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Communist propaganda and women’s status 共产党的宣传和妇女地位
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-07-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103341

This paper examines how communist propaganda affects gender norms and behavior in China. Improving women’s status and promoting gender equality were significant themes of revolutionary propaganda in China from the 1950s to the 1970s. Exploiting plausibly exogenous variation resulting from topography, I find that exposure to radio broadcasts during the Cultural Revolution improved educational gender equality, and such effects were stronger in areas with weaker Confucian norms. Using individual-level census data, I also find positive effects of radio exposure on women’s family-related and career-related outcomes. I explore the possible mechanisms using data from two surveys on gender norms, and my evidence is consistent with rational updating. The significant persuasion effects disappear when more recent data are employed, implying temporary communist influences on entrenched social norms.

本文探讨共产主义宣传如何影响中国的性别规范和行为。提高妇女地位和促进性别平等是 20 世纪 50 年代至 70 年代中国革命宣传的重要主题。利用地形造成的似是而非的外生变化,我发现在文化大革命期间,接触广播会改善教育中的性别平等,而这种影响在儒家规范较弱的地区更为强烈。通过使用个人层面的人口普查数据,我还发现接触广播对妇女的家庭相关和职业相关结果产生了积极影响。我利用两次性别规范调查的数据探讨了可能的机制,我的证据与理性更新是一致的。当使用更近期的数据时,明显的劝说效应就会消失,这意味着共产主义对根深蒂固的社会规范的影响是暂时的。
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引用次数: 0
Supporting small firms in a fragile context: Comparing matching and cash grants in Burkina Faso 在脆弱环境中支持小企业:比较布基纳法索的配套赠款和现金赠款
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103344

We used a randomized controlled trial to compare matching grants earmarked for technical training and consulting services with more flexible cash grants and with a control group. The experiment was implemented in a semi-urban and rural fragile setting where subsidizing innovative activities might be particularly important. Firms were selected on the basis of a business plan competition. After two years, beneficiaries of cash grants showed higher survival rates, improved business practices, a higher degree of formalization, and more activities for innovation relative to recipients of matching grants and the control group, but we saw no effects on profits, sales, and employment. Across all outcomes, beneficiaries of cash grants performed better than beneficiaries of matching grants, for them the treatment effects are smaller and often insignificant, though implementation costs were higher. Recipients of cash grants also increased their capital stock more and were more resilient to the COVID-19 crisis.

我们采用随机对照试验的方式,将专门用于技术培训和咨询服务的配套补助金与更为灵活的现金补助金以及对照组进行比较。试验在半城市和农村的脆弱环境中进行,在这种环境中,对创新活动的补贴可能尤为重要。企业是在商业计划竞赛的基础上选出的。两年后,现金补助受益人的存活率提高了,经营方式改进了,正规化程度提高了,创新活动也比对等补助受益人和对照组多,但我们没有看到对利润、销售额和就业的影响。在所有结果中,现金补助受益人的表现都优于对等补助受益人,对他们的治疗效果较小,而且往往不显著,尽管实施成本较高。现金补助受益人的资本存量增加也更多,对 COVID-19 危机的抵御能力更强。
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引用次数: 0
Preprimary education and early childhood development: Evidence from government schools in rural Kenya 学前教育与幼儿发展:肯尼亚农村公立学校的证据
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103337

We provide evidence on the link between enrollment in public preschool and child vocabulary, a critical precursor to early literacy. We measure early childhood development among both in-school and out-of-school children in Kenya, allowing us to examine the association between preschool enrollment and cognitive outcomes. Children in our sample are more likely to start school at age three rather than age four if they live within a few hundred meters of the nearest primary school. Three-year-olds living closer to the school also have stronger vocabulary skills, though a similar pattern does not exist among older children. Using proximity to school as an instrument for preprimary enrollment, we find that preprimary enrollment raises mother tongue receptive vocabulary by more than one standard deviation at age three, but does not impact vocabulary at later ages.

我们提供了有关公立学前教育入学率与儿童词汇量(早期识字的关键先决条件)之间关系的证据。我们对肯尼亚在校和失学儿童的早期发展进行了测量,从而考察了学前教育入学率与认知结果之间的关联。在我们的样本中,如果居住地距离最近的小学只有几百米,那么儿童更有可能在三岁而不是四岁开始上学。住得离学校更近的三岁儿童的词汇能力也更强,但在年龄更大的儿童中并不存在类似的模式。将学校附近作为学前教育入学率的工具,我们发现学前教育入学率会将三岁儿童的母语接受词汇量提高一个标准差以上,但不会影响其后年龄段的词汇量。
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引用次数: 0
When beer is safer than water: Beer availability and mortality from waterborne illnesses 当啤酒比水更安全时啤酒供应与水传播疾病的死亡率
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103343

We investigate the impact of beer on mortality during the Industrial Revolution in 18th century England. Due to the brewing process, beer represented an improvement over available water sources during this period prior to the widespread understanding of the link between water quality and human health. Using a wide range of identification strategies to derive measures of beer scarcity driven by tax increases, weather events, and soil quality, we show that beer scarcity was associated with higher mortality, especially in the summer months when mortality was more likely to be driven by waterborne illnesses related to contaminated drinking water. We also leverage variation in inherent water quality across parishes using two proxies for water quality to show that beer scarcity resulted in greater deaths in areas with worse water quality. Together, the evidence indicates that beer had a major impact on human health during this important period in economic development.

我们研究了啤酒对 18 世纪英国工业革命期间死亡率的影响。由于啤酒的酿造工艺,在人们普遍了解水质与人类健康之间的关系之前,这一时期的啤酒是对现有水源的一种改善。我们采用多种识别策略,得出了受税收增加、天气事件和土壤质量影响的啤酒稀缺程度,结果表明啤酒稀缺与较高的死亡率相关,尤其是在夏季,死亡率更有可能由与饮用水污染相关的水传播疾病引起。我们还利用水质的两种代用指标,对各教区固有水质的变化进行了分析,结果表明,在水质较差的地区,啤酒稀缺导致的死亡人数更多。这些证据共同表明,在经济发展的这一重要时期,啤酒对人类健康产生了重大影响。
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引用次数: 0
Pollution-induced trips: Evidence from flight and train bookings in China 污染导致的旅行:来自中国航班和火车预订的证据
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103340

Utilizing a novel database including nearly 2.2 billion booking records in China, we examine whether people escape from pollution by traveling to “cleaner” places. Combining an instrumental variable approach with high-dimensional fixed effects, we find a 50-unit increase in the AQI gap between a city pair leads to a 1.30% (1.33%) increase in train and airline ticket bookings from the origin to the destination city departing within one day (2–7 days). In addition, the destination of such pollution-induced trips is more likely to be an intra-province city with more tourist attractions. We also measure willingness to pay for clean air.

利用包括中国近 22 亿条预订记录在内的新型数据库,我们研究了人们是否会通过前往 "更清洁 "的地方来逃避污染。结合工具变量法和高维固定效应,我们发现一对城市之间的空气质量指数差距每增加 50 个单位,从出发地到目的地城市的火车票和机票预订量就会增加 1.30% (1.33%),一天内出发(2-7 天)。此外,此类污染引起的旅行的目的地更有可能是旅游景点较多的省内城市。我们还衡量了为清洁空气付费的意愿。
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引用次数: 0
Childhood migration and educational attainment: Evidence from Indonesia 儿童移民与教育成就:印度尼西亚的证据
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103338

Millions of families migrate every year in search of better opportunities. Whether these opportunities materialize for the children brought with them depends on the quality of the destination that their parents selected. Exploiting variation in the age of migration, I analyze the impact of destination quality on the educational outcomes of childhood internal migrants in Indonesia. Using Population Census microdata from 2000 and 2010, I show that children who spend more time growing up in districts characterized by higher average educational attainment among permanent residents tend to exhibit greater probabilities of completing primary and secondary schooling. Moreover, educational outcomes of migrants converge with those of permanent residents at an average rate of 1.7 to 2.2 percent annually, with children from less educated households benefiting more from additional exposure. My findings suggest substantial heterogeneity of returns to childhood migration with respect to destination.

每年都有数百万家庭为寻找更好的机会而移民。这些机会能否为随迁子女带来,取决于其父母选择的目的地的质量。利用移民年龄的变化,我分析了目的地质量对印度尼西亚国内移民儿童教育成果的影响。通过使用 2000 年和 2010 年的人口普查微观数据,我发现,在常住居民平均教育程度较高的地区成长时间越长的儿童,完成小学和中学教育的概率越大。此外,移民的教育成果以每年平均 1.7% 至 2.2% 的速度向常住居民的教育成果靠拢,教育程度较低家庭的儿童从额外的接触中获益更多。我的研究结果表明,儿童移民的收益在目的地方面存在很大的异质性。
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引用次数: 0
Roads, competition, and the informal sector 道路、竞争和非正规部门
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103339

We examine the impact of competition from better connectivity to domestic markets on formal and informal firms. Combining geolocalized information on road improvements under a large infrastructure investment programme with data on manufacturing firms in Ethiopia between 2001 and 2013, we show that an increase in competition is associated with higher labour productivity, capital-intensity, investment in physical capital and wages in the formal sector. On the contrary, there is no associated increase in labour productivity or wages in the informal sector. In fact, increased competition results in lower capital-intensity and investment, a shift in composition towards workers without primary education and a lower likelihood of operating in the informal sector. We thus highlight that the benefits of infrastructure improvement programmes may not accrue uniformly in the economy.

我们研究了更好的国内市场连通性所带来的竞争对正规和非正规企业的影响。通过将一项大型基础设施投资计划下的道路改善工程的地理定位信息与 2001 年至 2013 年期间埃塞俄比亚制造业企业的数据相结合,我们发现竞争的加剧与正规部门劳动生产率、资本密集度、实物资本投资和工资的提高有关。相反,非正规部门的劳动生产率和工资却没有相应提高。事实上,竞争的加剧导致资本密集度和投资降低,工人构成转向未受过初等教育的工人,在非正规部门工作的可能性降低。因此,我们强调,基础设施改善计划的效益可能不会在经济中均匀累积。
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引用次数: 0
Internal migration and drug violence in Mexico 墨西哥的国内移民和毒品暴力
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-07-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103334

We study how internal migration responds to an increase in criminal violence in the context of Mexico’s 2007 War on Drugs. To identify causal effects, we exploit the changes in homicides generated by conflict between drug-trafficking organizations. Instrumental variable regressions show that high skilled individuals are less likely to migrate to a municipality where the homicide rate increased. Conversely, we find out-migration from municipalities that experienced an increase in murders but only to other municipalities in the same commuting zone. We interpret these facts as evidence that the migration response to increases in violence is tempered by moving costs. Using a discrete-choice model over destination choices, we estimate individuals would be willing to accept a reduction in wages of 0.15% to 0.58% to decrease the local homicide rate by 1%. The welfare cost of the post-2007 spike in homicides is in the order of 10% of GDP per year.

我们研究了在墨西哥 2007 年禁毒战争的背景下,国内移民如何应对犯罪暴力的增加。为了确定因果效应,我们利用了贩毒组织之间的冲突所引发的杀人案件的变化。工具变量回归表明,高技能人才不太可能迁移到凶杀率上升的城市。与此相反,我们发现谋杀案增加的城市也会向外移民,但只向同一通勤区的其他城市移民。我们将这些事实解释为暴力事件增加时的移民反应受到迁移成本的影响。利用目的地选择的离散选择模型,我们估计个人愿意接受工资下降 0.15%至 0.58%,以降低当地 1%的凶杀率。2007 年后凶杀案激增的福利成本约为每年 GDP 的 10%。
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引用次数: 0
Returns to quality in rural agricultural markets: Evidence from wheat markets in Ethiopia 农村农产品市场的质量回报:埃塞俄比亚小麦市场的证据
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103336

In many Sub-Saharan countries, farmers cannot meet the growing urban demand for higher quality products. While the literature has focused on production-side constraints to enhance smallholder farmers’ output quality, there is scarce evidence of market-side constraints. Using a sample of 60 wheat markets in Ethiopia, I assess whether farmers received a price premium for supplying higher quality outputs. I exploit a unique feature of the data which precisely measures observable and less or unobservable quality attributes, and relate them to transaction prices. Observable attributes cannot serve as proxies for less observable ones. Transaction prices further reflect this, indicating that markets only reward quality attributes that are observable at no cost. However, these results hide cross-market heterogeneity. Farmers engage in relational contracts receive a higher price but similar rewards for quality. Observable quality attributes are better rewarded in markets with more traders per farmer, while unobservable attributes are rewarded in the presence of other value chain actors (i.e., grain millers and farmer cooperatives). Both regression and machine learning approaches support these findings.

在许多撒哈拉以南国家,农民无法满足城市对更高质量产品日益增长的需求。文献主要关注生产方面的制约因素,以提高小农的产出质量,但有关市场方面制约因素的证据却很少。通过对埃塞俄比亚 60 个小麦市场的抽样调查,我对农民是否因提供更高质量的产品而获得价格溢价进行了评估。我利用了数据的一个独特特点,即精确测量可观察和较少或不可观察的质量属性,并将它们与交易价格联系起来。可观察的属性不能作为不可观察属性的替代品。交易价格进一步反映了这一点,表明市场只奖励无成本可观察的质量属性。然而,这些结果掩盖了跨市场的异质性。签订关系型合同的农民获得的价格更高,但获得的质量奖励却相似。在每个农民拥有更多贸易商的市场中,可观察的质量属性会得到更好的回报,而在有其他价值链参与者(即谷物磨坊主和农民合作社)的市场中,不可观察的质量属性会得到回报。回归和机器学习方法都支持这些发现。
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引用次数: 0
Formal insurance and altruism networks 正规保险和利他主义网络
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103335

We study how altruism networks affect the demand for formal insurance. Agents with CARA utilities are connected through a network of altruistic relationships. Incomes are subject to a common shock and to a large individual shock, generating heterogeneous damages. Agents can buy formal insurance to cover the common shock, up to a coverage cap. We find that ex-post altruistic transfers induce interdependence in ex-ante formal insurance decisions. We characterize the Nash equilibria of the insurance game and show that agents act as if they are trying to maximize the expected utility of a representative agent with average damages. Altruism thus tends to increase demand of low-damage agents and to decrease demand of high-damage agents. Its aggregate impact depends on the interplay between demand homogenization, the zero lower bound and the coverage cap. We find that aggregate demand is higher with altruism than without altruism at low prices and lower at high prices. Nash equilibria are constrained Pareto efficient.

我们研究利他主义网络如何影响对正规保险的需求。具有 CARA 效用的代理人通过利他主义关系网络联系在一起。收入会受到共同冲击和巨大的个体冲击,从而产生异质性损害。代理人可以购买正式保险来抵御共同冲击,但保险额度不得超过上限。我们发现,事后的利他主义转移会导致事前的正式保险决策相互依赖。我们描述了保险博弈的纳什均衡,并表明代理人的行为就像他们试图最大化具有平均损失的代表代理人的预期效用一样。因此,利他主义倾向于增加低损失代理人的需求,减少高损失代理人的需求。它的总体影响取决于需求同质化、零下限和保险上限之间的相互作用。我们发现,在低价格时,有利他主义的总需求高于无利他主义的总需求,而在高价格时,总需求则低于无利他主义的总需求。纳什均衡是受约束的帕累托效率。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Development Economics
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