associated with reduced affect valence and increased loneliness on a within-person level. Loneliness was associated with more smartphone usage than usual, particularly the use of social media apps, within the hour following ESM assessments. However, overall, our findings indicate weak bidirectional associations between smartphone usage and indicators of momentary well-being (range standardized β = .00-.08). On the between-person level, those individuals generally high in loneliness were more affected in their momentary loneliness by prior social media use, suggesting a heightened social media sensitivity. The interplay between social media use and momentary loneliness should be studied in more detail, including contextual factors and experimental designs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48417,"journal":{"name":"Emotion","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143014368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kaitlyn M McMullen, Alexandra MacVittie, Jessica S Leffers, Nicole Betz, Jolie B Wormwood
We examined categorical processing biases in the perception and recognition of facial expressions of emotion across two studies. In both studies, participants first learned to discriminate between two ambiguous facial expressions of emotion selected from the middle of a continuous array of blended expressions (i.e., an array created from morphing images of two facial expressions together, with still images selected in equidistant increments). Participants were then asked to recognize the specific expressions they were trained to discriminate. In Study 1, target expressions labeled with emotion words (e.g., more angry face) during discrimination and recognition tasks were misremembered as more perceptually distinct from one another and therefore more perceptually similar to the stereotypical expression for their labeled emotion category than they were in reality. Critically, in Study 2, these recognition biases were significantly reduced or absent in conditions where the target expressions were not labeled with emotion words (e.g., Face A), demonstrating the role of emotion words in promoting categorical processing biases in emotion recognition. Moreover, in the absence of emotion labels, peoples' beliefs about the nature of emotion categories were related to the extent to which they employed categorical processing during emotion perception and recognition. Specifically, people with more essentialist beliefs about emotion categories-believing emotion categories are more innate, biologically-based, and immutable-exhibited more pronounced categorical processing biases during emotion recognition. Findings shed light on the critical role of language and cognition in constructing emotion and add to empirical findings on categorical processing in emotion perception. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
我们在两项研究中检查了感知和识别面部情绪表情的分类加工偏差。在这两项研究中,参与者首先学会区分从连续的混合表情中选择的两种模糊的面部表情(即,由两种面部表情的变形图像一起创建的数组,以等距离的增量选择静止图像)。然后,参与者被要求辨认出他们被训练用来区分的特定表达。在研究1中,在区分和识别任务中,被标记为情绪词的目标表情(例如,更愤怒的脸)被错误地记住,因为它们在感知上彼此不同,因此在感知上更接近于它们所标记的情绪类别的刻板印象表达。重要的是,在研究2中,当目标表情没有被标记为情绪词(例如,人脸A)时,这些识别偏差显著减少或不存在,这证明了情绪词在促进情绪识别中的分类加工偏差方面的作用。此外,在没有情绪标签的情况下,人们对情绪类别性质的信念与他们在情绪感知和识别过程中使用类别加工的程度有关。具体来说,那些对情绪类别有更多本质主义信念的人——相信情绪类别更多是天生的、基于生物的、不可变的——在情绪识别过程中表现出更明显的分类加工偏差。研究结果揭示了语言和认知在构建情感中的关键作用,并补充了情感感知中分类加工的实证研究结果。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA,版权所有)。
{"title":"Categorization processes in emotion expression recognition: The roles of language and essentialism.","authors":"Kaitlyn M McMullen, Alexandra MacVittie, Jessica S Leffers, Nicole Betz, Jolie B Wormwood","doi":"10.1037/emo0001483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001483","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We examined categorical processing biases in the perception and recognition of facial expressions of emotion across two studies. In both studies, participants first learned to discriminate between two ambiguous facial expressions of emotion selected from the middle of a continuous array of blended expressions (i.e., an array created from morphing images of two facial expressions together, with still images selected in equidistant increments). Participants were then asked to recognize the specific expressions they were trained to discriminate. In Study 1, target expressions labeled with emotion words (e.g., more angry face) during discrimination and recognition tasks were misremembered as more perceptually distinct from one another and therefore more perceptually similar to the stereotypical expression for their labeled emotion category than they were in reality. Critically, in Study 2, these recognition biases were significantly reduced or absent in conditions where the target expressions were not labeled with emotion words (e.g., Face A), demonstrating the role of emotion words in promoting categorical processing biases in emotion recognition. Moreover, in the absence of emotion labels, peoples' beliefs about the nature of emotion categories were related to the extent to which they employed categorical processing during emotion perception and recognition. Specifically, people with more essentialist beliefs about emotion categories-believing emotion categories are more innate, biologically-based, and immutable-exhibited more pronounced categorical processing biases during emotion recognition. Findings shed light on the critical role of language and cognition in constructing emotion and add to empirical findings on categorical processing in emotion perception. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48417,"journal":{"name":"Emotion","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143014371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The assumption that people differ in affective awareness (i.e., the extent to which a person's subjective affective experience matches their affective bodily state) is central to emotional competence. To test this assumption empirically, we used a physiology-based approach to investigate individual differences in affective awareness. Participants (N = 255) viewed 76 pictures with affective content and rated their experienced affect. Facial muscle activity during picture presentation was assessed via electromyography (EMG) as a direct physiological measure of affective reactions. We used a multilevel model to quantify affective awareness as the strength of the intraindividual relationship between a person's EMG reactions and affect ratings. This relationship was positive on average and differed significantly between participants. These individual differences in affective awareness were reliable and stable over time. Affective awareness was higher for women than for men and went along with generally strong affective EMG reactivity and better socioemotional abilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
人们在情感意识上的差异(即,一个人的主观情感体验与他们的情感身体状态的匹配程度)是情感能力的核心假设。为了从经验上验证这一假设,我们使用了基于生理学的方法来调查情感意识的个体差异。参与者(N = 255)观看了76张包含情感内容的图片,并对他们所经历的情感进行了评分。通过肌电图(EMG)作为情感反应的直接生理测量来评估图片呈现时的面部肌肉活动。我们使用了一个多层次模型来量化情感意识,作为一个人的肌电反应和情感评级之间的个人内部关系的强度。这种关系平均为正,但在参与者之间存在显著差异。随着时间的推移,这些情感意识的个体差异是可靠和稳定的。女性的情感意识比男性高,情感肌电图反应普遍较强,社会情感能力也较好。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA,版权所有)。
{"title":"How aware are people of their current affect? A physiology-based investigation of affective awareness.","authors":"Christoph Heine, Michael Dufner","doi":"10.1037/emo0001487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001487","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The assumption that people differ in <i>affective awareness</i> (i.e., the extent to which a person's subjective affective experience matches their affective bodily state) is central to emotional competence. To test this assumption empirically, we used a physiology-based approach to investigate individual differences in affective awareness. Participants (<i>N</i> = 255) viewed 76 pictures with affective content and rated their experienced affect. Facial muscle activity during picture presentation was assessed via electromyography (EMG) as a direct physiological measure of affective reactions. We used a multilevel model to quantify affective awareness as the strength of the intraindividual relationship between a person's EMG reactions and affect ratings. This relationship was positive on average and differed significantly between participants. These individual differences in affective awareness were reliable and stable over time. Affective awareness was higher for women than for men and went along with generally strong affective EMG reactivity and better socioemotional abilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48417,"journal":{"name":"Emotion","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143014381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jun Hu, Huiqing Huang, Qianqian Ju, Xuebing Wu, Binghui Li, Yueqin Hu, Yiqun Gan
Stress must not be avoided unilaterally because adaptive mindsets toward stress and stress-induced emotions are associated with better mental health outcomes. However, few studies have explored the reciprocal relationships between adaptive mindsets and mental health. This study assessed the role of trait-level stress-is-enhancing mindsets in the dynamic interplay between emotional growth mindsets and mental health in real-life contexts. Using ecological momentary assessment, 196 participants recorded daily stressful events, emotional growth mindsets following these events, depression and life satisfaction four times daily over 10-12 days, after completing baseline measures of stress-is-enhancing mindsets. Dynamic structural equation modeling was used to examine the cross-lagged associations between daily emotional growth mindsets and mental health indicators and to investigate the moderating role of stress-is-enhancing mindsets in these relationships. The findings suggest that increased emotional growth mindsets predict decreased depressive symptoms and elevated life satisfaction on the next occasion. Moreover, heightened levels of life satisfaction predict subsequent increases in the emotional growth mindsets. In tandem with the principal findings, this study underscores that the inverse link between preceding depressive symptoms and subsequent emotional growth mindsets, as well as the positive association between life satisfaction and subsequent emotional growth mindsets, is amplified for individuals endorsing higher stress-is-enhancing mindsets. These findings have noteworthy clinical implications since interventions geared toward fostering adaptive mindsets have the potential to simultaneously mitigate vulnerability to depression and amplify life satisfaction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
不能单方面避免压力,因为适应压力的心态和压力引起的情绪与更好的心理健康结果有关。然而,很少有研究探讨适应性心态与心理健康之间的相互关系。本研究评估了特质水平的压力增强心态在现实生活中情绪成长心态与心理健康之间的动态相互作用中的作用。使用生态瞬间评估,196名参与者在完成压力增强心态的基线测量后,在10-12天内每天四次记录每日压力事件、情绪成长心态、抑郁和生活满意度。采用动态结构方程模型检验了日常情绪成长心态与心理健康指标之间的交叉滞后关系,并探讨了压力增强心态在这些关系中的调节作用。研究结果表明,情绪成长心态的增加预示着下一次抑郁症状的减少和生活满意度的提高。此外,生活满意度的提高预示着情绪成长心态的增加。与主要研究结果相呼应,这项研究强调了之前的抑郁症状与随后的情绪成长心态之间的负相关关系,以及生活满意度与随后的情绪成长心态之间的正相关关系,对于支持更高压力增强心态的个人来说,这种关系被放大了。这些发现具有重要的临床意义,因为旨在培养适应性思维的干预措施有可能同时减轻抑郁症的易感性和提高生活满意度。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA,版权所有)。
{"title":"Exploring the interplay between stress-is-enhancing mindsets, emotional growth mindsets, and mental health: Dynamic structural equation modeling.","authors":"Jun Hu, Huiqing Huang, Qianqian Ju, Xuebing Wu, Binghui Li, Yueqin Hu, Yiqun Gan","doi":"10.1037/emo0001488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001488","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stress must not be avoided unilaterally because adaptive mindsets toward stress and stress-induced emotions are associated with better mental health outcomes. However, few studies have explored the reciprocal relationships between adaptive mindsets and mental health. This study assessed the role of trait-level stress-is-enhancing mindsets in the dynamic interplay between emotional growth mindsets and mental health in real-life contexts. Using ecological momentary assessment, 196 participants recorded daily stressful events, emotional growth mindsets following these events, depression and life satisfaction four times daily over 10-12 days, after completing baseline measures of stress-is-enhancing mindsets. Dynamic structural equation modeling was used to examine the cross-lagged associations between daily emotional growth mindsets and mental health indicators and to investigate the moderating role of stress-is-enhancing mindsets in these relationships. The findings suggest that increased emotional growth mindsets predict decreased depressive symptoms and elevated life satisfaction on the next occasion. Moreover, heightened levels of life satisfaction predict subsequent increases in the emotional growth mindsets. In tandem with the principal findings, this study underscores that the inverse link between preceding depressive symptoms and subsequent emotional growth mindsets, as well as the positive association between life satisfaction and subsequent emotional growth mindsets, is amplified for individuals endorsing higher stress-is-enhancing mindsets. These findings have noteworthy clinical implications since interventions geared toward fostering adaptive mindsets have the potential to simultaneously mitigate vulnerability to depression and amplify life satisfaction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48417,"journal":{"name":"Emotion","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143014376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}