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A tale of framing and screening: How health messaging and house screening affect malaria transmission in Ethiopia 框架和筛查的故事:健康信息和房屋筛查如何影响埃塞俄比亚的疟疾传播
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103407
Solomon Balew , Erwin Bulte , Zewdu Abro , Abebe Asale , Clifford Mutero , Menale Kassie
Malaria is a major public health problem in Africa. Traditional methods of controlling malaria no longer provide adequate protection against transmission, and future approaches likely require a combination of technical solutions and behavioral change. We use a cluster randomized controlled trial to study the impacts of an intervention that combines house screening with a behavioral intervention based on health messaging. While house screening provides modest positive benefits, these benefits can be leveraged if it is combined with health messaging. We provide tentative evidence that the impact of messaging varies with the design of the choice architecture: loss-framed health messages seem to do better than gain-based messages––our data suggest they may have larger and more durable effects on behavior and health outcomes.
疟疾是非洲的一个主要公共卫生问题。传统的疟疾控制方法已无法提供足够的传播保护,未来的方法可能需要技术解决方案与行为改变相结合。我们采用分组随机对照试验的方法,研究将入户筛查与基于健康信息的行为干预相结合的干预措施的影响。虽然入户筛查能带来一定的积极效益,但如果能与健康信息相结合,这些效益就能发挥更大的作用。我们提供的初步证据表明,信息传递的影响因选择架构的设计而异:以损失为框架的健康信息似乎比以收益为基础的信息效果更好--我们的数据表明,它们可能对行为和健康结果产生更大、更持久的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Blaming the wind? The impact of wind turbine on bird biodiversity 怪罪于风?风力涡轮机对鸟类生物多样性的影响
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103402
Lina Meng , Pengfei Liu , Yinggang Zhou , Yingdan Mei
We quantitatively assess the impacts of onshore wind turbines on bird diversity using citizen science data in China. Results show that a one-standard-deviation increase in wind turbines reduces bird abundance by 9.75% and leads to a 12.2% reduction in bird species richness at the county level. The negative impacts are more significant in migrant birds, birds in forests, urban and farmlands than others. Biodiversity protection helps to safeguard bird abundance against wind turbines. We also find that habitat loss rather than food chain change after the wind turbine installations contributes to biodiversity loss. The net impact of wind turbines on the environment is positive when considering the carbon reduction effects.
我们利用中国的公民科学数据定量评估了陆上风力涡轮机对鸟类多样性的影响。结果表明,风力涡轮机每增加一个标准差,鸟类丰度就会降低 9.75%,并导致县级鸟类物种丰富度降低 12.2%。与其他鸟类相比,风力涡轮机对候鸟、森林鸟类、城市鸟类和农田鸟类的负面影响更为显著。保护生物多样性有助于保护鸟类数量不受风力涡轮机的影响。我们还发现,风力涡轮机安装后导致生物多样性丧失的原因是栖息地丧失而非食物链变化。考虑到减碳效应,风力涡轮机对环境的净影响是积极的。
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引用次数: 0
Shooting a moving target: Evaluating targeting tools for social programs when income fluctuates 射击移动的目标:评估收入波动时社会计划的目标选择工具
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103395
Diether W. Beuermann , Bridget Hoffmann , Marco Stampini , David L. Vargas , Diego Vera-Cossio
A key challenge for policymakers in low- and middle-income countries is to design a method to select beneficiaries of social programs when income is unobservable and volatile. We use a unique panel dataset of a random sample of households in Colombia’s social registry that contains information before, during, and after the 2020 economic crisis to evaluate a traditional static proxy-means test (PMT) and three policy-relevant alternatives. We consider targeting metrics and social welfare under different curvatures of governments’ social welfare function, aggregate economic environments, and budgetary and political constraints. Updating the PMT data does not improve social welfare relative to the static PMT. Relaxing the eligibility threshold reduces the exclusion error, increases the inclusion error, and increases social welfare. A dynamic method that uses data on shocks to estimate a variable component of income reduces exclusion errors and limits the expansion in coverage, increasing social welfare during the economic crisis.
中低收入国家政策制定者面临的一个主要挑战是如何设计一种方法,在收入不可观测且不稳定的情况下选择社会项目的受益人。我们利用哥伦比亚社会登记册中包含 2020 年经济危机之前、期间和之后信息的随机家庭样本的独特面板数据集,对传统的静态近似均值检验(PMT)和三种与政策相关的替代方法进行了评估。我们考虑了政府社会福利功能、总体经济环境以及预算和政治限制的不同曲率下的目标设定指标和社会福利。与静态 PMT 相比,更新 PMT 数据并不能改善社会福利。放宽资格门槛可以减少排除误差,增加纳入误差,提高社会福利。利用冲击数据估算收入可变部分的动态方法减少了排除误差,限制了覆盖范围的扩大,增加了经济危机期间的社会福利。
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引用次数: 0
How does progressivity impact tax morale? Experimental evidence across developing countries 累进性如何影响纳税士气?发展中国家的实验证据
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103398
Christopher Hoy
This paper examines how the progressivity of taxes and government transfers impacts tax morale through a randomized survey experiment with over 30,000 respondents across eight developing countries. Respondents increased (decreased) their tax morale when they received accurate information that taxes in their country are progressive (not progressive). These effects were predominantly driven by respondents in cases where the information they received was counter to their prior beliefs and/or consistent with their preferences. These results suggest changes in policies that increase (decrease) the progressivity of tax systems may also lead to increases (decreases) in tax compliance.
本文通过对八个发展中国家的 30,000 多名受访者进行随机调查实验,探讨了税收和政府转移支付的累进性如何影响纳税士气。当受访者获得本国税收是累进税(非累进税)的准确信息时,他们的税收士气会提高(降低)。当受访者收到的信息与他们之前的想法相反和/或与他们的偏好一致时,这些效应主要由受访者驱动。这些结果表明,提高(降低)税制累进性的政策变化也可能导致纳税遵从度的提高(降低)。
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引用次数: 0
Ethnic diversity and conflict in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from refugee-hosting areas 撒哈拉以南非洲的种族多样性与冲突:难民收容地区的证据
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103393
Luisito Bertinelli , Rana Cömertpay , Jean-François Maystadt
This study explores how forced migration affects ethnic diversity and conflict in 23 Sub-Saharan African countries from 2005 to 2016. Using UNHCR data on refugee camp locations, we predict changes in local ethnic diversity. By integrating Afrobarometer and Ethnic Power Relations-Ethnicity of Refugees datasets, we analyse the link between refugee-induced diversity and conflict occurrence. Findings indicate that refugee-induced polarization increases the risk of local violence, while fractionalization has a mitigating effect. Notably, the number of refugees does not impact the likelihood of conflict; instead, alterations in ethnic diversity, especially polarization, emerge as the primary driver of conflict.
本研究探讨了 2005 年至 2016 年期间,强迫移民如何影响 23 个撒哈拉以南非洲国家的种族多样性和冲突。利用联合国难民署关于难民营地点的数据,我们预测了当地种族多样性的变化。通过整合非洲晴雨表和种族权力关系--难民种族数据集,我们分析了难民引发的多样性与冲突发生之间的联系。研究结果表明,难民引发的两极分化会增加当地发生暴力的风险,而分裂化则有缓解作用。值得注意的是,难民数量并不影响冲突发生的可能性;相反,种族多样性的改变,特别是两极分化,成为冲突的主要驱动因素。
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引用次数: 0
A policy for the jobless youth in South Africa 南非失业青年政策
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103394
Amina Ebrahim , Jukka Pirttilä
This paper uses survey and tax administrative data to analyse the effects of a sizeable employer-borne payroll tax credit for young, low-wage workers in South Africa. We find fairly limited impacts of the wage subsidy on the employment of young, low-wage workers relative to two comparison groups: slightly older, low-wage workers and slightly higher-paid, young workers. We find evidence of increases in low-wage youth entry into employment, but these are too small to affect overall employment. However, the female employment rate has increased, and unemployment among women has dropped because of the policy. We find evidence to suggest that the policy has led to a rise in earnings, particularly for men and those earning around the maximum subsidy value.
本文利用调查和税收管理数据,分析了南非对年轻低薪工人实行由雇主承担的可观的工资税减免所产生的影响。我们发现,相对于年龄稍大的低工资工人和工资稍高的年轻工人这两个比较组,工资补贴对年轻低工资工人就业的影响相当有限。我们发现有证据表明,低工资青年的就业率有所上升,但幅度太小,不足以影响整体就业率。然而,由于这项政策,女性就业率有所上升,女性失业率有所下降。我们发现有证据表明,该政策提高了收入,尤其是男性和收入在最高补贴值附近的人的收入。
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引用次数: 0
Public pensions and family dynamics: Eldercare, child investment, and son preference in rural China 公共养老金与家庭动态:中国农村的养老、子女投资和重男轻女问题
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103390
Naijia Guo , Wei Huang , Ruixin Wang
Using variations in the timing of the New Rural Pension Scheme (NRPS) across rural Chinese counties, we examine its effects on eldercare mode, child investment, and son preference. Our findings are three-fold: (1) After the introduction of NRPS, married sons are less likely to live with and provide care for their parents, while married daughters show no significant change in their caregiving behavior; (2) Parents reduce the brideprice for their sons but not the dowry for their daughters; (3) The sex ratio at birth becomes more balanced, indicating a reduction in son preference. These results suggest that public pension programs can significantly influence traditional family dynamics, including eldercare modes and cultural norms around gender preference.
我们利用中国农村各县新农保实施时间的差异,研究了新农保对养老模式、子女投资和儿子偏好的影响。我们的研究结果有三个方面:(1)新农保实施后,已婚儿子与父母同住并照料父母的可能性降低,而已婚女儿的照料行为没有显著变化;(2)父母降低了儿子的聘礼,但没有降低女儿的嫁妆;(3)出生性别比变得更加均衡,表明重男轻女现象减少。这些结果表明,公共养老金计划可以显著影响传统的家庭动态,包括老年人护理模式和性别偏好方面的文化规范。
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引用次数: 0
Discretion, talent allocation, and governance performance: Evidence from China’s imperial bureaucracy 自由裁量权、人才分配与治理绩效:来自中国帝国官僚机构的证据
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103391
Kevin Zhengcheng Liu , Xiaoming Zhang
Public organizations are often characterized by rigid rules and procedures. Can discretion in personnel decisions improve governance performance? This paper investigates how discretion in internal appointments affects the functioning of public organizations. We study an organizational reform in China’s imperial bureaucracy that modified the appointments of certain governorships from a rule-based process to a more discretionary method. We find that discretionary appointments improved public goods provision and led to greater state responsiveness. We provide evidence consistent with better selection: (1) discretion increased observable officer quality measured by experiences and civil exam qualifications; (2) exploiting the quasi-random rotations of governors to prefectures, we show that governors having previously been selected by discretion performed better. Evidence also suggests that the incentive effect is another mechanism. Finally, we provide evidence suggesting that the benefit of discretion depends on the incentive alignment of decision-makers with the organization.
公共组织的特点往往是规则和程序僵化。人事决策中的自由裁量权能否改善治理绩效?本文研究了内部任命中的自由裁量权如何影响公共组织的运作。我们研究了中国朝廷官僚机构的一次组织改革,这次改革将某些省长职位的任命从基于规则的程序改为更具自由裁量权的方法。我们发现,自由裁量的任命方式改善了公共产品的提供,提高了国家的反应能力。我们提供了与更好的遴选相一致的证据:(1) 自由裁量权提高了以经验和民事考试资格衡量的可观察到的官员素质;(2) 利用县长对都道府县的准随机轮换,我们表明之前通过自由裁量权遴选的县长表现更好。证据还表明,激励效应是另一种机制。最后,我们提供的证据表明,自由裁量权的益处取决于决策者与组织的激励一致性。
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引用次数: 0
The effects of expanding worker rights to children 将工人权利扩大到儿童的影响
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103389
Leah K. Lakdawala , Diana Martínez Heredia , Diego Vera-Cossio
One out of two working children worldwide works in hazardous conditions. We study the effects of a law that introduced benefits and protections for child workers and temporarily lowered the de facto legal working age from 14 to 10 in Bolivia. We employ a difference-in-discontinuity approach that exploits the variation in the law’s application to different age groups. Work decreased for children under 14, whose work was newly legalized and regulated under the law, particularly in areas with a higher threat of inspections. The effects disappear after the law is reversed. We do not find evidence of improvements in work safety. Thus, the effects do not appear to be driven by increased hiring costs to ensure worker safety. Instead, the effects appear to be driven by a reduction in the most visible forms of child work, suggesting that firms and parents (households) may have reduced employment of young children to minimize the risk of being subject to legal and social sanctions.
全世界每两名童工中就有一名在危险条件下工作。玻利维亚出台了一项法律,为童工提供福利和保护,并将事实上的法定工作年龄从 14 岁临时降至 10 岁。我们采用了一种 "差异-不连续 "方法,利用了该法律在不同年龄组中的适用差异。14 岁以下儿童的工作减少了,因为他们的工作新近合法化并受到法律的监管,尤其是在检查威胁较高的地区。法律撤销后,这些影响也随之消失。我们没有发现工作安全得到改善的证据。因此,这种效应似乎并不是由确保工人安全的雇佣成本增加所驱动的。相反,效果似乎是由最明显的儿童工作形式的减少所驱动的,这表明企业和父母(家庭)可能减少了对幼儿的雇用,以尽量降低受到法律和社会制裁的风险。
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引用次数: 0
Estimating poverty for India after 2011 using private-sector survey data 利用私营部门调查数据估算 2011 年后印度的贫困状况
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103386
Sutirtha Sinha Roy , Roy van der Weide
The last expenditure survey released by India’s National Sample Survey organization dates back to 2011, which underpins the last official estimates of poverty and inequality. This paper adopts a new approach to estimate India’s poverty and inequality trajectory since 2011 using a newly available household panel survey conducted by the private sector. The results suggest that (1) extreme poverty is estimated to be lower in 2019 than in 2011, with greater poverty reductions likely in rural areas, and (2) coinciding with the demonetization event, urban poverty likely rose in 2016. The results should not be interpreted as definite proof. While the estimated trends in poverty sit well with a range of corroborative evidence, significant uncertainty remains stemming from sampling and non-sampling errors associated with the private-sector survey.
印度全国抽样调查组织最近一次发布支出调查报告要追溯到 2011 年,这也是最近一次官方贫困和不平等估算的基础。本文采用一种新方法,利用私营部门最新开展的家庭面板调查来估算印度自 2011 年以来的贫困和不平等轨迹。结果表明:(1) 2019 年的极端贫困率估计将低于 2011 年,农村地区的减贫幅度可能更大;(2) 与货币化事件相吻合,2016 年的城市贫困率可能有所上升。这些结果不应被解释为确凿的证据。虽然估计的贫困趋势与一系列确凿证据相符,但由于私营部门调查的抽样误差和非抽样误差,仍存在很大的不确定性。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Development Economics
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