Journal of Personality最新文献

Objective: Text analysis is a form of psychological assessment that involves converting qualitative information (text) into quantitative data. We tested whether automated text analysis using Generative Pre-trained Transformers (GPTs) can match the "gold standard" of manual text analysis, even when assessing a highly nuanced construct like spirituality.

Method: In Study 1, N = 2199 US undergraduates wrote about their goals (N = 6597 texts) and completed self-reports of spirituality and theoretically related constructs (religiousness and mental health). In Study 2, N = 357 community adults wrote short essays (N = 714 texts) and completed trait self-reports, 5 weeks of daily diaries, and behavioral measures of spirituality. Trained research assistants and GPTs then coded the texts for spirituality.

Results: The GPTs performed just as well as human raters. Human- and GPT-generated scores were remarkably consistent and showed equivalent associations with other measures of spirituality and theoretically related constructs.

Conclusions: GPTs can match the gold standard set by human raters, even in sophisticated forms of text analysis, but require a fraction of the time and labor.

Objective: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) frequently co-occurs with addictive behaviors. One such behavior that is increasing, especially among college students, is pathological gaming. However, to the best of our knowledge, no prior research has been conducted on BPD in relation to internet gaming disorder (IGD), despite the two sharing correlates such as negative emotionality and impulsivity. We therefore explored the relationship between BPD traits and IGD.

Method: We sampled a large (N = 407) sample of college students using two non-overlapping measures of BPD traits. We additionally examined the unique relationship of BPD traits with specific motivations for internet game playing and the perceived positive and negative impacts of internet games.

Results: On a bivariate level, BPD traits were associated with IGD, motivations to play internet games, especially for reasons of escapism or coping, and self-reported negative impact of gaming on participants' lives. However, the associations with IGD for escapism/coping motivations did not remain after controlling for demographics, and internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Instead, only depression uniquely predicted IGD and various motives for internet gaming.

Conclusion: The results highlight the robust predictive power of negative effect on IGD, and it is suggested that future studies may benefit from continuing to focus on this relationship.

Objective: Understanding the impact of sociocultural tendencies on the personality development of adolescents represents a critical theoretical and practical issue in the field of adolescent development. In the context of China's collectivist culture, the developmental trajectories of and the interaction between sensation seeking and collectivism among adolescents remain largely unknown.

Method: This study examined the heterogeneity of the joint growth patterns of sensation seeking and collectivism and their interactions across distinct latent trajectory classes. We collected 3-year longitudinal data from 20,225 Chinese adolescents (60.45% male).

Results: We identified four unique joint developmental trajectories. Contrary to the traditional view that collectivism inherently suppresses sensation seeking, most adolescents (89.52%) exhibited synchronous growth of both dimensions. The development of adolescent sensation-seeking behavior was significantly influenced by their alignment with societal contribution-driven happiness and an unquestioning prioritization of collective interests.

Conclusions: Our findings underscore the nuanced interplay and commonalities between sensation seeking and collectivism development among Chinese adolescents.

Objective: This study explores the NodeIdentifyR algorithm (NIRA) as a novel network analysis method for examining Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) traits.

Methods: Using a sample of 2230 Brazilian adults (aged 18-73 years) who responded to ASPD-related factors of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), we applied NIRA to an ASPD network and compared its results with traditional network analysis methods.

Results: Our findings revealed that deceitfulness emerged as the most central trait across both methodologies. NIRA provided additional insights, indicating that simulated decreases in the likelihood of irresponsibility reduced the presence of other traits, while a simulated increase in deceitfulness amplified the likelihood of other ASPD pathological traits.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that traditional network centrality measures converge with NIRA's simulated increase results, but NIRA's simulated decrease provides additional information not captured by traditional centrality estimates. We recommend further research to validate these findings across different psychopathologies and refine NIRA use in clinical settings. The insights from this study could serve as a foundation for developing targeted interventions and enhancing our understanding of ASPD trait dynamics.

Objective: Self-compassion can help people when they make mistakes, but does it affect how people respond when falsely accused of making a mistake? In this research, we tested the hypothesis that self-compassion is associated with lower levels of anger after a false accusation which, in turn, lowers the likelihood that people will attempt to challenge the accusation.

Method: In Studies 1A (N = 422) and 1B (N = 492), participants imagined that they were playing in an important tennis match and were falsely accused by an official of making an error. In Study 2 (N = 346), participants completed an online survey that, at one point, displayed a message accusing them of plagiarizing one of their responses.

Results: In all studies, self-compassion assessed prior to the accusation was negatively associated with levels of anger following the accusation. Anger, in turn, was positively associated with intentions to challenge the accusation (Studies 1A and 1B) and with the likelihood that participants brought the false accusation to our attention when given an opportunity to do so (Study 2).

Conclusion: This research shows that highly self-compassionate people are not always ferocious and may be susceptible to being taken advantage of when facing false accusations.

Objective: Previous research has documented a negative between-person association between gratitude and depressed mood. However, how gratitude relates to depressed mood at the within-person level remains less understood. The current study aimed to revisit the association between gratitude and depressed mood using a daily diary approach and examine the potential moderating effects of trait gratitude, neuroticism, and extraversion.

Method: Our sample consisted of 243 college students (M_age = 19.12), who reported their daily levels of gratitude and depressed mood for 14 days. There is a final sample of 3384 diaries.

Results: The multilevel cross-lagged path analysis revealed that gratitude was negatively associated with depressed mood on the subsequent day. This result remained consistent after controlling for well-being from the previous day. Furthermore, trait gratitude, neuroticism, and extraversion did not moderate the relationship between gratitude on day n-1 and depressed mood on day n.

Conclusions: These findings highlight the benefits of gratitude in daily life, suggesting that gratitude might function as a protective factor in mitigating depressed mood.

Introduction: Psychology textbooks abound with demonstrations of classic biases, yet the question why some people are more or less susceptible to those biases remains little explored. Drawing on Schwartz Values Theory (1992), we aim to show how individual differences in personal values, which express trans-situational, chronic motivations of a perceiver, impact cognitive biases.

Method: In six studies (N = 843; 42.6% female, M_age = 30.7), we assessed personal values and manipulated or measured two fundamental cognitive biases: the self-serving bias (Studies 1-3) and the halo effect (Studies 4-6).

Results: As hypothesized, individuals were more susceptible to cognitive biases, when the content of a bias was compatible with their important values. Specifically, the more individuals emphasized achievement values, the more they were susceptible to the self-serving bias; and the more individuals emphasized benevolence values, the more they were susceptible to the halo effect of warmth. Other value types were not systematically associated with the biases.

Conclusions: Overall, our findings indicate that cognitive biases are more likely to emerge when their manifestations are compatible with the chronic motivation of the perceiver. We suggest additional examples of cognitive biases that may be related to values and discuss theoretical implications of our findings.

Background: For individuals living alone, having a diverse personal network is considered crucial for mitigating the risk of social isolation and enhancing well-being. Although a reciprocal dynamic between network diversity and well-being is likely, longitudinal evidence supporting reciprocal effects is limited. This study investigates dynamic transactions between network diversity and well-being (life satisfaction, loneliness, and depressiveness) in a community-based sample of middle-aged adults from Germany. It also explores moderations by the duration of living alone.

Method: Data were drawn from the three-wave RIKSCHA (Risks and Chances of Living Alone) project, which includes N = 389 middle-aged adults living alone.

Results: Cross-lagged panel models revealed high rank-order stabilities and correlated changes in network diversity and well-being. Random-intercept cross-lagged panel models and dynamic panel models indicated that unobserved traits accounted for these high stabilities. Correlated changes disappeared when accounting for the trait-like stability of variables. Across all models, no evidence of reciprocal associations between network diversity and well-being was found. All results remained consistent regardless of the duration of living alone.

Conclusions: The study discusses trait factors accounting for the high stabilities observed in network diversity and well-being among middle-aged adults living alone. Future research should further explore the traits impacting successful adaptation to living alone within the context of personal networks.

Objective: Various psychological concepts with different names reflect essentially the same content. A recent study (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2023.112102) found short scales of subclinical psychopathy and everyday sadism to be affected by this so-called jangle fallacy: Latent factors of psychopathy and everyday sadism were almost perfectly correlated, the nomological networks of psychopathy and sadism measures were almost identical, and in some cases, core criteria of psychopathy were more strongly related to sadism and vice versa.

Method: The present research (Ns = 1076 and 507; self-report) is an extended replication of the aforementioned study utilizing long scales instead of short scales for both constructs and corresponding criteria that were more pertinent to their potential distinction.

Results: As in the original study, the latent psychopathy and sadism factors were almost perfectly correlated. The nomological networks of the psychopathy and sadism scales were almost identical, with numerous focal correlates of psychopathy being equally or even more strongly related to sadism and vice versa.

Conclusion: These findings corroborate the earlier findings of the jangle fallacy of subclinical psychopathy and everyday sadism, calling into question the existence of everyday sadism as a unique construct.