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Diversity in singlehood experiences: Testing an attachment theory model of sub-groups of singles. 单身经历的多样性:测试单身亚群的依恋理论模型。
IF 5 1区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-03-29 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12929
Christopher A Pepping, Yuthika U Girme, Timothy J Cronin, Geoff MacDonald

Objective: Relationship science has developed several theories to explain how and why people enter and maintain satisfying relationships. Less is known about why some people remain single, despite increasing rates of singlehood throughout the world. Using one of the most widely studied and robust theories-attachment theory-we aim to identify distinct sub-groups of singles and examine whether these sub-groups differ in their experience of singlehood and psychosocial outcomes.

Method: Across two studies of single adults (Ns = 482 and 400), we used latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify distinct sub-groups of singles.

Results: Both studies revealed four distinct profiles consistent with attachment theory: (1) secure; (2) anxious; (3) avoidant; and (4) fearful-avoidant. Furthermore, the four sub-groups of singles differed in theoretically distinct ways in their experience of singlehood and on indicators of psychosocial well-being.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that singles are a heterogeneous group of individuals that can be meaningfully differentiated based on individual differences in attachment security.

目的:人际关系学已经提出了一些理论来解释人们如何以及为什么会建立并维持令人满意的人际关系。尽管单身率在全球范围内不断上升,但人们对一些人为何保持单身却知之甚少。利用研究最广泛、最有力的理论之一--依恋理论--我们旨在确定不同的单身亚群体,并研究这些亚群体在单身经历和社会心理结果方面是否存在差异:方法:在两项针对单身成年人(人数分别为 482 人和 400 人)的研究中,我们使用潜在特征分析(LPA)来识别不同的单身亚群:结果:两项研究均揭示了与依恋理论相一致的四种不同特征:(1) 安全型;(2) 焦虑型;(3) 回避型;(4) 恐惧-回避型。此外,这四个单身亚群在单身体验和社会心理健康指标方面存在理论上的明显差异:这些研究结果表明,单身是一个异质群体,可以根据依恋安全感的个体差异对其进行有意义的区分。
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引用次数: 0
Trajectories of relationship and sexual satisfaction over 2 years in the Covid-19 pandemic: A latent class analysis. Covid-19大流行两年来的关系和性满意度轨迹:潜类分析
IF 5 1区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12928
Julia Vigl, Hannah Strauß, Francesca Talamini, Marcel Zentner

Objective: Previous research on the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on romantic relationships has mainly concentrated on short-term effects and average trends of change. This study aimed to explore different trajectories of relationship and sexual satisfaction from April 2020 to March 2022.

Method: Including a cross-national sample of 2859 individuals, a latent class approach was applied to identify subgroups of sexual and relationship satisfaction trajectories. Participants' satisfaction levels, attachment style, psychological symptoms, life satisfaction, and living arrangements were taken into account.

Results: Three latent classes were identified for both relationship and sexual satisfaction: (1) a group with high satisfaction levels but a slightly declining trajectory, (2) a group with low satisfaction levels but an ascending trajectory, and (3) a fluctuating group. Living apart, having children, psychological symptoms, low life satisfaction, and avoidant attachment characterized the two groups with low or fluctuating trajectories.

Conclusions: The findings suggest that there were different trajectories of relationship and sexual satisfaction during the pandemic, which can be predicted by individual dispositions. Even 2 years after the pandemic, its effects had not disappeared.

目的:以往关于 "Covid-19 "大流行对恋爱关系影响的研究主要集中在短期影响和平均变化趋势上。本研究旨在探讨 2020 年 4 月至 2022 年 3 月期间恋爱关系和性满意度的不同轨迹:方法:本研究采用潜类法,对 2 859 个跨国样本进行研究,以确定性满意度和恋爱关系满意度的不同轨迹。研究考虑了参与者的满意度水平、依恋风格、心理症状、生活满意度和生活安排:结果:在恋爱关系满意度和性满意度方面,确定了三个潜在类别:(1) 满意度水平高但轨迹略有下降的群体,(2) 满意度水平低但轨迹上升的群体,(3) 起伏不定的群体。分居、有孩子、心理症状、生活满意度低和回避型依恋是轨迹较低或波动的两组的特征:研究结果表明,在大流行期间,人际关系和性满意度有不同的轨迹,这可以通过个人倾向来预测。即使在疫情过去两年后,其影响仍未消失。
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引用次数: 0
Extraversion and low introversion more equivalent to high introversion in depression during COVID-19. 在 COVID-19 中,外向性和低内向性与高内向性在抑郁症中的作用更为相当。
IF 5 1区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-03-17 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12931
Nicholas Lassi

Objective: This study investigated whether forms of extraversion-introversion produced different depression-related outcomes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Method: One-way MANCOVAs were conducted to investigate the relationship between extraversion-introversion and depressive symptoms. These data were sourced from the NLSY97, consisting of 4846 individuals born between 1980 and 1984.

Results: During pre-pandemic periods, high introversion increased the risk of depressive symptoms. During the pandemic, the risk for depressive symptoms was more equivalent, or less predominately high-introvert-based, among extraverted/low introverted and high introverted subjects.

Conclusions: Extraversion/low introversion was linked with increased depression, relative to high introversion, during the pandemic. The findings raise significant questions about how individuals with distinct personality traits may experience changes in their psychological well-being during challenging public health events.

研究目的本研究探讨了在 COVID-19 大流行之前和期间,外向-内向形式是否会产生不同的抑郁相关结果:方法:对外向-内向与抑郁症状之间的关系进行了单向 MANCOVA 分析。这些数据来自 NLSY97,其中包括 4846 名出生于 1980 年至 1984 年的人:结果:在大流行前,高内向性会增加出现抑郁症状的风险。在大流行期间,外向/低内向和高内向受试者出现抑郁症状的风险更为相当,或者说高内向的受试者更少出现抑郁症状:结论:在大流行病期间,相对于高内向性而言,外向性/低内向性与抑郁症的增加有关。这些发现提出了一个重要问题,即在具有挑战性的公共卫生事件中,具有独特人格特质的个体会如何经历心理健康的变化。
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引用次数: 0
A Bayesian network analysis to examine the effects of HIV stigma processes on self-concept and depressive symptoms among persons living with HIV. 通过贝叶斯网络分析,研究艾滋病毒污名化过程对艾滋病毒感染者自我概念和抑郁症状的影响。
IF 5 1区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-03-17 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12930
Andrea Norcini Pala, Bulent Turan

Objective: This study examines the relationships between HIV stigma dimensions, self-related mechanisms, and depressive symptoms among persons living with HIV.

Background: HIV stigma hinders the well-being of individuals living with HIV, which is linked to depressive symptoms and increased risk of poor clinical outcomes. However, the mechanisms underlying stigma's impact on depression are poorly understood. Psychosocial theories propose that experiencing HIV stigma leads to internalized stigma, impacting self-concept and mental health.

Method: Using Bayesian network analysis, we explored associations among HIV stigma processes (experienced, anticipated, internalized, perceived community stigma, and HIV status disclosure) and self-related mechanisms (self-esteem, fear of negative evaluation [FNE], self-blame coping, and social exclusion), and depressive symptoms.

Results: Our diverse sample of 204 individuals, primarily men, gay/bisexual, Black, and lower-middle SES, who experienced stigma showed increased anticipated, internalized, and perceived community stigma, FNE, and depressive symptoms. Internalized stigma contributed to self-blame coping and higher depressive symptoms. Anticipated and perceived community stigma and FNE correlated with increased social exclusion.

Discussion: This study investigates potential mechanisms through which HIV stigma may impact depression. Identifying these mechanisms establishes a foundation for future research to inform targeted interventions, enhancing mental health and HIV outcomes among individuals living with HIV, especially from minority backgrounds. Insights gained guide evidence-based interventions to mitigate HIV stigma's detrimental effects, ultimately improving overall well-being and health-related outcomes for people with HIV.

目的: 本研究探讨艾滋病病毒感染者的艾滋病耻辱感维度、自我相关机制和抑郁症状之间的关系:本研究探讨了 HIV 感染者的 HIV 耻辱感维度、自我相关机制和抑郁症状之间的关系:背景:HIV 耻辱化阻碍了 HIV 感染者的身心健康,这与抑郁症状和不良临床结果风险增加有关。然而,人们对污名对抑郁症的影响机制还知之甚少。心理社会理论认为,HIV 耻辱化会导致内化的耻辱化,从而影响自我概念和心理健康:利用贝叶斯网络分析,我们探讨了 HIV 耻辱化过程(经历的、预期的、内化的、感知到的社区耻辱化和 HIV 感染状况披露)、自我相关机制(自尊、害怕负面评价 [FNE]、自责应对和社会排斥)与抑郁症状之间的关联:我们的多样化样本包括 204 人,主要是男性、同性恋/双性恋、黑人和中下层社会经济地位的人,他们经历过污名化,表现出预期的、内化的和感知到的社区污名化、FNE 和抑郁症状的增加。内化的成见导致了自责应对和抑郁症状的增加。预期的和感知到的社区成见及FNE与社会排斥的增加相关:本研究探讨了艾滋病耻辱化可能影响抑郁症的潜在机制。确定这些机制为今后的研究奠定了基础,为有针对性的干预措施提供依据,从而提高艾滋病病毒感染者(尤其是来自少数民族背景的艾滋病病毒感染者)的心理健康和艾滋病治疗效果。所获得的见解将指导循证干预措施,以减轻艾滋病耻辱感的有害影响,最终改善艾滋病病毒感染者的整体福祉和与健康相关的结果。
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引用次数: 0
Daily general discrimination predicts changes in trait negative affectivity: A 30-year cohort longitudinal study using a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model. 日常一般歧视可预测特质消极情绪的变化:使用随机截距交叉滞后面板模型的 30 年队列纵向研究。
IF 5 1区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-03-11 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12927
Allison M Daurio, Jeanette Taylor

Objective: Increasing evidence indicates discrimination is an emerging risk factor for reducing psychological well-being. Negative affectivity is a personality trait that has been associated with discrimination. Yet, few studies to date have examined the longitudinal relationship between discrimination and personality. The current study addresses this gap by examining how general discrimination and negative affectivity influence each other longitudinally.

Method: The Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) dataset was used for the current study. The MIDUS sample (N = 4244) was predominately white (90.7%), 52% female, and had an average age of 46 years old. Individuals completed follow-up measures 10 and 20 years after baseline. Data were analyzed using a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model.

Results: Individuals that scored higher on trait negative affectivity also tended to score higher on perceived daily discrimination. We found general perceived discrimination at age 55 unidirectionally predicted changes in negative affectivity around retirement age, but not from age 45 to 55. In contrast, negative affectivity did not significantly predict increases in perceived discrimination at any timepoint.

Conclusion: Our results indicate that perceived discrimination has pernicious impacts on well-being up to a decade later and may do so by increasing an individual's tendency to experience negative emotions (i.e., negative affectivity).

目的:越来越多的证据表明,歧视是降低心理健康水平的新风险因素。消极情绪是一种与歧视有关的人格特质。然而,迄今为止很少有研究探讨歧视与人格之间的纵向关系。本研究通过研究一般歧视和消极情绪如何纵向相互影响,弥补了这一空白:本研究使用了美国中年(MIDUS)数据集。MIDUS 样本(N = 4244)主要为白人(90.7%),52%为女性,平均年龄为 46 岁。这些人在基线后 10 年和 20 年完成了跟踪调查。数据采用随机截距交叉滞后面板模型进行分析:结果:在特质消极情绪方面得分较高的人在日常歧视感方面的得分也往往较高。我们发现,55 岁时感知到的一般歧视可以单向预测退休年龄前后的负情感变化,但不能预测 45 岁至 55 岁期间的负情感变化。相反,负情感在任何时间点都不能显著预测感知到的歧视的增加:我们的研究结果表明,感知到的歧视会对十年后的幸福感产生有害影响,并且可能会通过增加个体体验负面情绪的倾向(即负面情绪性)来实现。
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引用次数: 0
On the importance of being clear about the level of analysis of interest: An illustration using the case of self-compassion. 明确兴趣分析层次的重要性:以自我同情为例进行说明。
IF 5 1区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-03-10 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12924
Anabel Büchner, Christina Ewert, Cosma F A Hoffmann, Michela Schröder-Abé, Kai T Horstmann

Objective: Theories about within-person (WP) variation are often tested using between-person (BP) research, despite the well-established fact that results may not generalize across levels of analysis. One possible explanation is vague theories that do not specify which level of analysis is of interest. We illustrate such a case using the construct of self-compassion. The factor structure at the BP level has been highly debated, although the theory is actually concerned with relationships at the WP level.

Method: Multilevel confirmatory factor analysis was applied to experience-sampling data of self-compassion (N = 213, with n = 4052 measurement occasions).

Results: At both levels of analysis, evidence for a two-factor model was found. However, the factors were moderately related at the WP level (r = 0.37, p < 0.001) but largely independent at the BP level (r = 0.04, p = 0.696). Exploratory analyses revealed considerable heterogeneity in the WP relationship among individuals.

Conclusion: We discuss how our results provide new impulses to move the debate around self-compassion forward. Lastly, we outline how the WP level-which is of major interest for self-compassion and other constructs in psychology-can guide the conceptualization and assessment to promote advancements of the theory and resulting applications.

目的:关于人内(WP)变异的理论经常使用人际(BP)研究来检验,尽管事实已经证明,结果可能无法在不同的分析层面上通用。一种可能的解释是,理论含糊不清,没有明确指出哪一个分析层次是我们感兴趣的。我们用 "自我同情 "来说明这种情况。尽管该理论实际上关注的是 WP 层面的关系,但 BP 层面的因子结构一直备受争议:方法:对自我同情的经验抽样数据(N = 213,n = 4052 个测量场合)进行多层次确认性因素分析:结果:在两个层次的分析中,都发现了双因素模型的证据。然而,在 WP 层面上,各因素之间存在中度相关性(r = 0.37,p 结论):我们讨论了我们的研究结果如何为推动有关自我同情的讨论提供了新的动力。最后,我们概述了 WP 层次(这是自我同情和心理学中其他建构的主要关注点)如何指导概念化和评估,以促进理论的进步和由此产生的应用。
{"title":"On the importance of being clear about the level of analysis of interest: An illustration using the case of self-compassion.","authors":"Anabel Büchner, Christina Ewert, Cosma F A Hoffmann, Michela Schröder-Abé, Kai T Horstmann","doi":"10.1111/jopy.12924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12924","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Theories about within-person (WP) variation are often tested using between-person (BP) research, despite the well-established fact that results may not generalize across levels of analysis. One possible explanation is vague theories that do not specify which level of analysis is of interest. We illustrate such a case using the construct of self-compassion. The factor structure at the BP level has been highly debated, although the theory is actually concerned with relationships at the WP level.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Multilevel confirmatory factor analysis was applied to experience-sampling data of self-compassion (N = 213, with n = 4052 measurement occasions).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At both levels of analysis, evidence for a two-factor model was found. However, the factors were moderately related at the WP level (r = 0.37, p < 0.001) but largely independent at the BP level (r = 0.04, p = 0.696). Exploratory analyses revealed considerable heterogeneity in the WP relationship among individuals.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We discuss how our results provide new impulses to move the debate around self-compassion forward. Lastly, we outline how the WP level-which is of major interest for self-compassion and other constructs in psychology-can guide the conceptualization and assessment to promote advancements of the theory and resulting applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":48421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Personality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140094932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Some habits are more work than others: Deliberate self-regulation strategy use increases with behavioral complexity, even for established habits. 有些习惯比其他习惯更难养成:刻意自我调节策略的使用会随着行为复杂性的增加而增加,即使是已经养成的习惯也是如此。
IF 5 1区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12926
Blair Saunders, Kimberly R More

Objective: We tested the hypothesis that complex behaviors are commonly supported by self-regulation strategies, even when those behaviors are supported by strong instigation habits.

Background: Goal-directed and habit-mediated processes arise from separable systems that have been suggested to seldomly interact.

Results: Self-regulation strategy use was lower for habitually instigated simple behaviors compared to nonhabitually instigated simple behaviors. However, participants' use of self-regulation strategies increased with the increasing complexity of behaviors, even when complex behaviors were habitually instigated. The difference in the extent of strategy use between habitually and nonhabitually instigated actions was absent when behavioral complexity was particularly high.

Conclusion: These results point to a qualitative distinction-while simple behaviors may progress in a relatively automatic and unthinking manner, complex behaviors receive frequent support from self-regulation strategies, even if they are instigated habitually.

目的我们测试了一个假设,即复杂行为通常会得到自我调节策略的支持,即使这些行为受到强烈的教唆习惯的支持:背景:目标导向过程和习惯中介过程产生于可分离的系统,这些系统被认为很少相互作用:结果:与非习惯性简单行为相比,习惯性简单行为的自我调节策略使用率较低。然而,随着行为复杂程度的增加,参与者对自我调节策略的使用也在增加,即使是习惯性煽动的复杂行为。当行为的复杂程度特别高时,习惯性行为和非习惯性行为在策略使用程度上的差异就会消失:这些结果表明了一个质的区别--简单的行为可能会以相对自动和不假思索的方式进行,而复杂的行为则会经常得到自我调节策略的支持,即使这些行为是习惯性地煽动的。
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引用次数: 0
Why moral psychology needs personality psychology 为什么道德心理学需要人格心理学?
IF 5 1区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12919
Jessie Sun, Luke D. Smillie

People vary in how they perceive, think about, and respond to moral issues. Clearly, we cannot fully understand the psychology of morality without accounting for individual differences in moral functioning. But decades of neglect of and explicit skepticism toward such individual differences has resulted in a lack of integration between moral psychology and personality psychology—the study of psychological differences between people. In recent years, these barriers to progress have started to break down. This special issue aims to celebrate and further increase the visibility of the personality psychology of morality. Here, we introduce the articles in this special issue by highlighting some important contributions a personality-based perspective has to offer moral psychology—particularly in comparison to the currently prominent social psychological approach. We show that personality psychology is well-placed to (a) contribute toward a rigorous empirical foundation for moral psychology, (b) tackle the conceptualization and assessment of stable moral tendencies, (c) assess the predictive validity of moral traits in relation to consequential outcomes, (d) uncover the mechanisms underlying individual differences in moral judgments and behavior, and (e) provide insights into moral development. For these reasons, we believe that moral psychology needs personality psychology to reach its full scholarly potential.

人们对道德问题的认识、思考和反应各不相同。显然,如果不考虑道德功能的个体差异,我们就无法完全理解道德心理学。但是,数十年来,由于对这种个体差异的忽视和明确的怀疑态度,导致道德心理学与人格心理学--研究人与人之间心理差异的学科--之间缺乏整合。近年来,这些阻碍进步的障碍开始被打破。本特刊旨在庆祝并进一步提高道德人格心理学的知名度。在此,我们将介绍本特刊中的文章,强调基于人格的视角对道德心理学的一些重要贡献--尤其是与目前突出的社会心理学方法相比。我们表明,人格心理学完全有能力(a)为道德心理学奠定严谨的实证基础,(b)解决稳定道德倾向的概念化和评估问题,(c)评估道德特质与后果相关的预测有效性,(d)揭示道德判断和行为中个体差异的内在机制,以及(e)为道德发展提供真知灼见。基于这些原因,我们认为道德心理学需要人格心理学来充分发挥其学术潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Networking trait resilience: Unifying fragmented trait resilience systems from an ecological systems theory perspective. 特质复原力网络化:从生态系统论的角度统一零散的特质复原力系统。
IF 5 1区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12925
John Maltby

Objective: This study reconceptualized trait resilience, defining it as a network of systems; utilizing direct resilience assessments-engineering, ecological, adaptive capacity, social cohesion-and proxy resilience assessments-personality, cognitive, emotional, eudaimonia, and health.

Background: The background of the study addresses the fragmented conceptualization of trait resilience by proposing a unifying network model based on ecological systems theory, illustrating the dynamic interplay of resilience factors across varying levels of disturbance.

Method: In Study One, four USA or UK samples (total n = 2396) were used to depict the trait resilience network. Study Two (n = 1091) examined the relationship between the network and disturbance at two time-points, using mental health levels as a disturbance metric.

Results: Study One found that adaptive capacity, and sometimes positive emotional processes, were central variables to the network. Study Two found that in lower disturbance groups, adaptive capacity remained important, while in higher disturbance groups, a broader set of variables became central to the network.

Conclusions: Study One suggests a Broaden-and-Build approach, where adaptive capacity is a foundational resilience capability, reciprocally associated with positive emotional mechanisms. Study Two suggests a new "Dynamic Resilience Spectrum Theory," proposing that increased disturbances necessitate the use of a more diverse set of resilience traits.

研究目的本研究将特质复原力重新概念化,将其定义为一个系统网络;利用直接复原力评估(工程、生态、适应能力、社会凝聚力)和替代复原力评估(个性、认知、情感、幸福感和健康):研究背景:本研究以生态系统论为基础,提出了一个统一的网络模型,说明了在不同程度的干扰下各种复原力因素之间的动态相互作用,从而解决了特质复原力的概念化问题:研究一:利用四个美国或英国样本(总数 n = 2396)来描述特质复原力网络。研究二(n = 1091)使用心理健康水平作为干扰度量标准,在两个时间点考察了该网络与干扰之间的关系:研究一发现,适应能力,有时是积极的情绪过程,是网络的核心变量。研究二发现,在干扰程度较低的群体中,适应能力仍然很重要,而在干扰程度较高的群体中,一系列更广泛的变量成为网络的核心:结论:研究一提出了一种 "拓宽与建设 "方法,即适应能力是一种基础复原能力,与积极情绪机制相互关联。研究二提出了一种新的 "动态复原力光谱理论",认为干扰的增加需要使用更多样化的复原力特征。
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引用次数: 0
Individual differences in spite predict costly third-party punishment 个体差异可预测代价高昂的第三方惩罚
IF 5 1区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12923
José L. Martínez, Jon K. Maner
Spiteful behaviors are those aimed at inflicting harm on another person while also incurring a cost to the self. Although spite sometimes reflects destructive and socially undesirable behaviors including aggression, the current work sought to examine a potentially socially beneficial aspect of spite: engagement in costly punishment for selfish behavior.
怨恨行为是指那些旨在对他人造成伤害,同时也使自己付出代价的行为。尽管 "怨恨 "有时反映了包括攻击在内的破坏性和社会不良行为,但目前的研究试图考察 "怨恨 "可能对社会有益的一面:对自私行为进行代价高昂的惩罚。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Personality
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