OBJECTIVEThe trait agreeableness is associated with relationship outcomes and relationship maintenance behaviors, but the processes by which this influence occurs are not fully understood. We examine whether agreeableness is associated with an important relationship process, responsiveness, and whether agreeableness is associated with effort and social skills to be responsive to one's romantic partner.METHODSWe tested our predictions in two dyadic studies of cohabitating couples (N = 176 and N = 228) with overall reports of responsiveness and daily responsiveness.RESULTSMultilevel models showed that agreeableness was associated with people's overall and daily effort to be responsive, and responsiveness was associated with partner perceptions of responsiveness. However, agreeableness was unrelated to the correspondence between self and partner reports of one's overall and daily responsiveness, indicating that when people try to be responsive, their partners recognize their responsiveness to the same degree regardless of their agreeableness.CONCLUSIONSIn conclusion, agreeableness is related to efforts to be responsive, but attempts to be responsive are recognized as such by the partner, irrespective of agreeableness.
{"title":"Influence of Agreeableness on Responsiveness: Effort Versus Skill.","authors":"Jenna L Kilian,Judith Gere,Jessica LaBuda","doi":"10.1111/jopy.70024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.70024","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVEThe trait agreeableness is associated with relationship outcomes and relationship maintenance behaviors, but the processes by which this influence occurs are not fully understood. We examine whether agreeableness is associated with an important relationship process, responsiveness, and whether agreeableness is associated with effort and social skills to be responsive to one's romantic partner.METHODSWe tested our predictions in two dyadic studies of cohabitating couples (N = 176 and N = 228) with overall reports of responsiveness and daily responsiveness.RESULTSMultilevel models showed that agreeableness was associated with people's overall and daily effort to be responsive, and responsiveness was associated with partner perceptions of responsiveness. However, agreeableness was unrelated to the correspondence between self and partner reports of one's overall and daily responsiveness, indicating that when people try to be responsive, their partners recognize their responsiveness to the same degree regardless of their agreeableness.CONCLUSIONSIn conclusion, agreeableness is related to efforts to be responsive, but attempts to be responsive are recognized as such by the partner, irrespective of agreeableness.","PeriodicalId":48421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Personality","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145277411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tomasz Besta,Aleksandra Cupta,Jadwiga Cichoń,Patrycja Szuca,Anna N Gajda,Michał Jaśkiewicz
OBJECTIVEThis research examined whether positive in-group experiences-specifically those fulfilling the need for significance and the need for self-expansion-predict intentions to engage in collective action. We also investigated whether these associations are stronger than those linked to negative emotions (e.g., significance loss), and whether they remain robust when controlling for known predictors of collective action.METHODData were collected across three correlational studies (total N > 950) conducted in Poland and the United States. The studies used diverse sampling strategies, including a field study, an online survey, and a representative U.S.SAMPLEParticipants reported on their motivations and intentions to support various causes, including LGBTQ+ rights and political campaigns.RESULTSAcross all studies, significance gain and self-expansion were consistent positive predictors of normative, pro-ingroup collective action. These factors generally showed stronger associations with collective action intentions than negative emotions, including significance loss. The predictive effects of these needs remained significant even when controlling for prior engagement, political orientation, group identification, perceived group efficacy, and anger at injustice.CONCLUSIONSFulfillment of psychological needs for significance and self-expansion plays a robust and independent role in motivating collective action, beyond the influence of commonly studied negative emotional drivers.
{"title":"When Need Fulfillment Motivates: The Role of Significance Gain and Self-Expansion in Collective Mobilization.","authors":"Tomasz Besta,Aleksandra Cupta,Jadwiga Cichoń,Patrycja Szuca,Anna N Gajda,Michał Jaśkiewicz","doi":"10.1111/jopy.70025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.70025","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVEThis research examined whether positive in-group experiences-specifically those fulfilling the need for significance and the need for self-expansion-predict intentions to engage in collective action. We also investigated whether these associations are stronger than those linked to negative emotions (e.g., significance loss), and whether they remain robust when controlling for known predictors of collective action.METHODData were collected across three correlational studies (total N > 950) conducted in Poland and the United States. The studies used diverse sampling strategies, including a field study, an online survey, and a representative U.S.SAMPLEParticipants reported on their motivations and intentions to support various causes, including LGBTQ+ rights and political campaigns.RESULTSAcross all studies, significance gain and self-expansion were consistent positive predictors of normative, pro-ingroup collective action. These factors generally showed stronger associations with collective action intentions than negative emotions, including significance loss. The predictive effects of these needs remained significant even when controlling for prior engagement, political orientation, group identification, perceived group efficacy, and anger at injustice.CONCLUSIONSFulfillment of psychological needs for significance and self-expansion plays a robust and independent role in motivating collective action, beyond the influence of commonly studied negative emotional drivers.","PeriodicalId":48421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Personality","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145277410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: Counter-empathy involves responding to others' assumed emotions incongruently. Research on dispositional counter-empathy predominantly focuses on specific counter-empathic constructs without clearly mapping its cardinal dimensions. We develop and test a Three-Dimensional Model of Counter-Empathy (3DCE) that includes schadenfreude, gluckschmerz, and affective sadism.
Method: Across five studies (total N = 1878), we test the 3DCE and develop the Various Indices of Counter-Empathy (VICE). Study 1a and Study 1b administered items representing the 3DCE to develop the VICE. Study 2 administered the VICE, measures of counter-empathic constructs, empathy, everyday sadism, and socially aversive outcomes. Study 3a and Study 3b administered vignettes of others' good fortunes and misfortunes, and depictions of general and social harms, and participants reported their reactions.
Results: The 3DCE and validity of the VICE are supported by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses; a "bass-ackward" factor analysis mapping the hierarchical structure of counter-empathy; incremental analyses predicting socially aversive outcomes beyond empathy; correlations with relevant constructs; and predicting counter-empathic reactions to specific scenarios.
Conclusions: The 3DCE and VICE can help situate prior research in the broader structure of counter-empathy, help expand the study of vicarious emotion beyond empathy, and suggest counter-empathy contributes to socially aversive outcomes beyond a lack of empathy.
{"title":"Disentangling Counter-Empathy: Developing a Three-Dimensional Model and Measure of Dispositional Counter-Empathy.","authors":"Jake R Siamro, Christian H Jordan","doi":"10.1111/jopy.70023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.70023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Counter-empathy involves responding to others' assumed emotions incongruently. Research on dispositional counter-empathy predominantly focuses on specific counter-empathic constructs without clearly mapping its cardinal dimensions. We develop and test a Three-Dimensional Model of Counter-Empathy (3DCE) that includes schadenfreude, gluckschmerz, and affective sadism.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Across five studies (total N = 1878), we test the 3DCE and develop the Various Indices of Counter-Empathy (VICE). Study 1a and Study 1b administered items representing the 3DCE to develop the VICE. Study 2 administered the VICE, measures of counter-empathic constructs, empathy, everyday sadism, and socially aversive outcomes. Study 3a and Study 3b administered vignettes of others' good fortunes and misfortunes, and depictions of general and social harms, and participants reported their reactions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 3DCE and validity of the VICE are supported by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses; a \"bass-ackward\" factor analysis mapping the hierarchical structure of counter-empathy; incremental analyses predicting socially aversive outcomes beyond empathy; correlations with relevant constructs; and predicting counter-empathic reactions to specific scenarios.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The 3DCE and VICE can help situate prior research in the broader structure of counter-empathy, help expand the study of vicarious emotion beyond empathy, and suggest counter-empathy contributes to socially aversive outcomes beyond a lack of empathy.</p>","PeriodicalId":48421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Personality","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145240221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
INTRODUCTIONPersonal values act as guiding principles in life and are thought to be connected to affective experiences; however, past research has primarily examined the direction from values to affect rather than the reverse. This study identified theoretical frameworks suggesting a causal pathway from affect to values and tested this pathway using a lexical approach.METHODSStudy 1 (N = 230) developed and validated a Chinese Personal Values Dictionary (CPVD) to assess personal values in Chinese texts, revealing meaningful correlations between self-report values and those identified through the CPVD. Using the CPVD, Study 1 also investigated the relationship between past affect and values with cross-sectional data (N = 230), while Study 2 analyzed real-time panel data from social media (N = 14,020) during the COVID-19 pandemic.RESULTSResults indicated that individuals with positive affect tended to prioritize anxiety-free values (openness to change and self-transcendence), suggesting that positive affect fosters a commitment to the greater good, independence, novelty, and personal growth. In contrast, anxiety-related values (conservation and self-enhancement) displayed a more intricate relationship with affective experiences, indicating that the mechanisms underlying value development extend beyond mere anxiety-related factors.CONCLUSIONThis research offers valuable insights into how affective experiences contribute to value development through a lexical approach.
{"title":"From Affect to Values: A Lexical Approach.","authors":"Xi Chen,Shengquan Ye","doi":"10.1111/jopy.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.70022","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTIONPersonal values act as guiding principles in life and are thought to be connected to affective experiences; however, past research has primarily examined the direction from values to affect rather than the reverse. This study identified theoretical frameworks suggesting a causal pathway from affect to values and tested this pathway using a lexical approach.METHODSStudy 1 (N = 230) developed and validated a Chinese Personal Values Dictionary (CPVD) to assess personal values in Chinese texts, revealing meaningful correlations between self-report values and those identified through the CPVD. Using the CPVD, Study 1 also investigated the relationship between past affect and values with cross-sectional data (N = 230), while Study 2 analyzed real-time panel data from social media (N = 14,020) during the COVID-19 pandemic.RESULTSResults indicated that individuals with positive affect tended to prioritize anxiety-free values (openness to change and self-transcendence), suggesting that positive affect fosters a commitment to the greater good, independence, novelty, and personal growth. In contrast, anxiety-related values (conservation and self-enhancement) displayed a more intricate relationship with affective experiences, indicating that the mechanisms underlying value development extend beyond mere anxiety-related factors.CONCLUSIONThis research offers valuable insights into how affective experiences contribute to value development through a lexical approach.","PeriodicalId":48421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Personality","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145078343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
İlayda Özoruç,Jeroen Vermunt,Katya Ivanova,Manon van Scheppingen
OBJECTIVEIn recent decades, increased freedom of choice and advancements in fertility regulation have allowed individuals to follow different fertility paths. This greater autonomy provides room for personality traits to shape long-term fertility expectations, which in turn can be predictive of fertility outcomes. The present study investigates how Big Five personality traits are related to fertility expectations trajectories and outcomes.METHODWe used a representative Dutch sample who was non-parents at the start of the study (N = 5231). We explored the development of fertility expectations (i.e., Do you think you will have children in the future?) across ages 18-49. We conducted joint latent class analyses.RESULTSHaving a stable expectation to become a parent was the largest class. However, the majority deviated from this trajectory. The identified classes varied in their probability of becoming a parent or not. Men and women who had stable parenthood expectations scored higher on agreeableness and extraversion. Additionally, men scored higher on conscientiousness and openness, and lower on neuroticism compared to some of the other classes.CONCLUSIONSPeople show substantial variation in their fertility expectation trajectories across reproductive age. Especially in men, Big Five personality traits are related to fertility expectations trajectories.
{"title":"Big Five Personality Traits and Trajectories of Fertility Expectations Across the Reproductive Age Period.","authors":"İlayda Özoruç,Jeroen Vermunt,Katya Ivanova,Manon van Scheppingen","doi":"10.1111/jopy.70021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.70021","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVEIn recent decades, increased freedom of choice and advancements in fertility regulation have allowed individuals to follow different fertility paths. This greater autonomy provides room for personality traits to shape long-term fertility expectations, which in turn can be predictive of fertility outcomes. The present study investigates how Big Five personality traits are related to fertility expectations trajectories and outcomes.METHODWe used a representative Dutch sample who was non-parents at the start of the study (N = 5231). We explored the development of fertility expectations (i.e., Do you think you will have children in the future?) across ages 18-49. We conducted joint latent class analyses.RESULTSHaving a stable expectation to become a parent was the largest class. However, the majority deviated from this trajectory. The identified classes varied in their probability of becoming a parent or not. Men and women who had stable parenthood expectations scored higher on agreeableness and extraversion. Additionally, men scored higher on conscientiousness and openness, and lower on neuroticism compared to some of the other classes.CONCLUSIONSPeople show substantial variation in their fertility expectation trajectories across reproductive age. Especially in men, Big Five personality traits are related to fertility expectations trajectories.","PeriodicalId":48421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Personality","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145025639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pascale J. Lacroix, Raman Sangha, Kristie L. Poole, Louis A. Schmidt, Raha Hassan
ObjectiveShyness is a ubiquitous personality characteristic present across historical time and cultures. Yet, little is known about perceptions of shy adults in Western society. We examined emerging adults' perceptions of shy and sociable women and whether one's own personality influenced their perceptions.MethodParticipants (N = 301, Mage = 19.07 years) were randomized to read a vignette describing either a prototypical shy woman or a prototypical sociable woman and rated their perceptions of the woman in the vignette on various qualities. Participants' shyness and sociability were self‐reported.ResultsRegardless of the participants' own personality, the sociable woman was rated as ruder and as having a greater number of friends than the shy woman. There were no differences in perceptions of the woman's kindness or success at school, but shy individuals perceived the sociable woman as less successful at work. A similarity effect was found such that one's own shyness was positively associated with a preference for befriending the shy woman, and one's own sociability was positively associated with a preference for befriending the sociable woman.ConclusionsResults are discussed in the context of potential implications of personality perceptions and the role of individual differences in these perceptions.
{"title":"What Do We Think of Shy Adults? Influence of One's Own Shyness and Sociability","authors":"Pascale J. Lacroix, Raman Sangha, Kristie L. Poole, Louis A. Schmidt, Raha Hassan","doi":"10.1111/jopy.70020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.70020","url":null,"abstract":"ObjectiveShyness is a ubiquitous personality characteristic present across historical time and cultures. Yet, little is known about perceptions of shy adults in Western society. We examined emerging adults' perceptions of shy and sociable women and whether one's own personality influenced their perceptions.MethodParticipants (<jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 301, <jats:italic>M</jats:italic><jats:sub>age</jats:sub> = 19.07 years) were randomized to read a vignette describing either a prototypical shy woman or a prototypical sociable woman and rated their perceptions of the woman in the vignette on various qualities. Participants' shyness and sociability were self‐reported.ResultsRegardless of the participants' own personality, the sociable woman was rated as ruder and as having a greater number of friends than the shy woman. There were no differences in perceptions of the woman's kindness or success at school, but shy individuals perceived the sociable woman as less successful at work. A similarity effect was found such that one's own shyness was positively associated with a preference for befriending the shy woman, and one's own sociability was positively associated with a preference for befriending the sociable woman.ConclusionsResults are discussed in the context of potential implications of personality perceptions and the role of individual differences in these perceptions.","PeriodicalId":48421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Personality","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145002810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Davide Marengo, Christian Montag, Michele Settanni
IntroductionLarge language models (LLMs) offer a promising approach to infer personality traits unobtrusively from digital footprints. However, the reliability and validity of these inferences remain underexplored.MethodGemini 1.5 Pro and GPT‐4o were used to infer Big Five traits from 2 years of Facebook posts by 1214 Italian users. Predictions were compared to self‐reports on the Ten‐Item Personality Inventory.ResultsLLM predictions underestimated Agreeableness and Conscientiousness, overestimated Extraversion, while Neuroticism and Openness closely aligned with self‐report means. On repeated prompting, Gemini 1.5 Pro inferences showed less variability than GPT‐4o, with both models achieving excellent reliability when aggregating inferences. Temporal stability was highest when combining predictions across LLMs, with test–retest correlations over 2 years ranging from 0.44 for Conscientiousness to 0.60 for Openness. Cross‐LLM agreement was highest when combining inferences from multiple time points, with correlations ranging from 0.58 for Neuroticism to 0.83 for Extraversion. Correlations with self‐reports were modest, reaching 0.27 for Extraversion, 0.24 for Agreeableness, 0.23 for Conscientiousness, 0.18 for Neuroticism, and 0.31 for Openness when combining LLM inferences across LLMs and time points.ConclusionThese findings advance understanding of LLMs' potential for personality inference, highlighting the importance of aggregating inferences to enhance the reliability and validity of such assessments.
{"title":"Inferring Personality From Social Media Activity Using Large Language Models: Cross‐Model Agreement, Temporal Stability, and Convergent Validity With Self‐Reports","authors":"Davide Marengo, Christian Montag, Michele Settanni","doi":"10.1111/jopy.70019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.70019","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionLarge language models (LLMs) offer a promising approach to infer personality traits unobtrusively from digital footprints. However, the reliability and validity of these inferences remain underexplored.MethodGemini 1.5 Pro and GPT‐4o were used to infer Big Five traits from 2 years of Facebook posts by 1214 Italian users. Predictions were compared to self‐reports on the Ten‐Item Personality Inventory.ResultsLLM predictions underestimated Agreeableness and Conscientiousness, overestimated Extraversion, while Neuroticism and Openness closely aligned with self‐report means. On repeated prompting, Gemini 1.5 Pro inferences showed less variability than GPT‐4o, with both models achieving excellent reliability when aggregating inferences. Temporal stability was highest when combining predictions across LLMs, with test–retest correlations over 2 years ranging from 0.44 for Conscientiousness to 0.60 for Openness. Cross‐LLM agreement was highest when combining inferences from multiple time points, with correlations ranging from 0.58 for Neuroticism to 0.83 for Extraversion. Correlations with self‐reports were modest, reaching 0.27 for Extraversion, 0.24 for Agreeableness, 0.23 for Conscientiousness, 0.18 for Neuroticism, and 0.31 for Openness when combining LLM inferences across LLMs and time points.ConclusionThese findings advance understanding of LLMs' potential for personality inference, highlighting the importance of aggregating inferences to enhance the reliability and validity of such assessments.","PeriodicalId":48421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Personality","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144930331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Melissa Packer West, Tianwei V. Du, Kaela Van Til, Joshua D. Miller, Donald R. Lynam
ObjectivePsychopathy is a multifaceted, hierarchical construct that has been linked to aggression and antisocial behavior. The triarchic model of psychopathy comprises three underlying, distinct trait domains: boldness, disinhibition, and meanness. Understanding how psychopathy at general and factor levels relates to sexual aggression is critical given its connection and the serious repercussions of sexual aggression.MethodThis preregistered meta‐analysis (k = 117) examined the relationship between psychopathy at the total construct and triarchic levels and sexual aggression in adult samples. A relative weights analysis was used to produce triarchic psychopathy scores from commonly used psychopathy measures and the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM).ResultsPsychopathy evinced a moderate, positive relationship with general sexual aggression as well as most specific forms of sexual aggression except for rape and child molestation. At the triarchic level, meanness and disinhibition related positively and boldness negatively to sexual aggression. Other moderation analyses revealed significant heterogeneity in study methods and characteristics that can explain variability in psychopathy's relations with sexual aggression.ConclusionsPsychopathy relates moderately to various forms of sexual aggression. The relationship depends on multiple factors. Understanding these mechanisms can inform prevention, treatment, and risk assessment of damaging sexual acts.
{"title":"The Relation Between Psychopathy and Sexual Aggression: A Meta‐Analysis","authors":"Melissa Packer West, Tianwei V. Du, Kaela Van Til, Joshua D. Miller, Donald R. Lynam","doi":"10.1111/jopy.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.70017","url":null,"abstract":"ObjectivePsychopathy is a multifaceted, hierarchical construct that has been linked to aggression and antisocial behavior. The triarchic model of psychopathy comprises three underlying, distinct trait domains: boldness, disinhibition, and meanness. Understanding how psychopathy at general and factor levels relates to sexual aggression is critical given its connection and the serious repercussions of sexual aggression.MethodThis preregistered meta‐analysis (<jats:italic>k</jats:italic> = 117) examined the relationship between psychopathy at the total construct and triarchic levels and sexual aggression in adult samples. A relative weights analysis was used to produce triarchic psychopathy scores from commonly used psychopathy measures and the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM).ResultsPsychopathy evinced a moderate, positive relationship with general sexual aggression as well as most specific forms of sexual aggression except for rape and child molestation. At the triarchic level, meanness and disinhibition related positively and boldness negatively to sexual aggression. Other moderation analyses revealed significant heterogeneity in study methods and characteristics that can explain variability in psychopathy's relations with sexual aggression.ConclusionsPsychopathy relates moderately to various forms of sexual aggression. The relationship depends on multiple factors. Understanding these mechanisms can inform prevention, treatment, and risk assessment of damaging sexual acts.","PeriodicalId":48421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Personality","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144924421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IntroductionBehavior is not solely determined by individual dispositions or situational demands, but by the dynamic interplay between them. The current research investigates the contextual sensitivity of behavioral determinants by examining how personal values and social norms influence behavior across tight and loose cultural contexts.MethodWe either measured (Study 1: n = 762) or manipulated (Study 2: n = 564) cultural tightness and examined how it moderates the influence of experimentally induced personal values and social norms on environmental behavior.ResultsAs hypothesized, in loose contexts, which are characterized by weak norms and high tolerance for deviance, only personal values influenced behavior, whereas the effect of social norms did not differ from the control condition. Contrary to our hypothesis, in tight contexts, which are characterized by strong norms and low tolerance for deviance, personal values and social norms both influenced behavior as compared to the control condition, potentially due to their enhanced accessibility. In both studies, the results were highly consistent regarding behavioral intentions; however, they did not translate to overt behavior.ConclusionsCultural tightness provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for a nuanced understanding of how contextual factors shape the relative influence of personal versus societal forces on human behavior.
{"title":"The Moderating Effect of Cultural Tightness on the Influence of Personal Values and Social Norms on Behavior","authors":"Andrey Elster, Lior Ron","doi":"10.1111/jopy.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.70018","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionBehavior is not solely determined by individual dispositions or situational demands, but by the dynamic interplay between them. The current research investigates the contextual sensitivity of behavioral determinants by examining how personal values and social norms influence behavior across tight and loose cultural contexts.MethodWe either measured (Study 1: <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 762) or manipulated (Study 2: <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 564) cultural tightness and examined how it moderates the influence of experimentally induced personal values and social norms on environmental behavior.ResultsAs hypothesized, in loose contexts, which are characterized by weak norms and high tolerance for deviance, only personal values influenced behavior, whereas the effect of social norms did not differ from the control condition. Contrary to our hypothesis, in tight contexts, which are characterized by strong norms and low tolerance for deviance, personal values and social norms both influenced behavior as compared to the control condition, potentially due to their enhanced accessibility. In both studies, the results were highly consistent regarding behavioral intentions; however, they did not translate to overt behavior.ConclusionsCultural tightness provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for a nuanced understanding of how contextual factors shape the relative influence of personal versus societal forces on human behavior.","PeriodicalId":48421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Personality","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144910596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yeeun Archer Lee, Gu Li, Julia Nakamura, Yingchi Guo, Frances S. Chen
ObjectiveThis study evaluates the effects of an act of kindness intervention on increasing daily social contact and reducing loneliness among community adults experiencing loneliness. It also explores heterogeneity in effects and potential moderators, including individual differences in baseline social health and intervention implementation.MethodIn a randomized controlled trial, 208 adults were randomly assigned to perform daily acts of kindness for others (Kindness condition) or take a short break for themselves (Control condition) for 2 weeks. Dairy assessments of loneliness and social contact were collected 3 days before and after the intervention.ResultsWe did not find consistent average effects. Although loneliness decreased in the Kindness condition, the reduction was not significantly greater than in the Control condition. In contrast, a group difference was observed in social contact, which remained stable in the Kindness condition but declined in the Control condition. Notably, significant individual differences emerged: the intervention was more effective for participants with higher baseline social anxiety and loneliness, and when a greater proportion of prosocial acts targeted weak social ties and a smaller proportion targeted strangers.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the importance of identifying individual differences—for whom and under what conditions prosociality‐based interventions are most effective.
{"title":"Heterogeneity of Effects in a Prosociality‐Based Intervention to Reduce Loneliness and Increase Social Contact","authors":"Yeeun Archer Lee, Gu Li, Julia Nakamura, Yingchi Guo, Frances S. Chen","doi":"10.1111/jopy.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.70015","url":null,"abstract":"ObjectiveThis study evaluates the effects of an act of kindness intervention on increasing daily social contact and reducing loneliness among community adults experiencing loneliness. It also explores heterogeneity in effects and potential moderators, including individual differences in baseline social health and intervention implementation.MethodIn a randomized controlled trial, 208 adults were randomly assigned to perform daily acts of kindness for others (Kindness condition) or take a short break for themselves (Control condition) for 2 weeks. Dairy assessments of loneliness and social contact were collected 3 days before and after the intervention.ResultsWe did not find consistent average effects. Although loneliness decreased in the Kindness condition, the reduction was not significantly greater than in the Control condition. In contrast, a group difference was observed in social contact, which remained stable in the Kindness condition but declined in the Control condition. Notably, significant individual differences emerged: the intervention was more effective for participants with higher baseline social anxiety and loneliness, and when a greater proportion of prosocial acts targeted weak social ties and a smaller proportion targeted strangers.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the importance of identifying individual differences—for whom and under what conditions prosociality‐based interventions are most effective.","PeriodicalId":48421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Personality","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144899873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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