Pub Date : 2026-01-05DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103717
Runhao Zhao , Ye Yuan , Chong Liu , Junjian Yi
We study how the environment shapes aging. Leveraging a natural experiment in China where coal-powered winter heating caused persistently higher levels of particulate matters (PMs) north of a policy boundary for over three decades, we find that prolonged PM exposure accelerates aging beyond the biological age, leading to higher rates of multiple chronic conditions, functional disabilities, and cognitive decline in the working-age population. These effects were dormant in the early adulthood, emerged and developed rapidly in age 40s to 50s, and persisted long after exposure ends. Older cohorts experience faster and more enduring aging effects than younger ones under the same exposure, indicating greater life-cycle vulnerability to pollution-induced aging. We highlight that sustained PM exposure accelerates aging and exacerbates physical and cognitive decline in the working-age population.
{"title":"Aging in Haze","authors":"Runhao Zhao , Ye Yuan , Chong Liu , Junjian Yi","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103717","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103717","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We study how the environment shapes aging. Leveraging a natural experiment in China where coal-powered winter heating caused persistently higher levels of particulate matters (PMs) north of a policy boundary for over three decades, we find that prolonged PM exposure accelerates aging beyond the biological age, leading to higher rates of multiple chronic conditions, functional disabilities, and cognitive decline in the working-age population. These effects were dormant in the early adulthood, emerged and developed rapidly in age 40s to 50s, and persisted long after exposure ends. Older cohorts experience faster and more enduring aging effects than younger ones under the same exposure, indicating greater life-cycle vulnerability to pollution-induced aging. We highlight that sustained PM exposure accelerates aging and exacerbates physical and cognitive decline in the working-age population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 103717"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-31DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103709
Qing Huang , Victoria Wenxin Xie , Wei You
This paper provides the first causal estimate of the impact of mineral price changes on the local population and sectoral employment shares in a global sample of cities. We find that increases in the prices of minerals extracted from nearby mines lead to local employment reallocation away from agriculture and primarily toward low-skilled services, without crowding out manufacturing activities. While the city population grows, there is limited evidence for mining booms driving large-scale urbanization. Cities in Sub-Saharan Africa exhibit exceptionally strong responses to mining booms. These results suggest that resource-led structural transformation could present a new development path for resource-rich developing countries.
{"title":"Do resource rents drive urbanization and structural transformation? A global analysis","authors":"Qing Huang , Victoria Wenxin Xie , Wei You","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103709","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103709","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper provides the first causal estimate of the impact of mineral price changes on the local population and sectoral employment shares in a global sample of cities. We find that increases in the prices of minerals extracted from nearby mines lead to local employment reallocation away from agriculture and primarily toward low-skilled services, without crowding out manufacturing activities. While the city population grows, there is limited evidence for mining booms driving large-scale urbanization. Cities in Sub-Saharan Africa exhibit exceptionally strong responses to mining booms. These results suggest that resource-led structural transformation could present a new development path for resource-rich developing countries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 103709"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Governments in developing countries have low fiscal capacity yet face pressures to provide public goods and services, leading them to rely on various unusual fiscal arrangements. We uncover one such arrangement – informal fiscal systems that rely on local bureaucrats to fund the delivery of public goods and services – cataloging its existence in at least 20 countries. Using survey data and government accounts from Pakistan, we show that public officials are expected to cover funding gaps in public services and they do so, at least partially, through extracted bribes. We develop a model of bureaucratic agency to explore when governments benefit from sustaining such systems and investigate their implications for welfare and bureaucrat selection. Informal fiscal systems are more likely to arise when corruption is widespread but public service delivery is relatively easy to monitor. While they provide an effective second-best solution in the presence of moral hazard and adverse selection, they can distort the effective incidence of the tax burden, reduce the incentives of governments to fight corruption, and legitimize bribe-taking. This makes corruption more widespread and thus makes informal systems self-reinforcing.
{"title":"Informal fiscal systems in developing countries","authors":"Shan Aman-Rana , Clement Minaudier , Sandip Sukhtankar","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Governments in developing countries have low fiscal capacity yet face pressures to provide public goods and services, leading them to rely on various unusual fiscal arrangements. We uncover one such arrangement – informal fiscal systems that rely on local bureaucrats to fund the delivery of public goods and services – cataloging its existence in at least 20 countries. Using survey data and government accounts from Pakistan, we show that public officials are expected to cover funding gaps in public services and they do so, at least partially, through extracted bribes. We develop a model of bureaucratic agency to explore when governments benefit from sustaining such systems and investigate their implications for welfare and bureaucrat selection. Informal fiscal systems are more likely to arise when corruption is widespread but public service delivery is relatively easy to monitor. While they provide an effective second-best solution in the presence of moral hazard and adverse selection, they can distort the effective incidence of the tax burden, reduce the incentives of governments to fight corruption, and legitimize bribe-taking. This makes corruption more widespread and thus makes informal systems self-reinforcing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 103712"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using a randomized controlled trial, this paper evaluates the impact of a gender norms intervention for young adolescents in Somalia. The program leads to greater support for gender equality in the privately reported attitudes of girls and boys; with further positive effects on mental health, aspirations, and boys’ engagement in housework. A novel lab-in-the-field experiment is used to observe social group dynamics among adolescent peers to examine the program’s impact on receptivity to social conformity. We adopt Asch-inspired conformity measures to demonstrate a treatment effect on conformity in gender beliefs (when stated publicly) versus conformity in a more general class of publicly stated beliefs as a placebo test. We find that private changes in gender beliefs lead to differences in an adolescent’s willingness to conform to group beliefs. Treated adolescents are less likely to succumb to peer pressure to conform when stating their gender attitudes in public, leading to greater public expression of egalitarian ideals. The effects on conformity are observed only for the gender norms domain. Our findings suggest that social norms interventions can be effective in positively shaping gender attitudes, helping to empower adolescents to withstand normative pressures.
{"title":"Resisting social conformity pressure: Impact of a gender norms intervention for adolescents in Somalia","authors":"Rajdev Brar , Niklas Buehren , Sreelakshmi Papineni , Munshi Sulaiman","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103713","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103713","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using a randomized controlled trial, this paper evaluates the impact of a gender norms intervention for young adolescents in Somalia. The program leads to greater support for gender equality in the privately reported attitudes of girls and boys; with further positive effects on mental health, aspirations, and boys’ engagement in housework. A novel lab-in-the-field experiment is used to observe social group dynamics among adolescent peers to examine the program’s impact on receptivity to social conformity. We adopt Asch-inspired conformity measures to demonstrate a treatment effect on conformity in gender beliefs (when stated publicly) versus conformity in a more general class of publicly stated beliefs as a placebo test. We find that private changes in gender beliefs lead to differences in an adolescent’s willingness to conform to group beliefs. Treated adolescents are less likely to succumb to peer pressure to conform when stating their gender attitudes in public, leading to greater public expression of egalitarian ideals. The effects on conformity are observed only for the gender norms domain. Our findings suggest that social norms interventions can be effective in positively shaping gender attitudes, helping to empower adolescents to withstand normative pressures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 103713"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103708
Carlo Birkholz , David Gomtsyan
Can developing countries benefit from exporting opportunities in the growing sector of tradable services, given the near free information flow via the internet and wage differentials relative to developed countries? Focusing on the software development industry, we analyze data from 2.68 million software projects across 5200 locations, and estimate an economic geography model in which locations trade tasks. The results reveal three factors limiting exports: (i) significant productivity differences within and between countries; (ii) a notable decline in trade volumes with distance; (iii) sorting patterns among software developers that are suggestive of brain drain.
{"title":"The global software production network","authors":"Carlo Birkholz , David Gomtsyan","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103708","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103708","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Can developing countries benefit from exporting opportunities in the growing sector of tradable services, given the near free information flow via the internet and wage differentials relative to developed countries? Focusing on the software development industry, we analyze data from 2.68 million software projects across 5200 locations, and estimate an economic geography model in which locations trade tasks. The results reveal three factors limiting exports: (i) significant productivity differences within and between countries; (ii) a notable decline in trade volumes with distance; (iii) sorting patterns among software developers that are suggestive of brain drain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 103708"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Violence against women – in particular, Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) – is a health concern for women across the world. We study the effect of cold exposure on IPV among Peruvian women. Using a dataset that matches women to weather exposure, we find that cold shocks increase IPV: 10 degree hours below -9 °C increases the probability of experiencing domestic violence by 0.5 percentage points. These effects are larger for more extreme temperature thresholds. We provide evidence that cold influences IPV through two main channels. First, extreme cold reduces income. Second, extreme cold limits time spent outside of the household, potentially increasing exposure of women to violent partners. To our knowledge, we are the first to measure relative significance of these two channels by using variation in cold timing to distinguish shocks that affect IPV through changes in income from those that act through time spent indoors. We find that the effect of cold on IPV is mostly driven by low temperatures that occur during the agricultural growing season, when income is most affected; 10 degree hours below -9 °C during the growing season increases the probability of experiencing IPV by 1.6 percentage points. In contrast, we find that cold exposure outside of the growing season has no statistically significant effect on IPV.
{"title":"Frosty climate, icy relationships: Cold and intimate partner violence in Peru","authors":"Katie Bollman , Judhajit Chakraborty , Leah K. Lakdawala , Eduardo Nakasone","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103710","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103710","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Violence against women – in particular, Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) – is a health concern for women across the world. We study the effect of cold exposure on IPV among Peruvian women. Using a dataset that matches women to weather exposure, we find that cold shocks increase IPV: 10 degree hours below -9 °C increases the probability of experiencing domestic violence by 0.5 percentage points. These effects are larger for more extreme temperature thresholds. We provide evidence that cold influences IPV through two main channels. First, extreme cold reduces income. Second, extreme cold limits time spent outside of the household, potentially increasing exposure of women to violent partners. To our knowledge, we are the first to measure relative significance of these two channels by using variation in cold timing to distinguish shocks that affect IPV through changes in income from those that act through time spent indoors. We find that the effect of cold on IPV is mostly driven by low temperatures that occur during the agricultural growing season, when income is most affected; 10 degree hours below -9 °C during the growing season increases the probability of experiencing IPV by 1.6 percentage points. In contrast, we find that cold exposure outside of the growing season has no statistically significant effect on IPV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 103710"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103711
Zhiyuan Chen , Rong Luo , Li Su
Using a generator-level framework, we analyze the impacts of different regulation levels of emissions on total emissions and generation costs in the China Southern Power Grid Corporation. We employ a structural approach to estimating the generator-level production functions that incorporate heterogeneous returns to scale and unobserved productivity, using a novel generator-level dataset. We find substantial heterogeneity in generation efficiency across generators, and large generators are the most efficient. Counterfactual analyses show that regulating emissions and allocating generation at a more aggregate level (province or region) can reduce total emissions and generation costs by shifting generation toward more efficient generators and plants. The generator-level framework allows for more efficient allocation than the plant-level framework.
{"title":"CO2 emission regulation and generation allocation with heterogeneous coal-fired generators","authors":"Zhiyuan Chen , Rong Luo , Li Su","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103711","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103711","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using a generator-level framework, we analyze the impacts of different regulation levels of <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> emissions on total emissions and generation costs in the China Southern Power Grid Corporation. We employ a structural approach to estimating the generator-level production functions that incorporate heterogeneous returns to scale and unobserved productivity, using a novel generator-level dataset. We find substantial heterogeneity in generation efficiency across generators, and large generators are the most efficient. Counterfactual analyses show that regulating emissions and allocating generation at a more aggregate level (province or region) can reduce total emissions and generation costs by shifting generation toward more efficient generators and plants. The generator-level framework allows for more efficient allocation than the plant-level framework.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 103711"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103707
Kecen Jing , Wen-Chi Liao
Emerging countries like China have heavily invested in motorways to improve market access. Such transport network expansion can affect regional industrial development, but causal inference is challenging. Existing studies typically focus on longer-term effects or exclude economically important locations, lacking an identification strategy that can address rapid transport development and cover the country's entire economic geography. To fill this gap, we introduce quasi-random Walled-City MST Panel IVs to instrument market access and examine how China's rapidly expanding expressway network affects manufacturing development. The IVs are generated by simulating dynamic expansion paths of hypothetical networks that ultimately connect all target locations predicted by 1820 city-wall characteristics. Research verifies IV orthogonality and inclusion and exclusion restrictions in both static and dynamic aspects. It conducts horse races between cross-sectional and panel IVs, and between IVs with or without historical city-wall data. The panel IV strategy is useful when both transportation development and economic growth are rapid. Excluding locations is unnecessary. County-level analysis shows that during 2000–2009, when market access improved by 1 %, manufacturing GDP and firm count increased by 0.28 % and 0.07 %. Manufacturers' average output, capital, and labor increased by 0.08 %, 0.06 %, and 0.03 %. There were impacts on regional decentralization, industrial upgrade, and geographic concentration of manufacturers. Trade elasticity is estimated. A model of market access derives estimable equations and rationalizes the economics, with the assumptions of inelastic residential and industrial land supply and mobile capital and labor.
{"title":"Expressways, market access, and industrial development in China: Using walled-city panel instrumental variables of minimum spanning tree","authors":"Kecen Jing , Wen-Chi Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103707","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emerging countries like China have heavily invested in motorways to improve market access. Such transport network expansion can affect regional industrial development, but causal inference is challenging. Existing studies typically focus on longer-term effects or exclude economically important locations, lacking an identification strategy that can address rapid transport development and cover the country's entire economic geography. To fill this gap, we introduce quasi-random Walled-City MST Panel IVs to instrument market access and examine how China's rapidly expanding expressway network affects manufacturing development. The IVs are generated by simulating dynamic expansion paths of hypothetical networks that ultimately connect all target locations predicted by 1820 city-wall characteristics. Research verifies IV orthogonality and inclusion and exclusion restrictions in both static and dynamic aspects. It conducts horse races between cross-sectional and panel IVs, and between IVs with or without historical city-wall data. The panel IV strategy is useful when both transportation development and economic growth are rapid. Excluding locations is unnecessary. County-level analysis shows that during 2000–2009, when market access improved by 1 %, manufacturing GDP and firm count increased by 0.28 % and 0.07 %. Manufacturers' average output, capital, and labor increased by 0.08 %, 0.06 %, and 0.03 %. There were impacts on regional decentralization, industrial upgrade, and geographic concentration of manufacturers. Trade elasticity is estimated. A model of market access derives estimable equations and rationalizes the economics, with the assumptions of inelastic residential and industrial land supply and mobile capital and labor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 103707"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103706
S. Anukriti , Catalina Herrera-Almanza , Mahesh Karra
Women’s agency in the domain of family planning and reproductive health is a fundamental determinant of their well-being. We experimentally evaluate two approaches aimed at improving women’s reproductive agency in India. We offered treated women subsidized family planning services at a local clinic. Additionally, we enabled a subset of treated women to invite and incentivize others to visit the clinic with them. Although the subsidy encouraged women to seek company to the clinic and increased clinic visits, combining the subsidy with the ability to leverage peer support increased women’s contraceptive use, decreased their likelihood of pregnancy, and was more effective in strengthening reproductive agency and peer engagement. Women facing greater intrahousehold opposition to contraception appeared to benefit more from peer support.
{"title":"Bring a friend: Leveraging financial and peer support to improve women’s reproductive agency in India","authors":"S. Anukriti , Catalina Herrera-Almanza , Mahesh Karra","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103706","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103706","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Women’s agency in the domain of family planning and reproductive health is a fundamental determinant of their well-being. We experimentally evaluate two approaches aimed at improving women’s reproductive agency in India. We offered treated women subsidized family planning services at a local clinic. Additionally, we enabled a subset of treated women to invite and incentivize others to visit the clinic with them. Although the subsidy encouraged women to seek company to the clinic and increased clinic visits, combining the subsidy with the ability to leverage peer support increased women’s contraceptive use, decreased their likelihood of pregnancy, and was more effective in strengthening reproductive agency and peer engagement. Women facing greater intrahousehold opposition to contraception appeared to benefit more from peer support.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 103706"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103696
Yen-Chien Chen , Elliott Fan , Yu-Hsin Ho , Matthew Yi-Hsiu Lee , Jin-Tan Liu
{"title":"Corrigendum to “The impact of female political leadership on gender attitudes: Evidence from Taiwan's local councils” [J. Dev. Econ. Volume 174, May 2025, 103451]","authors":"Yen-Chien Chen , Elliott Fan , Yu-Hsin Ho , Matthew Yi-Hsiu Lee , Jin-Tan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103696","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103696","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 103696"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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