Introduction: Situations figure prominently in people's lives, but extant approaches to assessment rarely model situational specificity.
Methods: Using a situational judgment base, the present studies (N = 356) created a behavioral tendency of life test that sought to simulate person-specific responses to a wide variety of life situations. Behavioral tendencies thought to be conducive to happiness were quantified by linking each participant's 160 self-likelihood ratings to a prototype of the happy person, with the idea that participants who matched the prototype to a greater extent would act in ways that promote happiness in their daily lives.
Results: This person-in-context approach to assessment worked in that higher behavioral tendencies of happiness (BT-H) scores were strongly predictive of happiness and well-being, with additional results providing insights into how the relevant tendencies operate.
Conclusions: The research demonstrates the value of understanding broad constructs, such as happiness, on the basis of more particular person-situation-behavior units.
James Anderson's Psychobiography: In Search of the Inner Life provides a comprehensive path to creating a compelling psychological study of the inner lives of historical figures within the context of history and culture. Anderson introduces the methodology by explaining the foundational importance of psychobiographical research, emphasizing that it extends beyond traditional research into the analysis of other materials such as the subject's fictional writings, humor, and dreams in order to reach a deeper understanding of personality. He details how the researcher may identify psychologically salient material and provides relevant examples of well-written psychobiographies. Not only does Anderson handily explain and then demonstrate the key considerations for writing a solid psychobiography in a way that is easily digestible for the researcher, but his scaffolding may be considered relevant to all biographical works and the study of lives more generally.
Objective: Identity development research often applies the identity status approach, which distinguishes different dimensions of identity-relevant commitment levels and exploration behavior. However, age differences in these dimensions have mostly been examined in adolescence and young adulthood, leaving questions about their variation across the adult lifespan. Additionally, associations between identity and life satisfaction have been equally understudied in adult populations.
Method: We examined these questions in a large, nationally representative U.K. sample (N = 3869; age range 18-97). Identity processes were measured using an abbreviated Dimensions of Identity Development Scale. After invariance testing by age groups, we examined age differences across identity dimensions: Commitment and Exploration (depth, breadth, ruminative).
Results: Older individuals reported lower scores on all exploration dimensions until late adulthood. However, though no age differences in commitment were observed between early and middle adulthood, less commitment was reported from middle to late adulthood. Additionally, commitment and exploration in depth were consistently positively associated with life satisfaction, whereas ruminative exploration negatively predicted life satisfaction, with stronger associations appearing in later adulthood.
Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the feasibility of studying identity across adulthood from a measurement perspective and highlight how identity dimensions relate to well-being at different ages.
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