Journal of Personality最新文献

Objective: This meta-analysis provides the first comprehensive synthesis of associations between student and teacher personality traits and the quality of teacher-student relationships.

Method: Fifty-five studies met the eligibility criteria, contributing a total of 238 effect sizes. We used multivariate meta-analysis with robust variance estimation (RVE) to model the dependency of effect sizes.

Results: Student prosocial behavior (ρ = 0.59) and proactive personality (ρ = 0.48) were the strongest predictors of positive teacher-student relationship quality. All Big Five traits of students, except neuroticism, showed significant positive associations, with all correlations exceeding 0.4 when holding constant with all other moderators. Teacher agreeableness (ρ = 0.31) and conscientiousness (ρ = 0.29) yielded modest associations. Students with less emotional stability or aggressive behaviors were more likely to experience negative teacher-student relationships, such as conflict and dependency.

Conclusion: Our findings highlight the critical role of student personality in explaining the quality of teacher-student interactions. Multiple traits appear equally important, as indicated by comparable effect sizes. The literature is relatively limited when it comes to teacher personality. We were unable to examine teacher traits in relation to teacher-student conflict and dependency, but, overall, agreeable and conscientious teacher behaviors appeared to be important for favorable interactions, whereas teacher neuroticism may undermine the quality of such interactions.

Objective: Trauma can have a range of effects on individuals over time, including the potential for positive changes in favorable outcomes commonly referred to as posttraumatic growth. The posttraumatic growth literature has been criticized for various methodological limitations and has largely neglected the exploration of factors that may strengthen or weaken posttraumatic growth trajectories. The present study contributes to this literature by investigating trajectories of five dimensions of posttraumatic growth during the COVID-19 pandemic and the moderating effects of health and financial difficulties on these trajectories.

Method: Longitudinal data were collected monthly between July 2020 and December 2022 from a sample of employed adults in Germany, involving N = 1678 participants over 30 time points (N_observations = 29,552).

Results: Results suggest that certain dimensions of posttraumatic growth showed significant increases (i.e., relationships) or decreases (i.e., spirituality and possibilities) over time and that trajectories of three dimensions (i.e., relationships, appreciation, and strength) demonstrated distinctive patterns of interaction with health and financial difficulties.

Conclusions: Findings are discussed in the context of the pandemic as well as dynamic theories of personality and identity, with implications for advancing posttraumatic growth theory and research.

Objective: We investigated the relationship between personal relative deprivation (PRD)-resentment from the belief that one is worse off than people who are similar to oneself-and locus of control.

Background: Research has yet to comprehensively investigate whether PRD is associated with a tendency to favor external (vs. internal) explanations for self- and other-relevant outcomes.

Method: Eight studies (N_total = 6729) employed cross-sectional, experimental, and (micro)longitudinal designs and used established trait and state measures of PRD and loci of control.

Results: Participants higher in PRD adopted more external (vs. internal) explanations for others' outcomes while controlling for socio-demographics (e.g., socioeconomic status; Studies 1-4). This relationship was mediated by a lowered sense of personal control (Study 1) and evident in a cross-national sample of participants in Asia (Study 2). PRD is more robustly associated with external than internal explanations for self and other-relevant outcomes (Studies 5-8), and within-person changes in PRD are positively associated with within-person changes in external explanations (month-to-month and day-to-day; Studies 7-8).

Conclusions: PRD is positively associated with external locus of control independent of socioeconomic status, within and between people, and across cultures. This research highlights the implications of PRD for people's construal of the causal forces that govern their lives.

Objective: Personal values and personality traits are both important aspects of personality, but much is still unknown about the fundamental differences between the constructs, including how their patterns of temporal stability compare. This paper investigated patterns of intra-individual stability in both values and traits.

Method: Quantile correlations were estimated between each of the 20 refined personal values and the same values 2 years later in a large longitudinal sample of Australian adults (N = 2875). The same was done for each of the 15 Five-Factor Model trait facets in a subsample of these participants (n = 2424).

Results: It was observed that more important values tended to remain more stable over time, while traits retained a similar stability regardless of trait strength, and frequently showed small decreases in stability at extreme levels.

Conclusions: Findings indicate that highly prioritized values may be a more central aspect of the self, and a more reliable element for predicting future outcomes, than less highly prioritized values, but in contrast, traits do not function in a way that is dependent on trait strength.

Visvalingam, S., N. R. Magson, A. R. Newins, and M. Norberg. 2023. "Going It Alone: Examining Interpersonal Sensitivity and Hostility as Mediators of the Link Between Perfectionism and Social Disconnection." Journal of Personality 92, no. 4: 1024-1036. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12868. The authors have identified the following errors in data preparation: Data were not linked for one participant who used different ID codes across Time 1 and 3. Data for Time 3 were not excluded for one participant who failed the Time 1 attention check. The UCLA Loneliness scale was erroneously coded 0-3 instead of 1-4 and one item was repeated. These errors were corrected, and the data were reanalyzed leading to minor changes in some of the previously reported values. Four additional outliers were also identified in the corrected dataset. Importantly, the original findings and conclusions did not change. The corrected tables, models, and updated article text can be found here: https://osf.io/gza5y/?view_only=3c2fa9efced14c32aca7a9f4f5f14ab9. We apologize for these errors.

Objective: We replicated and extended previous research examining the accuracy of judgments of four facets of adult playfulness (Other-directed, Lighthearted, Intellectual, and Whimsical; OLIW) at zero-acquaintance.

Method: We conducted a conceptual replication study. One hundred sixty targets provided self-ratings for the OLIW facets, textual self-descriptions (≤ five sentences), daily self-ratings of playfulness for 14 consecutive days, and ratings by knowledgeable others. Six unacquainted judges provided rated targets' playfulness based on their self-descriptions. We replicated findings on trait-wise self-other agreement (SOA) and consensus and extended prior research by testing SOA for profiles of the four facets and two distinct accuracy criteria (i.e., targets' diary data and aggregates of targets' self-reports and those from knowledgeable others).

Results: All interpersonal perception indicators showed that facets of playfulness can be perceived above chance (SOA ≥ 0.26; consensus ≥ 0.29, accuracies ≥ 0.16). SOA extends from single facets to profiles, also when controlling for stereotype effects.

Conclusions: Playfulness can be accurately observed from minimal textual information at zero acquaintance. Our study highlights the robustness of findings on the interpersonal perception of playfulness across samples and methods, and degrees of acquaintanceship. We discuss implications for playfulness in social relationships.