Journal of Personality最新文献

The present paper aims to honor the memory of one of the most notable figures in psychological science over the past five decades, Philip G. Zimbardo, who sadly passed away in late 2024. To this end, we provide a multi-perspective view on psychological time-a topic that deeply engaged Phil Zimbardo during the later stages of his prolific career. From the basic mechanisms of mental time travel to the experience of the passage of time, the phenomena of temporal construal, intertemporal choices, and complex representations of future selves, as well as the concepts of balanced time perspectives and temporal metacognition, the authors of this article construct this symbolic memoir by linking their own ideas and research with Zimbardo's time perspective theory. In the concluding part of the paper, we propose that temporality-related processes and traits constitute a fundamental part of personality and seek to highlight the pathways through which considering psychological-temporal phenomena may advance personality science and even serve as a unifying theme for various approaches to personality.

Objective: The paper presents the Temperament Metadimensions Model (TMM), which extends the integrative model of temperament structure proposed by Strus et al. (2022). This extension adds four autoregulatory trait-facets to the originally proposed four energetic and four temporal ones, enhancing the theoretical comprehensiveness of the model in terms of regulatory function of temperament and coverage of crucial constructs postulated in other well-established temperament theories. The autoregulatory trait-facets were conceptually introduced and subsequently empirically tested within the whole expanded 12 trait-facet model of bipolar and orthogonal Reactivity and Activity metadimensions, verifying its synthesizing and predictive potential.

Method: The empirical verification of the TMM model was performed throughout three subsequent studies, with a joint sample of 1756 participants (52.0% females; M_age = 34.68). We examined the TMM's: (1) internal structure, (2) relationships with constructs from other established theories of temperament, and (3) predictive capabilities in relation to mental health-related variables.

Results and conclusions: The obtained results confirmed the validity of the 12-facet TMM as an integrative and comprehensive framework for formal characteristics of behavior, possessing evident functional significance and indicating its superiority over the eight-facet Strus et al.'s (2022) model. Theoretical implications of the TMM were discussed.

Objective: In this study, the lower-order structure of Openness/Intellect is explored using Goldberg's "bass-ackward" hierarchical factor analysis approach, including Forbes' extension to this method.

Background: Research utilizing the Big Five has tended to focus on higher-order domains, as opposed to lower-order facets. As a result, the lower-order structure of the Big Five is less well understood. This problem is especially pronounced for Openness/Intellect, which has a complex structure, encompassing a broad range of tendencies, from seeking out new experiences to absorption in intellectual pursuits, to being socially tolerant and progressive.

Method: Participants across three samples (N = 383, N = 712, and N = 372) completed various Openness/Intellect scales, and responses were factor analyzed using both traditional and extended bass-ackward approaches.

Results: All models showed a clear split of the broader Openness/Intellect domain into Intellect and Openness, mirroring the aspect-level distinction found in previous research. Whereas Intellect appeared to be quite narrow, with a limited set of lower-order components extracted, Openness unfolded into a more diffuse set of lower-order components.

Conclusion: The present findings converge with several previous perspectives on, yet also provide a more nuanced understanding of, the hierarchical structure of Openness/Intellect.

Objective: Aversive ("dark") personality traits are traditionally studied as predictors of harmful or manipulative behavior, yet their underlying cognitive-affective structures remain underexplored. This research investigates whether the Dark Core of personality (D)-the common aversive essence of all dark traits-is associated with primal world beliefs, which are deep-seated assumptions about the nature of the world (e.g., viewing the world as safe, meaningful, or beautiful).

Method: Across four studies (total N = 2245), latent correlations and latent regression analyses involving D and primal world beliefs were examined.

Results: D was associated with more negative world beliefs, indicating that high-D individuals tend to hold globally pessimistic worldviews that extend beyond instrumental beliefs serving to reduce cognitive dissonance. That is, high-D individuals also see the world as less pleasurable, less stable, less regenerative, and less meaningful.

Conclusions: Specifically, the facet Meaningful emerged as uniquely associated with D, suggesting that perceiving many aspects of life as meaningless reflects a broader worldview underlying D-one that extends beyond specific beliefs used to justify aversive behavior.