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Ethnic diversity and conflict in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from refugee-hosting areas 撒哈拉以南非洲的种族多样性与冲突:难民收容地区的证据
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103393
This study explores how forced migration affects ethnic diversity and conflict in 23 Sub-Saharan African countries from 2005 to 2016. Using UNHCR data on refugee camp locations, we predict changes in local ethnic diversity. By integrating Afrobarometer and Ethnic Power Relations-Ethnicity of Refugees datasets, we analyse the link between refugee-induced diversity and conflict occurrence. Findings indicate that refugee-induced polarization increases the risk of local violence, while fractionalization has a mitigating effect. Notably, the number of refugees does not impact the likelihood of conflict; instead, alterations in ethnic diversity, especially polarization, emerge as the primary driver of conflict.
本研究探讨了 2005 年至 2016 年期间,强迫移民如何影响 23 个撒哈拉以南非洲国家的种族多样性和冲突。利用联合国难民署关于难民营地点的数据,我们预测了当地种族多样性的变化。通过整合非洲晴雨表和种族权力关系--难民种族数据集,我们分析了难民引发的多样性与冲突发生之间的联系。研究结果表明,难民引发的两极分化会增加当地发生暴力的风险,而分裂化则有缓解作用。值得注意的是,难民数量并不影响冲突发生的可能性;相反,种族多样性的改变,特别是两极分化,成为冲突的主要驱动因素。
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引用次数: 0
A policy for the jobless youth in South Africa 南非失业青年政策
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103394
This paper uses survey and tax administrative data to analyse the effects of a sizeable employer-borne payroll tax credit for young, low-wage workers in South Africa. We find fairly limited impacts of the wage subsidy on the employment of young, low-wage workers relative to two comparison groups: slightly older, low-wage workers and slightly higher-paid, young workers. We find evidence of increases in low-wage youth entry into employment, but these are too small to affect overall employment. However, the female employment rate has increased, and unemployment among women has dropped because of the policy. We find evidence to suggest that the policy has led to a rise in earnings, particularly for men and those earning around the maximum subsidy value.
本文利用调查和税收管理数据,分析了南非对年轻低薪工人实行由雇主承担的可观的工资税减免所产生的影响。我们发现,相对于年龄稍大的低工资工人和工资稍高的年轻工人这两个比较组,工资补贴对年轻低工资工人就业的影响相当有限。我们发现有证据表明,低工资青年的就业率有所上升,但幅度太小,不足以影响整体就业率。然而,由于这项政策,女性就业率有所上升,女性失业率有所下降。我们发现有证据表明,该政策提高了收入,尤其是男性和收入在最高补贴值附近的人的收入。
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引用次数: 0
Discretion, talent allocation, and governance performance: Evidence from China’s imperial bureaucracy 自由裁量权、人才分配与治理绩效:来自中国帝国官僚机构的证据
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103391
Public organizations are often characterized by rigid rules and procedures. Can discretion in personnel decisions improve governance performance? This paper investigates how discretion in internal appointments affects the functioning of public organizations. We study an organizational reform in China’s imperial bureaucracy that modified the appointments of certain governorships from a rule-based process to a more discretionary method. We find that discretionary appointments improved public goods provision and led to greater state responsiveness. We provide evidence consistent with better selection: (1) discretion increased observable officer quality measured by experiences and civil exam qualifications; (2) exploiting the quasi-random rotations of governors to prefectures, we show that governors having previously been selected by discretion performed better. Evidence also suggests that the incentive effect is another mechanism. Finally, we provide evidence suggesting that the benefit of discretion depends on the incentive alignment of decision-makers with the organization.
公共组织的特点往往是规则和程序僵化。人事决策中的自由裁量权能否改善治理绩效?本文研究了内部任命中的自由裁量权如何影响公共组织的运作。我们研究了中国朝廷官僚机构的一次组织改革,这次改革将某些省长职位的任命从基于规则的程序改为更具自由裁量权的方法。我们发现,自由裁量的任命方式改善了公共产品的提供,提高了国家的反应能力。我们提供了与更好的遴选相一致的证据:(1) 自由裁量权提高了以经验和民事考试资格衡量的可观察到的官员素质;(2) 利用县长对都道府县的准随机轮换,我们表明之前通过自由裁量权遴选的县长表现更好。证据还表明,激励效应是另一种机制。最后,我们提供的证据表明,自由裁量权的益处取决于决策者与组织的激励一致性。
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引用次数: 0
The effects of expanding worker rights to children 将工人权利扩大到儿童的影响
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103389
One out of two working children worldwide works in hazardous conditions. We study the effects of a law that introduced benefits and protections for child workers and temporarily lowered the de facto legal working age from 14 to 10 in Bolivia. We employ a difference-in-discontinuity approach that exploits the variation in the law’s application to different age groups. Work decreased for children under 14, whose work was newly legalized and regulated under the law, particularly in areas with a higher threat of inspections. The effects disappear after the law is reversed. We do not find evidence of improvements in work safety. Thus, the effects do not appear to be driven by increased hiring costs to ensure worker safety. Instead, the effects appear to be driven by a reduction in the most visible forms of child work, suggesting that firms and parents (households) may have reduced employment of young children to minimize the risk of being subject to legal and social sanctions.
全世界每两名童工中就有一名在危险条件下工作。玻利维亚出台了一项法律,为童工提供福利和保护,并将事实上的法定工作年龄从 14 岁临时降至 10 岁。我们采用了一种 "差异-不连续 "方法,利用了该法律在不同年龄组中的适用差异。14 岁以下儿童的工作减少了,因为他们的工作新近合法化并受到法律的监管,尤其是在检查威胁较高的地区。法律撤销后,这些影响也随之消失。我们没有发现工作安全得到改善的证据。因此,这种效应似乎并不是由确保工人安全的雇佣成本增加所驱动的。相反,效果似乎是由最明显的儿童工作形式的减少所驱动的,这表明企业和父母(家庭)可能减少了对幼儿的雇用,以尽量降低受到法律和社会制裁的风险。
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引用次数: 0
Vehicle exhaust standards and urban air quality in China 中国汽车尾气标准与城市空气质量
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103387
This study quantifies the effects of increasing the share of low-emission passenger vehicles on urban air quality in China. We estimate a two-stage least squares model, using the phased implementation of National Vehicle Emission Standards VI in 2019 as an instrumental variable for fleet composition. Our findings indicate that a 1% increase in the share of vehicles compliant with the stricter vehicle exhaust standards leads to a 0.083% reduction in the average pollutant concentration across three measures of air pollution. Furthermore, our calculation suggests that the monetized health benefits from reductions in particulate matter outweigh the costs of adhering to stricter exhaust standards by a factor of two.
本研究量化了提高低排放乘用车比例对中国城市空气质量的影响。我们采用两阶段最小二乘法模型进行估计,将 2019 年分阶段实施的国家汽车尾气排放标准 VI 作为车队组成的工具变量。我们的研究结果表明,符合更严格汽车尾气排放标准的车辆比例每增加 1%,三种空气污染指标的平均污染物浓度就会降低 0.083%。此外,我们的计算表明,减少颗粒物所带来的货币化健康收益要比遵守更严格的排气标准的成本高出 2 倍。
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引用次数: 0
What you do (not) get when expanding the net - Evidence from forced taxpayer registrations in South Africa 扩大税网,你会得到什么(而不是什么)--南非强制纳税人登记的证据
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103388
A significant share of firms in developing countries is not registered for income taxation. Expanding the tax net is a priority for many governments, but most formalization policies proved relatively ineffective in bringing firms into the tax net. Drawing on rich tax administrative data, we document that snapshot-synchronizations of the business tax and the commercial registry in South Africa led to a large-scale expansion of the South African business taxpayer net. While the targeted firms are a valuable segment within the non-formal sector, we show that their post-registration tax compliance is weak and few of them pay taxes. Owing to the large scope of the tax net expansion, the aggregate revenue gains are, nevertheless, non-negligible and the interventions are fiscally cost-effective. In additional analyses, we provide evidence for enforcement spillovers: In areas where many firms were drawn into the tax net, tax registration timing compliance significantly improved after the snapshot synchronizations. We find no indication of a drop in registration numbers at the commercial registry.
发展中国家有很大一部分企业没有进行所得税登记。扩大税网是许多国家政府的当务之急,但事实证明,大多数正规化政策在将企业纳入税网方面效果相对较差。利用丰富的税务管理数据,我们记录了南非营业税和商业登记的快照同步化导致了南非商业纳税人网络的大规模扩张。虽然目标企业是非正规部门中的重要组成部分,但我们发现它们在注册后的纳税遵从度很低,而且很少有人纳税。由于税网扩大的范围很大,总的税收收益是不可忽略的,而且干预措施具有财政成本效益。在其他分析中,我们提供了执法溢出效应的证据:在许多企业被纳入税网的地区,税务登记时间的合规性在快照同步后显著提高。我们没有发现商业登记处登记数量下降的迹象。
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引用次数: 0
Electricity and female employment: Evidence from Tajikistan’s winter energy crisis 电力与女性就业:塔吉克斯坦冬季能源危机的证据
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103383
This paper studies the impact of electricity rationing on female employment during Tajikistan’s winter energy crisis, 2009–2015. Reduced access to electricity led to a decline in female employment as women left the workforce to become homemakers. The negative employment effect is specific to women and does not appear to be driven by changes in labor demand, involuntary unemployment, labor migration or fertility patterns. However, the decline in female employment is accompanied by a lower adoption of labor-saving electrical appliances. These findings suggest that electricity provision releases women from unpaid domestic work. Furthermore, they suggest that the quality of the electricity supply is vital for realizing the full benefits of electrification in developing countries.
本文研究了 2009-2015 年塔吉克斯坦冬季能源危机期间电力配给对女性就业的影响。电力供应的减少导致女性就业率下降,因为女性离开劳动力队伍成为家庭主妇。这种负面就业影响是妇女特有的,似乎不是由劳动力需求变化、非自愿失业、劳动力迁移或生育模式驱动的。然而,女性就业率下降的同时,省力电器的采用率也降低了。这些研究结果表明,电力供应将妇女从无偿家务劳动中解放出来。此外,这些研究还表明,电力供应的质量对于发展中国家实现电气化的全部益处至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
How to improve education outcomes most efficiently? A review of the evidence using a unified metric 如何最有效地提高教育成果?使用统一标准对证据进行审查
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103382
Many low- and middle-income countries lag far behind high-income countries in educational access and student learning. Policymakers must make tough choices about which investments to make to improve education with limited resources. Although hundreds of education interventions have been rigorously evaluated, making comparisons between the results is challenging. This paper provides the most recent and comprehensive review of the literature on effective education programs, with a novel emphasis on cost-effectiveness. We analyze the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions from over 200 impact evaluations across 52 countries. We use a unified measure — learning-adjusted years of schooling (LAYS) — that combines access and quality and compares gains to an absolute, cross-country standard. The results identify programs and policies that can be up to an order of magnitude more cost-effective than business-as-usual approaches. Examples of some of the most cost-effective approaches include targeting instruction to students’ learning level rather than grade as well as structured pedagogy approaches. These results can enable policymakers to improve education outcomes substantially more efficiently.
许多中低收入国家在教育机会和学生学习方面远远落后于高收入国家。政策制定者必须做出艰难的选择,以有限的资源进行哪些投资来改善教育。尽管已经对数百项教育干预措施进行了严格评估,但对评估结果进行比较仍具有挑战性。本文对有关有效教育计划的文献进行了最新、最全面的回顾,并以成本效益为新的重点。我们分析了 52 个国家 200 多项影响评估中干预措施的有效性和成本效益。我们采用统一的衡量标准--学习调整后的受教育年限(LAYS)--将受教育机会和教育质量结合起来,并将收益与绝对的跨国标准进行比较。结果表明,与一切照旧的方法相比,这些计划和政策的成本效益最多可提高一个数量级。一些最具成本效益的方法包括针对学生的学习水平而不是年级进行教学,以及结构化教学法。这些成果可以使决策者更有效地改善教育成果。
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引用次数: 0
Combining survey and census data for improved poverty prediction using semi-supervised deep learning 结合调查和普查数据,利用半监督深度学习改进贫困预测
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103385
This paper presents a methodology for predicting poverty using semi-supervised learning techniques, specifically pseudo-labeling, and deep learning algorithms. Standard poverty prediction models rely on limited household survey data, whereas our approach exploits large amounts of unlabeled census data to improve prediction accuracy. By applying pseudo-labeling, we improve key performance metrics across various African regions, where our models outperform conventional approaches to identifying poor individuals. Deep neural networks (DNNs) trained on pseudo-labeled data exhibited area under the curve (AUC) scores ranging from 0.8 to over 0.9, a notable improvement over previous machine learning survey-based methods. Furthermore, random undersampling was key to refining model performance, balancing higher coverage with some reduction in precision. These findings have significant implications for poverty targeting, enabling more accurate identification of poor individuals and supporting better resource allocation.
本文介绍了一种利用半监督学习技术(特别是伪标签技术)和深度学习算法预测贫困的方法。标准的贫困预测模型依赖于有限的家庭调查数据,而我们的方法则利用大量未标记的人口普查数据来提高预测的准确性。通过应用伪标签技术,我们改进了非洲各地区的关键性能指标,在这些地区,我们的模型在识别贫困人口方面优于传统方法。在伪标签数据上训练的深度神经网络(DNN)的曲线下面积(AUC)得分从 0.8 到 0.9 以上不等,与之前基于调查的机器学习方法相比有显著提高。此外,随机欠采样是改进模型性能的关键,在提高覆盖率的同时也降低了精度。这些发现对确定贫困目标具有重要意义,可以更准确地识别贫困人口,支持更好的资源分配。
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引用次数: 0
Does social capital positively influence loan performance even during a crisis? 即使在危机期间,社会资本是否也会对贷款绩效产生积极影响?
IF 5.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103384
Theoretically, it is unclear whether group loans outperform individual loans in terms of delinquency, especially during a crisis. It is difficult to test the hypothesis due to differences in the types of borrowers of the group and individual loans and likely differences in their behavior between crises and normal times. We overcome the challenge by comparing simultaneous group and individual loans of the same individual before and during the Covid-19 crisis in India. We find that the delinquency rate of group loans is significantly lower. Further tests suggestively indicate that the outperformance is due to the “peer pressure” channel.
从理论上讲,目前还不清楚集体贷款在拖欠率方面是否优于个人贷款,特别是在危机期间。由于集体贷款和个人贷款的借款人类型不同,他们在危机和正常时期的行为也可能不同,因此很难检验这一假设。我们通过比较同一人在印度 Covid-19 危机前和危机期间同时获得的团体贷款和个人贷款,克服了这一难题。我们发现,团体贷款的拖欠率明显较低。进一步的测试表明,表现优异的原因是 "同伴压力 "渠道。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Development Economics
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