Journal of Personality最新文献

Objective: Research has accumulated evidence for religious residue, or the tendency for aspects of religion to persist after de-identification. The current study sought to examine whether religious residue extends to political orientation; or religious dones report more liberal political attitudes after leaving religion.

Method: We report data from eight samples drawn from three countries (N = 11,017), using both cross-sectional (Studies 1a-f) and longitudinal (Studies 2 and 3) designs.

Results: Studies 1a-f (n = 7089) revealed that adult religious dones reported significantly more politically liberal attitudes than religious individuals and, when pooling samples together, never-religious individuals. Study 2 (n = 2071) confirmed religious dones report more liberal attitudes than religious individuals in a longitudinal sample of adolescents and young adults. In Study 3 (n = 1857), we replicated this longitudinal finding among adolescents and young adults and found that religious de-identification predicted a more liberal political orientation over time.

Conclusions: Rather than demonstrating religious residue in the political domain, religious dones become more politically liberal after leaving religion. We discuss this contextual boundary condition of religious residue across cultures.

Objective: As social norms and relationship dynamics evolve, it is important to examine how transitions from singlehood to partnership, cohabitation, and marriage relate to well-being.

Method: Using data from two large panel studies in the UK and Germany (1984-2019), we identified N = 27,459 individuals who reported being single and living alone at least once. Analyses focused on a subset (N = 1103; M_age = 38.35, SD_age = 13.87; 43.8% women) who later entered a relationship and moved in with a partner.

Results: Life satisfaction increased over the short to medium term after cohabitation across most socio-demographic groups. The increase peaked in the year of moving in (Δ ≈ 0.48 SD) and remained above pre-transition levels for the 2 subsequent years analyzed. Those who had found a partner one year before had already achieved significantly higher life satisfaction, while cohabitation showed no additional effect. Marriage showed a short-lived additional effect in the early 1990s, but not more recently. Lower-income individuals experienced a stronger post-peak decline.

Conclusion: Findings suggest that well-being increases are more closely aligned with relationship formation than with cohabitation or marriage. Among participants already in a relationship, increases in well-being were observed prior to cohabitation, suggesting anticipatory effects.

Introduction: Situations figure prominently in people's lives, but extant approaches to assessment rarely model situational specificity.

Methods: Using a situational judgment base, the present studies (N = 356) created a behavioral tendency of life test that sought to simulate person-specific responses to a wide variety of life situations. Behavioral tendencies thought to be conducive to happiness were quantified by linking each participant's 160 self-likelihood ratings to a prototype of the happy person, with the idea that participants who matched the prototype to a greater extent would act in ways that promote happiness in their daily lives.

Results: This person-in-context approach to assessment worked in that higher behavioral tendencies of happiness (BT-H) scores were strongly predictive of happiness and well-being, with additional results providing insights into how the relevant tendencies operate.

Conclusions: The research demonstrates the value of understanding broad constructs, such as happiness, on the basis of more particular person-situation-behavior units.