{"title":"The Jeffrey S. Tanaka Occasional Papers in Quantitative Methods for Personality","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/jopy.70003","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jopy.70003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Personality","volume":"93 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wendy W. L. Cheung, Sakshi S. Sahakari, Friedrich M. Götz
ObjectiveWe provide a fine‐grained portrait of age‐graded differences in Humility across the lifespan. Specifically, we shed light on year‐by‐year differences and explore differences‐in‐differences in the wake of the COVID pandemic.MethodsWe used large‐scale cross‐sectional data (n = 2,025,004) and employed multigroup confirmatory factor analysis, ANOVAs, and multilevel modeling to examine mean‐score differences in Humility from age 10 to 70 across the entire sample, and for temporal (pre‐COVID, COVID) and geographical (9 countries, 6 US states) subsamples.ResultsAcross cultures and geographies, Humility mean scores were lowest in late childhood and rose steadily thereafter. They reached their highest levels in late adulthood and exhibited more erratic patterns around retirement age. In the overall and pre‐COVID samples, mean‐score differences were most pronounced during the transition from early to middle adulthood. In the COVID sample, similar patterns emerged, though we observed generally higher Humility scores, pronounced adolescent disruption, and the biggest differences between early and middle adulthood.ConclusionsAge‐graded trends in Humility aligned fully with some established patterns of personality trait development (i.e., psychological maturation, maturation reversal) and partially with others (i.e., disruption hypothesis). Moreover, the COVID analyses provide preliminary insights into the potential effects of the pandemic on personality development trajectories.
{"title":"Humility Throughout the Lifespan and a Global Pandemic: Evidence From a Large‐Scale Cross‐Sectional Study","authors":"Wendy W. L. Cheung, Sakshi S. Sahakari, Friedrich M. Götz","doi":"10.1111/jopy.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.70002","url":null,"abstract":"ObjectiveWe provide a fine‐grained portrait of age‐graded differences in Humility across the lifespan. Specifically, we shed light on year‐by‐year differences and explore differences‐in‐differences in the wake of the COVID pandemic.MethodsWe used large‐scale cross‐sectional data (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 2,025,004) and employed multigroup confirmatory factor analysis, ANOVAs, and multilevel modeling to examine mean‐score differences in Humility from age 10 to 70 across the entire sample, and for temporal (pre‐COVID, COVID) and geographical (9 countries, 6 US states) subsamples.ResultsAcross cultures and geographies, Humility mean scores were lowest in late childhood and rose steadily thereafter. They reached their highest levels in late adulthood and exhibited more erratic patterns around retirement age. In the overall and pre‐COVID samples, mean‐score differences were most pronounced during the transition from early to middle adulthood. In the COVID sample, similar patterns emerged, though we observed generally higher Humility scores, pronounced adolescent disruption, and the biggest differences between early and middle adulthood.ConclusionsAge‐graded trends in Humility aligned fully with some established patterns of personality trait development (i.e., psychological maturation, maturation reversal) and partially with others (i.e., disruption hypothesis). Moreover, the COVID analyses provide preliminary insights into the potential effects of the pandemic on personality development trajectories.","PeriodicalId":48421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Personality","volume":"656 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144513255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Siem Buseyne, Sameh Said‐Metwaly, Wim Van den Noortgate, Fien Depaepe, Annelies Raes
ObjectiveThis meta‐analysis explores the relationship between Big Five personality traits and flow. It also examines the moderating roles of demographic factors (i.e., gender and age), cultural differences, contextual variations, flow dimensions, and the instruments used to assess personality and flow.MethodA systematic search was conducted across ProQuest, Scopus, and Web of Science, identifying 24 eligible studies reporting associations between Big Five traits and flow. A total of 352 effect sizes were analyzed using a three‐level random‐effects model. Moderator analyses examined the influence of demographic, cultural, contextual, and methodological factors.ResultsResults reveal a medium‐sized positive association between Conscientiousness and flow (r = 0.33), while Extraversion (r = 0.25), Openness (r = 0.18), and Agreeableness (r = 0.16) show smaller positive relationships. Neuroticism has a small negative relationship with flow (r = −0.16). Significant moderating effects were identified for culture, with stronger correlations in Eastern cultures for Extraversion, Openness, and Agreeableness.ConclusionsThese findings emphasize the importance of considering personality traits when studying flow. Future research should expand cross‐cultural studies, explore flow across a broader range of contexts, incorporate multimodal measurement techniques, and develop interventions that enhance flow experiences by aligning them with individuals' personality profiles and contextual characteristics.
{"title":"The Relationship Between Personality and Flow: A Meta‐Analysis","authors":"Siem Buseyne, Sameh Said‐Metwaly, Wim Van den Noortgate, Fien Depaepe, Annelies Raes","doi":"10.1111/jopy.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.70004","url":null,"abstract":"ObjectiveThis meta‐analysis explores the relationship between Big Five personality traits and flow. It also examines the moderating roles of demographic factors (i.e., gender and age), cultural differences, contextual variations, flow dimensions, and the instruments used to assess personality and flow.MethodA systematic search was conducted across ProQuest, Scopus, and Web of Science, identifying 24 eligible studies reporting associations between Big Five traits and flow. A total of 352 effect sizes were analyzed using a three‐level random‐effects model. Moderator analyses examined the influence of demographic, cultural, contextual, and methodological factors.ResultsResults reveal a medium‐sized positive association between Conscientiousness and flow (<jats:italic>r</jats:italic> = 0.33), while Extraversion (<jats:italic>r</jats:italic> = 0.25), Openness (<jats:italic>r</jats:italic> = 0.18), and Agreeableness (<jats:italic>r</jats:italic> = 0.16) show smaller positive relationships. Neuroticism has a small negative relationship with flow (<jats:italic>r</jats:italic> = −0.16). Significant moderating effects were identified for culture, with stronger correlations in Eastern cultures for Extraversion, Openness, and Agreeableness.ConclusionsThese findings emphasize the importance of considering personality traits when studying flow. Future research should expand cross‐cultural studies, explore flow across a broader range of contexts, incorporate multimodal measurement techniques, and develop interventions that enhance flow experiences by aligning them with individuals' personality profiles and contextual characteristics.","PeriodicalId":48421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Personality","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144513250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guðrún R Guðmundsdóttir,Elisabeth L de Moor,Anne K Reitz
INTRODUCTIONSelf-esteem has important implications for life outcomes, yet little is known about its antecedents at both the trait and state levels. We examined agency and communion-coded from personal narratives about a past turning-point event-as predictors of trait self-esteem levels, long-term trait changes, and short-term fluctuations (instability) in state self-esteem.METHODSWe used data from a 5-wave intensive longitudinal study of Dutch master's students (N = 281, Mage = 24.5, 75% females) over a 2-year period, tracking their university-to-work transition. Participants completed a questionnaire and 14-day experience sampling assessments at each wave. Mixed-effects location scale models were used.RESULTSAgency and communion were positively associated with self-esteem at the beginning of the transition. While communion did not predict instability in state self-esteem, we found some evidence for agency negatively predicting self-esteem instability across days but not across moments. Results neither revealed differences in trait changes as a function of agency or communion nor significant heterogeneity in change trajectories overall. Agency appeared more frequently in students' narratives compared to communion.CONCLUSIONResults suggest that agentic but not communal narratives negatively predict daily self-esteem instability during the work transition but provide limited insight into momentary self-esteem instability and trait changes.
{"title":"Narrative Agency and Communion as Predictors of Trait and State Self-Esteem Dynamics.","authors":"Guðrún R Guðmundsdóttir,Elisabeth L de Moor,Anne K Reitz","doi":"10.1111/jopy.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.70000","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTIONSelf-esteem has important implications for life outcomes, yet little is known about its antecedents at both the trait and state levels. We examined agency and communion-coded from personal narratives about a past turning-point event-as predictors of trait self-esteem levels, long-term trait changes, and short-term fluctuations (instability) in state self-esteem.METHODSWe used data from a 5-wave intensive longitudinal study of Dutch master's students (N = 281, Mage = 24.5, 75% females) over a 2-year period, tracking their university-to-work transition. Participants completed a questionnaire and 14-day experience sampling assessments at each wave. Mixed-effects location scale models were used.RESULTSAgency and communion were positively associated with self-esteem at the beginning of the transition. While communion did not predict instability in state self-esteem, we found some evidence for agency negatively predicting self-esteem instability across days but not across moments. Results neither revealed differences in trait changes as a function of agency or communion nor significant heterogeneity in change trajectories overall. Agency appeared more frequently in students' narratives compared to communion.CONCLUSIONResults suggest that agentic but not communal narratives negatively predict daily self-esteem instability during the work transition but provide limited insight into momentary self-esteem instability and trait changes.","PeriodicalId":48421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Personality","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144337491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As more researchers employ longitudinal research designs, which integrate multiple methods and multiple (fixed) situations, the need for appropriate analytical methods arises.
Method
Multimethod latent state–trait models for random and fixed situations (MM-LST-RF; Hintz et al. 2019) provide a means with which person characteristics, (fixed) situation, and method effects, as well as their interactions can be studied. While these models are very versatile, their complexity poses a significant hurdle to their implementation.
Results
This tutorial helps facilitate the application of MM-LST-RF models. First, we present two simpler methodological approaches in which the full MM-LST-RF model is broken down into its (a) multimethod and (b) random and fixed situation components. Key parameters and model coefficients are highlighted using a motivational example. Second, we present a user-friendly shiny app based on a newly developed R function. Users are walked through the process of specifying, estimating, and interpreting an MM-LST-RF model guided by detailed explanations of all specification options and practical use recommendations.
Conclusion
The shiny app facilitates the analysis of data from longitudinal study designs implementing multiple methods and (fixed) situations, helping researchers gain a deeper understanding of psychological constructs.
目的随着越来越多的研究者采用纵向研究设计，这种设计整合了多种方法和多种（固定）情况，需要适当的分析方法。方法随机和固定情况下的多方法潜在状态-特征模型(MM-LST-RF；Hintz et al. 2019)提供了一种方法，可以研究人的特征、（固定）情况和方法效果，以及它们之间的相互作用。虽然这些模型非常通用，但它们的复杂性给实现带来了重大障碍。结果本教程有助于MM-LST-RF模型的应用。首先，我们提出了两种更简单的方法方法，其中将完整的MM-LST-RF模型分解为(a)多方法组件和(b)随机和固定情况组件。关键参数和模型系数使用一个激励的例子来突出显示。其次，我们介绍了一个基于新开发的R函数的用户友好的闪亮应用程序。用户通过所有规格选项和实际使用建议的详细解释指导下，通过指定，估计和解释MM-LST-RF模型的过程。结论这款闪亮的应用程序便于对实施多种方法和（固定）情况的纵向研究设计的数据进行分析，帮助研究人员更深入地了解心理结构。
{"title":"Making Multimethod Latent State–Trait Models for Random and Fixed Situations Accessible: A Tutorial","authors":"Dora L. Tinhof, Axel Mayer","doi":"10.1111/jopy.13031","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jopy.13031","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>As more researchers employ longitudinal research designs, which integrate multiple methods and multiple (fixed) situations, the need for appropriate analytical methods arises.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Multimethod latent state–trait models for random and fixed situations (MM-LST-RF; Hintz et al. 2019) provide a means with which person characteristics, (fixed) situation, and method effects, as well as their interactions can be studied. While these models are very versatile, their complexity poses a significant hurdle to their implementation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This tutorial helps facilitate the application of MM-LST-RF models. First, we present two simpler methodological approaches in which the full MM-LST-RF model is broken down into its (a) multimethod and (b) random and fixed situation components. Key parameters and model coefficients are highlighted using a motivational example. Second, we present a user-friendly shiny app based on a newly developed R function. Users are walked through the process of specifying, estimating, and interpreting an MM-LST-RF model guided by detailed explanations of all specification options and practical use recommendations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The shiny app facilitates the analysis of data from longitudinal study designs implementing multiple methods and (fixed) situations, helping researchers gain a deeper understanding of psychological constructs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Personality","volume":"93 5","pages":"1018-1041"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jopy.13031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144296134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
OBJECTIVEMost prominent theories of authoritarianism maintain that it is deeply tied to threat, and yet few large-scale cross-cultural tests have evaluated this link. Furthermore, there are ongoing debates about (a) the degree that realistic (versus symbolic) threats predict authoritarianism and (b) the degree that the threat-authoritarianism link occurs across the political spectrum.METHODTo fill in these gaps, the present study evaluated the threat-authoritarianism link in 84,677 persons from 59 nations while measuring multiple different types of realistic threat, employing a relatively ideologically unbiased authoritarianism measurement (autocracy support), and measuring ideological controls/moderators.RESULTSMultilevel models revealed that realistic threat predicted autocracy support in both WEIRD and non-WEIRD countries around the world, although the effect was significantly stronger in WEIRD nations. Furthermore, threat predicted autocracy support for both left- and right-wing persons, although the effect was significantly stronger for right-wing persons.CONCLUSIONSThese results provide the largest multinational test to date on the threat-authoritarianism link and offer numerous advances over prior research on the topic. Not only do they contribute large-scale evidence for a key assumption of most authoritarianism theories in an era where many theories and findings are being reevaluated, but they also provide theoretical advances in our understanding of the specific nature of the threat-authoritarianism link.
{"title":"Authoritarianism and Threat in 59 Nations.","authors":"Lucian Gideon Conway","doi":"10.1111/jopy.13026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.13026","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVEMost prominent theories of authoritarianism maintain that it is deeply tied to threat, and yet few large-scale cross-cultural tests have evaluated this link. Furthermore, there are ongoing debates about (a) the degree that realistic (versus symbolic) threats predict authoritarianism and (b) the degree that the threat-authoritarianism link occurs across the political spectrum.METHODTo fill in these gaps, the present study evaluated the threat-authoritarianism link in 84,677 persons from 59 nations while measuring multiple different types of realistic threat, employing a relatively ideologically unbiased authoritarianism measurement (autocracy support), and measuring ideological controls/moderators.RESULTSMultilevel models revealed that realistic threat predicted autocracy support in both WEIRD and non-WEIRD countries around the world, although the effect was significantly stronger in WEIRD nations. Furthermore, threat predicted autocracy support for both left- and right-wing persons, although the effect was significantly stronger for right-wing persons.CONCLUSIONSThese results provide the largest multinational test to date on the threat-authoritarianism link and offer numerous advances over prior research on the topic. Not only do they contribute large-scale evidence for a key assumption of most authoritarianism theories in an era where many theories and findings are being reevaluated, but they also provide theoretical advances in our understanding of the specific nature of the threat-authoritarianism link.","PeriodicalId":48421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Personality","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144136767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lauren M. Francis, Bridgette E. Speranza, Liam G. Graeme, Ashlee Curtis, Peter G. Enticott, Jacqui A. Macdonald
ObjectiveTrait anger can impact emotional states, appraisals of others, and cognition. The study aim was to assess in fathers whether these associations are exacerbated by infant crying.MethodThree hundred sixty‐eight fathers were randomly assigned to infant cry, infant babble, or a non‐infant‐related control while completing assessments of cognitive scope, impulse control, or mentalizing. Trait anger (pre‐exposure), emotional state (pre‐ and post‐exposure), and appraisals of the infant (post‐exposure) were assessed.ResultsRegression analyses revealed that trait anger was associated with increased angry emotional state post‐exposure, including feeling like yelling at someone, feeling like hitting someone, and with negative appraisals of infant temperament. Fathers exposed to cry were more likely to feel angry and like yelling at someone post‐exposure than fathers exposed to babble or pink noise, and appraised the infant more negatively and as having less positive intent than fathers exposed to babble. Neither trait anger nor sound condition were associated with cognitive scope, impulse control, or mentalizing performance. No significant interaction effects between trait anger and infant cry condition were found on any of the dependent variables.ConclusionsFathers may benefit from support to modulate their responses to infant cry. Fathers with higher trait anger may benefit from intervention to manage responses to both positive and negative infant expressions.
{"title":"Father Trait Anger and Exposure to Infant Cry: Effects on Emotion, Appraisals of Infants, and Cognitive Performance","authors":"Lauren M. Francis, Bridgette E. Speranza, Liam G. Graeme, Ashlee Curtis, Peter G. Enticott, Jacqui A. Macdonald","doi":"10.1111/jopy.13029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.13029","url":null,"abstract":"ObjectiveTrait anger can impact emotional states, appraisals of others, and cognition. The study aim was to assess in fathers whether these associations are exacerbated by infant crying.MethodThree hundred sixty‐eight fathers were randomly assigned to infant cry, infant babble, or a non‐infant‐related control while completing assessments of cognitive scope, impulse control, or mentalizing. Trait anger (pre‐exposure), emotional state (pre‐ and post‐exposure), and appraisals of the infant (post‐exposure) were assessed.ResultsRegression analyses revealed that trait anger was associated with increased angry emotional state post‐exposure, including feeling like yelling at someone, feeling like hitting someone, and with negative appraisals of infant temperament. Fathers exposed to cry were more likely to feel angry and like yelling at someone post‐exposure than fathers exposed to babble or pink noise, and appraised the infant more negatively and as having less positive intent than fathers exposed to babble. Neither trait anger nor sound condition were associated with cognitive scope, impulse control, or mentalizing performance. No significant interaction effects between trait anger and infant cry condition were found on any of the dependent variables.ConclusionsFathers may benefit from support to modulate their responses to infant cry. Fathers with higher trait anger may benefit from intervention to manage responses to both positive and negative infant expressions.","PeriodicalId":48421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Personality","volume":"139 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144133740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ryan Donovan,Aoife Johnson,Aine de Roiste,Ruairi O'Reilly
INTRODUCTIONMost research investigating relationships between the Big Five and emotional states has focused on how emotional attributes relate to Extraversion and Neuroticism. However, the potential for discrete emotional states to enable a richer understanding of the emotive nature of all Big Five traits and their subtraits has been neglected.METHODSParticipants (N = 203) completed the Big Five Aspects Scale, watched six emotionally stimulating video clips, and self-reported their experience of basic emotions before (Baseline) and after (Reaction) each video. Spearman correlations identified state-trait relationships, followed by regression analyses to assess the unique contribution of each trait to emotional experiences.RESULTSConscientiousness negatively correlated with Baseline Sadness, while Agreeableness positively correlated with Reaction Disgust, Fear, and Sadness. Extraversion predicted higher Joy, and Neuroticism was linked to greater Fear and Sadness.CONCLUSIONFindings reinforce Extraversion and Neuroticism's links to positive and negative emotionality, respectively, while also showing that Agreeableness predicts heightened sensitivity to negative affect. Conscientiousness, particularly Orderliness, appears protective against Baseline Sadness, and Openness to Experience, especially Intellect, is linked to lower sensitivity to Surprise. Potential mechanisms underlying these relationships are discussed.
{"title":"Investigating the Relationships Between Basic Emotions and the Big Five Personality Traits and Their Sub-Traits.","authors":"Ryan Donovan,Aoife Johnson,Aine de Roiste,Ruairi O'Reilly","doi":"10.1111/jopy.13027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.13027","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTIONMost research investigating relationships between the Big Five and emotional states has focused on how emotional attributes relate to Extraversion and Neuroticism. However, the potential for discrete emotional states to enable a richer understanding of the emotive nature of all Big Five traits and their subtraits has been neglected.METHODSParticipants (N = 203) completed the Big Five Aspects Scale, watched six emotionally stimulating video clips, and self-reported their experience of basic emotions before (Baseline) and after (Reaction) each video. Spearman correlations identified state-trait relationships, followed by regression analyses to assess the unique contribution of each trait to emotional experiences.RESULTSConscientiousness negatively correlated with Baseline Sadness, while Agreeableness positively correlated with Reaction Disgust, Fear, and Sadness. Extraversion predicted higher Joy, and Neuroticism was linked to greater Fear and Sadness.CONCLUSIONFindings reinforce Extraversion and Neuroticism's links to positive and negative emotionality, respectively, while also showing that Agreeableness predicts heightened sensitivity to negative affect. Conscientiousness, particularly Orderliness, appears protective against Baseline Sadness, and Openness to Experience, especially Intellect, is linked to lower sensitivity to Surprise. Potential mechanisms underlying these relationships are discussed.","PeriodicalId":48421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Personality","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144065760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ObjectiveAnalytic thinking dispositions are trait‐like individual differences in epistemic values and attitudes toward putting effort into thinking. Much‐studied dispositions include actively open‐minded thinking (AOT), the need for cognition (NFC), and cognitive reflection (CRT). However, it is unclear how different analytic thinking dispositions relate to each other.MethodThree studies (N = 339, N = 400, and N = 2484) used latent profile analysis to explore the combinations in which these dispositions occur.ResultsThree qualitatively different types of “highly analytic thinkers” and two types of non‐analytic thinkers emerged. Overall Analytic thinkers scored high on all three dispositions, while Open thinkers scored high on AOT and NFC but not CRT, and Reflective thinkers had the opposite pattern. The profiles differed in societally meaningful outcomes such as misinformation susceptibility and conspiracy mentality. While the Overall Analytic and Open profiles had rational thinking outcomes conventionally expected of analytic thinkers, the Reflective thinkers did not.ConclusionsAnalytic thinking dispositions are a profile construct, whose different components should be assessed separately. The somewhat common practice of pooling AOT and NFC into composite variables with CRT is not warranted, because it risks mislabeling participants and conflating research findings.
分析性思维倾向是在认知价值和对努力思考的态度上的特质性个体差异。研究较多的倾向包括积极开放思维（AOT）、认知需求（NFC）和认知反思（CRT）。然而，目前还不清楚不同的分析思维倾向是如何相互关联的。方法3项研究（N = 339, N = 400, N = 2484）采用潜在剖面分析探讨这些倾向的组合。结果出现了三种不同性质的“高度分析思考者”和两种非分析思考者。总体而言，分析型思考者在这三种性格上得分都很高，而开放型思考者在AOT和NFC上得分很高，但在CRT上得分不高，而反思型思考者的模式正好相反。这些特征在社会意义的结果上有所不同，比如对错误信息的敏感性和阴谋心理。虽然整体分析型和开放型具有传统意义上分析型思考者所期望的理性思维结果，但反思型思考者却没有。结论分析性思维倾向是一个侧面结构，其不同组成部分应分别进行评估。将AOT和NFC与CRT合并为复合变量的做法是不合理的，因为它有错误标记参与者和混淆研究结果的风险。
{"title":"Types of Analytic Thinkers","authors":"Annika M. Svedholm‐Häkkinen","doi":"10.1111/jopy.13025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.13025","url":null,"abstract":"ObjectiveAnalytic thinking dispositions are trait‐like individual differences in epistemic values and attitudes toward putting effort into thinking. Much‐studied dispositions include actively open‐minded thinking (AOT), the need for cognition (NFC), and cognitive reflection (CRT). However, it is unclear how different analytic thinking dispositions relate to each other.MethodThree studies (<jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 339, <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 400, and <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 2484) used latent profile analysis to explore the combinations in which these dispositions occur.ResultsThree qualitatively different types of “highly analytic thinkers” and two types of non‐analytic thinkers emerged. Overall Analytic thinkers scored high on all three dispositions, while Open thinkers scored high on AOT and NFC but not CRT, and Reflective thinkers had the opposite pattern. The profiles differed in societally meaningful outcomes such as misinformation susceptibility and conspiracy mentality. While the Overall Analytic and Open profiles had rational thinking outcomes conventionally expected of analytic thinkers, the Reflective thinkers did not.ConclusionsAnalytic thinking dispositions are a profile construct, whose different components should be assessed separately. The somewhat common practice of pooling AOT and NFC into composite variables with CRT is not warranted, because it risks mislabeling participants and conflating research findings.","PeriodicalId":48421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Personality","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ObjectivePartialing is a statistical procedure in which the variance shared among two or more constructs is removed, allowing researchers to examine the unique properties of the residualized, partialed, or unique portions of each construct. Although this technique is common, its use has been criticized due to the difficulty faced in interpreting residualized variables, especially when the original constructs were highly correlated. The aim of this study is to test the degree to which psychological researchers from the fields of clinical, social, and personality psychology are able to estimate the nomological network of partialed variables accurately when provided with information on the zero‐order relations between the variables and with general personality traits.MethodsVariables with intercorrelations of varying magnitudes (i.e., anxiety, depression, antisocial personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder) will be used to test whether experts can estimate partialed variables' nomological networks vis‐à‐vis basic trait profiles. Experts' estimates will be compared to obtained partialed trait profiles via macro (overall profile similarity) and more micro (individual trait comparisons) approaches.
{"title":"Perils of Partialing: Can Scholars Predict Residualized Variables' Nomological Nets?","authors":"Leigha Rose, Donald R. Lynam, Joshua D. Miller","doi":"10.1111/jopy.13024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.13024","url":null,"abstract":"ObjectivePartialing is a statistical procedure in which the variance shared among two or more constructs is removed, allowing researchers to examine the unique properties of the residualized, partialed, or unique portions of each construct. Although this technique is common, its use has been criticized due to the difficulty faced in interpreting residualized variables, especially when the original constructs were highly correlated. The aim of this study is to test the degree to which psychological researchers from the fields of clinical, social, and personality psychology are able to estimate the nomological network of partialed variables accurately when provided with information on the zero‐order relations between the variables and with general personality traits.MethodsVariables with intercorrelations of varying magnitudes (i.e., anxiety, depression, antisocial personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder) will be used to test whether experts can estimate partialed variables' nomological networks vis‐à‐vis basic trait profiles. Experts' estimates will be compared to obtained partialed trait profiles via macro (overall profile similarity) and more micro (individual trait comparisons) approaches.","PeriodicalId":48421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Personality","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143797821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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