This study aims to examine the longitudinal association between trust, life satisfaction, and loneliness, particularly at the within-person level.
We employed Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Models (RI-CLPM) to distinguish stable between-person differences from within-person fluctuations. A total of 1148 students (Mage = 18.46 ± 0.96 years; 63.41% women) from six Chinese universities participated in a six-wave, 3-year survey.
Trust declined slightly over time. At the between-person level, trust was positively related to life satisfaction and negatively related to loneliness. At the within-person level, life satisfaction at T2, T3, and T4 positively predicted trust at T3, T4, and T5, respectively, and trust at T3 positively predicted life satisfaction at T4; trust at T4 and T5 negatively predicted loneliness at T5 and T6, respectively, and loneliness at T4 negatively predicted trust at T5. In addition, exploratory analysis indicated that loneliness may mediate the effect of trust on life satisfaction.
These findings expand our understanding of the link between social capital and health outcomes from a within-person dynamic perspective, suggesting that enhancing social capital and well-being may be mutually beneficial. Comprehensive student support programs that promote trust-building and reduce loneliness may be more effective in promoting overall well-being and social bonding.
Self-transcendence—connectedness within and beyond the self—is a complex phenomenon theorized to increase with age, but evidence is mixed. This longitudinal study is the first to investigate changes in self-transcendence across late midlife using life story narratives.
We tracked self-reported and narrative identity self-transcendence scores of 163 participants as they aged from M = 56.4 (SD = 0.95) to M = 64.5 (SD = 0.94). Participants were 64.4% women, 35.6% men; 55.2% White, 42.9% Black, 1.8% interracial/other; median income was $75,000–$100,000; median education was college graduate.
Self-transcendence narrative themes of closure and self-actualization increased significantly over time, especially between ages 60–65, but self-reported self-transcendence did not change. These trends were not uniform; race-by-gender groups exhibited distinct trajectories over time.
Late midlife is seen as ushering in opportunities for increased self-transcendence, especially acceptance of oneself and one's life. We found some of the strongest empirical evidence of this phenomenon to date. On average, US Black and White adults narrated their life stories with less regret and more satisfaction with self across late midlife. Findings demonstrate the utility of leveraging first-person narrative identity methods to collect and analyze data about rich, complex personality constructs and highlight positive changes associated with late midlife.
Existing literature has highlighted the relevance of Pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs)—actions intended to benefit the environment—to Eudaimonic well-being (EWB, i.e., meaning in life and connectedness to others). However, most research has focused on stable individual differences and utilized cross-sectional designs, giving limited attention to the momentary fluctuations of PEBs within individuals. This study aimed to investigate the daily impact of PEBs on EWB from a causal perspective, examining whether manipulating daily PEBs would result in higher levels of EWB on those days.
We adopted the Within-Person Encouragement Design, an experimental approach employing instrumental variable estimation, in a Dynamic Structural Equation Modeling framework. Participants were 63 Italian young adults assessed over 21 days and who received 11 randomized encouragements (i.e., “Today we ask you to implement more pro-environmental actions than you would normally enact on a typical day”).
A significant positive adherence effect of the encouragement on PEB, and a significant positive treatment effect of PEB on EWB was found.
These findings are promising for advancing successful behavioral interventions designed to encourage daily PEBs in younger generations and highlight the importance of PEBs for experiencing a more meaningful life and enhanced connectedness with others.
The current study aimed to elucidate how fluctuations in social mindfulness were related to early adolescents' proactive and reactive aggressive behavior on a day-to-day basis. Daily (within-person) fluctuations and average between-person differences in classroom interpersonal climate were further examined as potential moderators of the aforementioned daily association, respectively.
Using daily dairy procedures, 536 early adolescents (Mage = 10.40 years, SD = 0.94; 55.97% boys) completed a questionnaire once a day for 10 days.
Daily increases in social mindfulness were linked to concurrent and next-day reductions in reactive but not proactive aggressive behavior. Daily increases in social mindfulness were associated with reductions in the next day's reactive aggressive behavior, particularly among those who perceived the classroom interpersonal climate as average or below average. Within-day links between social mindfulness and both types of aggressive behavior did not change whether the classroom interpersonal climate perceived by early adolescents was better or worse than usual.
These findings provide a valuable reference for the prevention and intervention of aggressive behavior in early adolescents, in which cultivating social mindfulness and fostering a friendly and supportive interpersonal climate in the classroom may represent promising avenues to explore.
Schizotypal personality traits, such as unusual experiences, odd beliefs, or social anhedonia, predict psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and heightened stress-reactivity in daily life. Yet, in previous studies, stressor appraisal, but not exposure, was used to predict stress-reactivity, which might be a consequence of behavioral sensitization rather than a valid predictor of it.
We conducted an experience sampling study where 126 participants reported PLEs, event appraisals, and exposure to stressors, yielding 4611 observations. We tested the association of schizotypal traits with PLEs and event-unpleasantness in interaction with stressor exposure.
Disorganized (but not positive or negative) schizotypy predicted not only more intense PLEs but also higher PLEs in periods when stressor exposure had risen. However, in higher negative schizotypy, such PLE-reactivity to stressors was reversed. Moreover, individuals with higher disorganization found events more unpleasant overall, and for them, being exposed to more stressors was related to a steeper rise in appraising events as unpleasant.
Disorganization, but not positive or negative schizotypy, might be a specific determinant of stressor-related increases in PLEs and negative event appraisal in everyday life in the general population. This supports that disorganized personality might be a critical predictor of vulnerability to stress-related mental health impairments.
While most existing research on the Dark Triad focuses on the outcomes associated with these traits, studies examining their development are relatively limited. Although genetic perspectives are popular in explaining the origins of DT traits, external environments and personal experiences may also have a potential impact on their development. Therefore, this study aims to investigate this process between social ostracism and DT traits, as well as the psychological mechanisms underlying this relationship.
Data were collected from 294 adolescents (168 boys, 126 girls) aged 15–18 years (M = 16.02, SD = 0.54), with 6-month intervals between T1 and T2, and 8 months between T2 and T3. Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Models (RI-CLPM, analytical sample = 230) were used to examine the longitudinal relationships between social ostracism, loneliness, and Dark Triad traits.
The Results Showed a Unidirectional Cross-Lagged Relationship From Social Ostracism (T1) to Dark Triad Traits (T3), with Loneliness at T2 Acting as a Potential Mediator in This Process.
These findings imply that early social ostracism may lead to loneliness, which in turn fosters the development of traits like those in the Dark Triad, as individuals may adopt these traits as coping mechanisms in response to prolonged social stress and vulnerability.
This research investigates how reflective processes, such as past-temporal and social comparisons, enhance changes in explicit and implicit self-concepts of social–emotional traits and whether these effects differ with age.
We conducted two preregistered multi-method studies to examine whether past-temporal or social comparisons predict changes in emotional stability and extraversion. In the longitudinal study (N = 615, aged 18–84 years), we assessed the frequency of past-temporal and social comparisons, explicit and implicit self-concepts of emotional stability and extraversion at two measuring points 6 months apart. In the experimental study (N = 231, aged 18–93 years), we elicited trait-relevant behavioral changes, manipulated past-temporal versus social comparisons, and assessed explicit and implicit trait self-concepts before and after the manipulation.
Past-temporal and social comparisons predicted longitudinal changes in the explicit self-concept of emotional stability but not extraversion. The experimental study indicated changes in explicit self-concepts of both traits, regardless of the type of comparison standard. Neither type of comparison predicted changes in implicit self-concepts. The findings were generalizable across age groups.
This research provides the first evidence that comparisons facilitate the change of explicit but not implicit trait self-concepts. We discuss short-term mechanisms of personality development and future directions for examining them experimentally.
The importance of diversity, inclusiveness, and social justice has been increasingly emphasized in different institutions and organizations around the world. The present research adopted an individual differences approach to understanding people's attitudes toward diversity and social justice.
Across three studies (Ns ranging from 371 to 700), participants completed measures of Big Five personality traits, political ideology, and attitudes toward a range of social justice issues (diversity, LGBTQ+, racial relations, abortion).
Higher Openness to Experience and Agreeableness emerged as the most consistent predictors of higher support for social justice. Higher Neuroticism and lower Conscientiousness also predicted support for social justice issues. Furthermore, consistent with the dual-process model of ideology, we found that right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation tended to predict social justice support above and beyond Openness to Experience and Agreeableness.
This work provides important insights into the personality predictors of social justice support.
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