Journal of Personality最新文献_第7页

The Positive Effect of pro-Environmental Behavior on Eudaimonic Well-Being in Young Adults: A Daily Diary Study Using the Within-Person Encouragement Design 亲环境行为对年轻人幸福感的积极影响：一项使用人内鼓励设计的每日日记研究

IF 2.7 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2025-03-20 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.13021

Silvia Caldaroni, Maria Gerbino, Florian Schmiedek, Andreas B. Neubauer, Lucia Manfredi, Fulvio Gregori, Concetta Pastorelli, Giuseppe Corbelli, Antonio Zuffianò

Introduction

Existing literature has highlighted the relevance of Pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs)—actions intended to benefit the environment—to Eudaimonic well-being (EWB, i.e., meaning in life and connectedness to others). However, most research has focused on stable individual differences and utilized cross-sectional designs, giving limited attention to the momentary fluctuations of PEBs within individuals. This study aimed to investigate the daily impact of PEBs on EWB from a causal perspective, examining whether manipulating daily PEBs would result in higher levels of EWB on those days.

Method

We adopted the Within-Person Encouragement Design, an experimental approach employing instrumental variable estimation, in a Dynamic Structural Equation Modeling framework. Participants were 63 Italian young adults assessed over 21 days and who received 11 randomized encouragements (i.e., “Today we ask you to implement more pro-environmental actions than you would normally enact on a typical day”).

Results

A significant positive adherence effect of the encouragement on PEB, and a significant positive treatment effect of PEB on EWB was found.

Conclusion

These findings are promising for advancing successful behavioral interventions designed to encourage daily PEBs in younger generations and highlight the importance of PEBs for experiencing a more meaningful life and enhanced connectedness with others.

现有文献强调了亲环境行为(PEBs) -旨在使环境受益的行为-与幸福（EWB，即生活中的意义和与他人的联系）的相关性。然而，大多数研究都集中在稳定的个体差异上，并采用了横断面设计，对个体内peb的瞬时波动关注有限。本研究旨在从因果关系的角度探讨peb对EWB的日常影响，考察操纵每日peb是否会导致这些天的EWB水平升高。方法在动态结构方程建模框架中，采用工具变量估计的实验方法——人内激励设计。参与者是63名意大利年轻人，他们在21天内接受了评估，并收到了11项随机的鼓励（即，“今天我们要求你实施比你平常一天更多的环保行动”）。结果鼓励对PEB有显著的正向依从作用，PEB对EWB有显著的正向治疗作用。结论：这些发现有望推动成功的行为干预，旨在鼓励年轻一代的日常peb，并强调peb对于体验更有意义的生活和加强与他人的联系的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Is Social Mindfulness an Antidote to Early Adolescents' Aggressive Behavior in Daily School Life? The Moderating Role of Classroom Interpersonal Climate 社会正念是早期青少年在日常学校生活中的攻击行为的解毒剂吗？课堂人际氛围的调节作用。

IF 2.7 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2025-03-14 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.13020

Liu Yang, Christina Salmivalli, Jiayi Wang, Jiahui Chen, Muhua Lyu, Ping Ren

Objective

The current study aimed to elucidate how fluctuations in social mindfulness were related to early adolescents' proactive and reactive aggressive behavior on a day-to-day basis. Daily (within-person) fluctuations and average between-person differences in classroom interpersonal climate were further examined as potential moderators of the aforementioned daily association, respectively.

Method

Using daily dairy procedures, 536 early adolescents (M_age = 10.40 years, SD = 0.94; 55.97% boys) completed a questionnaire once a day for 10 days.

Results

Daily increases in social mindfulness were linked to concurrent and next-day reductions in reactive but not proactive aggressive behavior. Daily increases in social mindfulness were associated with reductions in the next day's reactive aggressive behavior, particularly among those who perceived the classroom interpersonal climate as average or below average. Within-day links between social mindfulness and both types of aggressive behavior did not change whether the classroom interpersonal climate perceived by early adolescents was better or worse than usual.

Conclusions

These findings provide a valuable reference for the prevention and intervention of aggressive behavior in early adolescents, in which cultivating social mindfulness and fostering a friendly and supportive interpersonal climate in the classroom may represent promising avenues to explore.

目的：本研究旨在阐明社会正念的波动如何与早期青少年的日常主动和反应性攻击行为相关。我们进一步研究了课堂人际气氛的日常（内部）波动和平均人际差异分别作为上述日常关联的潜在调节因子。方法：采用每日记录程序，选取536例早期青少年(Mage = 10.40 years, SD = 0.94；55.97%男生)每天完成一次问卷，为期10天。结果：每天增加的社会正念与同时和第二天减少的反应性攻击行为有关，而不是主动攻击行为。每天增加的社会意识与第二天反应性攻击行为的减少有关，特别是那些认为课堂人际关系气氛处于平均水平或低于平均水平的学生。无论早期青少年感知到的课堂人际气氛比平时好还是差，社会正念与两种攻击行为之间的联系在一天内都没有改变。结论：本研究结果为青少年早期攻击行为的预防和干预提供了有价值的参考，在课堂中培养社会正念和培养友好和支持的人际氛围可能是有希望探索的途径。

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引用次数: 0

Thoughts Falling Apart: Disorganized Schizotypy Specifically Predicts Both Psychotic- and Stress-Reactivity in Daily Life 思想崩溃：无组织精神分裂特别预示着日常生活中的精神反应和压力反应

IF 2.7 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.13019

Levente Rónai, Flóra Hann, Szabolcs Kéri, Bertalan Polner

Objective

Schizotypal personality traits, such as unusual experiences, odd beliefs, or social anhedonia, predict psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and heightened stress-reactivity in daily life. Yet, in previous studies, stressor appraisal, but not exposure, was used to predict stress-reactivity, which might be a consequence of behavioral sensitization rather than a valid predictor of it.

Method

We conducted an experience sampling study where 126 participants reported PLEs, event appraisals, and exposure to stressors, yielding 4611 observations. We tested the association of schizotypal traits with PLEs and event-unpleasantness in interaction with stressor exposure.

Results

Disorganized (but not positive or negative) schizotypy predicted not only more intense PLEs but also higher PLEs in periods when stressor exposure had risen. However, in higher negative schizotypy, such PLE-reactivity to stressors was reversed. Moreover, individuals with higher disorganization found events more unpleasant overall, and for them, being exposed to more stressors was related to a steeper rise in appraising events as unpleasant.

Conclusions

Disorganization, but not positive or negative schizotypy, might be a specific determinant of stressor-related increases in PLEs and negative event appraisal in everyday life in the general population. This supports that disorganized personality might be a critical predictor of vulnerability to stress-related mental health impairments.

目的精神分裂型人格特征，如不寻常的经历、奇怪的信仰或社交快感缺乏，预示着日常生活中精神病样经历（ple）和高应激反应。然而，在以前的研究中，压力源评估（而不是暴露）被用来预测压力反应性，这可能是行为敏感化的结果，而不是有效的预测因素。方法对126名参与者进行了经验抽样研究，报告了他们的痛苦经历、事件评估和压力源暴露情况，得出了4611项观察结果。我们测试了分裂型特征与ple的关系，以及应激源暴露与事件不愉快的相互作用。结果无序型（非阳性或阴性）分裂型在应激源暴露增加的时期不仅预示着更强烈的ple，而且预示着更高的ple。然而，在较高的阴性分裂型中，这种对应激源的PLE反应被逆转。此外，总体而言，混乱程度较高的个体发现事件更令人不快，对他们来说，暴露于更多压力源与对事件的不快评价的急剧上升有关。结论在普通人群的日常生活中，紊乱可能是应激源相关的ple和负性事件评价增加的特定决定因素，而非正性或负性分裂型。这支持了无组织人格可能是压力相关心理健康障碍易感性的关键预测因子。

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引用次数: 0

The Potential Roles of Social Ostracism and Loneliness in the Development of Dark Triad Traits in Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study 社会排斥和孤独在青少年黑暗性格发展中的潜在作用：一项纵向研究。

IF 2.7 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2025-03-08 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.13018

Junwei Pu, Xiong Gan

Objective

While most existing research on the Dark Triad focuses on the outcomes associated with these traits, studies examining their development are relatively limited. Although genetic perspectives are popular in explaining the origins of DT traits, external environments and personal experiences may also have a potential impact on their development. Therefore, this study aims to investigate this process between social ostracism and DT traits, as well as the psychological mechanisms underlying this relationship.

Method

Data were collected from 294 adolescents (168 boys, 126 girls) aged 15–18 years (M = 16.02, SD = 0.54), with 6-month intervals between T1 and T2, and 8 months between T2 and T3. Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Models (RI-CLPM, analytical sample = 230) were used to examine the longitudinal relationships between social ostracism, loneliness, and Dark Triad traits.

Results

The Results Showed a Unidirectional Cross-Lagged Relationship From Social Ostracism (T1) to Dark Triad Traits (T3), with Loneliness at T2 Acting as a Potential Mediator in This Process.

Conclusions

These findings imply that early social ostracism may lead to loneliness, which in turn fosters the development of traits like those in the Dark Triad, as individuals may adopt these traits as coping mechanisms in response to prolonged social stress and vulnerability.

目的：虽然大多数关于黑暗三合一的现有研究都集中在与这些特征相关的结果上，但对其发展的研究相对有限。虽然遗传观点在解释DT特征的起源方面很受欢迎，但外部环境和个人经历也可能对其发展产生潜在影响。因此，本研究旨在探讨社会排斥与DT特质之间的关系过程，以及这种关系背后的心理机制。方法：收集15-18岁青少年294例（男168例，女126例）的数据（M = 16.02, SD = 0.54）， T1至T2间隔6个月，T2至T3间隔8个月。采用随机截距交叉滞后面板模型（RI-CLPM，分析样本= 230）检验了社会排斥、孤独感和黑暗三联征之间的纵向关系。结果：社会排斥（T1）与黑暗人格特质（T3）之间存在单向的交叉滞后关系，孤独感在这一过程中起着潜在的中介作用。结论：这些发现表明，早期的社会排斥可能导致孤独，这反过来又促进了黑暗人格特征的发展，因为个体可能采用这些特征作为应对长期社会压力和脆弱性的机制。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of Reflective Processes on Social–Emotional Trait Development in Adulthood: Insights From Two Multi-Method Studies 反思过程对成年期社会情绪特质发展的影响：两项多方法研究的启示。

IF 2.7 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.13016

Gabriela Küchler, Kira S. A. Borgdorf, Corina Aguilar-Raab, Cornelia Wrzus

Objective

This research investigates how reflective processes, such as past-temporal and social comparisons, enhance changes in explicit and implicit self-concepts of social–emotional traits and whether these effects differ with age.

Method

We conducted two preregistered multi-method studies to examine whether past-temporal or social comparisons predict changes in emotional stability and extraversion. In the longitudinal study (N = 615, aged 18–84 years), we assessed the frequency of past-temporal and social comparisons, explicit and implicit self-concepts of emotional stability and extraversion at two measuring points 6 months apart. In the experimental study (N = 231, aged 18–93 years), we elicited trait-relevant behavioral changes, manipulated past-temporal versus social comparisons, and assessed explicit and implicit trait self-concepts before and after the manipulation.

Results

Past-temporal and social comparisons predicted longitudinal changes in the explicit self-concept of emotional stability but not extraversion. The experimental study indicated changes in explicit self-concepts of both traits, regardless of the type of comparison standard. Neither type of comparison predicted changes in implicit self-concepts. The findings were generalizable across age groups.

Conclusions

This research provides the first evidence that comparisons facilitate the change of explicit but not implicit trait self-concepts. We discuss short-term mechanisms of personality development and future directions for examining them experimentally.

目的：探讨过去时间比较和社会比较等反思过程如何促进社会情绪特征的外显和内隐自我概念的变化，以及这些影响是否随年龄而不同。方法：我们进行了两项预先注册的多方法研究，以检验过去时间或社会比较是否预测情绪稳定性和外向性的变化。在纵向研究中（N = 615, 18-84岁），我们在相隔6个月的两个测量点评估了过去时间和社会比较的频率，情绪稳定性和外向性的外显和内隐自我概念。在实验研究中（N = 231，年龄18-93岁），我们诱导特质相关的行为改变，操纵过去时间与社会比较，并评估操纵前后的外显和内隐特质自我概念。结果：过去时间和社会比较可以预测情绪稳定性外显自我概念的纵向变化，但不能预测外向性。实验研究表明，无论比较标准的类型如何，这两种特征的外显自我概念都会发生变化。两种比较都不能预测内隐自我概念的变化。这些发现在各个年龄组中都具有普遍性。结论：本研究首次提供了比较促进外显而非内隐特质自我概念改变的证据。我们讨论了人格发展的短期机制和未来的实验研究方向。

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引用次数: 0

Personality, Ideology, and Attitudes Toward Social Justice 人格、意识形态和对社会正义的态度。

IF 2.7 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2025-02-26 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.13014

Xiaowen Xu, Autumn N. Scarborough, Lachlan M. Anthony, Luke D. Smillie

Objective

The importance of diversity, inclusiveness, and social justice has been increasingly emphasized in different institutions and organizations around the world. The present research adopted an individual differences approach to understanding people's attitudes toward diversity and social justice.

Method

Across three studies (Ns ranging from 371 to 700), participants completed measures of Big Five personality traits, political ideology, and attitudes toward a range of social justice issues (diversity, LGBTQ+, racial relations, abortion).

Results

Higher Openness to Experience and Agreeableness emerged as the most consistent predictors of higher support for social justice. Higher Neuroticism and lower Conscientiousness also predicted support for social justice issues. Furthermore, consistent with the dual-process model of ideology, we found that right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation tended to predict social justice support above and beyond Openness to Experience and Agreeableness.

Conclusion

This work provides important insights into the personality predictors of social justice support.

目标：世界各地的不同机构和组织越来越强调多样性、包容性和社会正义的重要性。本研究采用个体差异的方法来理解人们对多样性和社会正义的态度。方法：在三个研究中（n从371到700），参与者完成了五大人格特征、政治意识形态和对一系列社会正义问题（多样性、LGBTQ+、种族关系、堕胎）的态度。结果：较高的经验开放性和亲和性是对社会正义较高支持的最一致的预测因子。较高的神经质和较低的责任心也预示着对社会正义问题的支持。此外，与意识形态的双重过程模型一致，我们发现右翼威权主义和社会支配取向倾向于预测社会正义支持，高于经验开放性和亲和性。结论：本研究为社会公正支持的人格预测因素提供了重要的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Beyond the Moderating Role of Neuroticism on Evaluative Conditioning: Threat Appraisal 超越神经质对评价条件反射的调节作用：威胁评价。

IF 2.7 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.13017

Darian Faur, Florin Alin Sava

Objective

Reality perception is often altered by general dispositional factors that are associated with emotional vulnerability, both inherited and acquired, that emerge in a specific learning context. The current study will examine whether neuroticism and looming cognitive style, factors that account for emotional vulnerability, interact in a manner that influences the evaluative conditioning effect (the magnitude of valence change in a conditioned stimulus due to pairing with an unconditioned stimulus).

Method

To achieve this, we will implement an evaluative conditioning procedure that pairs positive stimuli, nonthreatening negative stimuli, and threatening negative stimuli with neutral stimuli. Participants will also provide measures of valence and threat characteristics for the unconditioned stimuli, along with assessments of neuroticism and looming cognitive style.

Results

We expect that the evaluative conditioning effect will be mediated by threat and valence evaluations of unconditioned stimuli. We also expect that neuroticism will moderate the valence and threat values of unconditioned stimuli, whereas cognitive looming will moderate the magnitude of valence transfer from unconditioned stimuli to conditioned stimuli.

Conclusions

We presume that neuroticism will explain the reactivity to valenced and threatening stimuli, while looming cognitive style will account for the negative bias in the conditioned stimuli evaluation.

目的：现实感知经常被与情感脆弱性相关的一般性格因素所改变，这些因素包括遗传的和获得的，这些因素出现在特定的学习环境中。目前的研究将检查神经质和隐现的认知风格，这些因素解释了情感脆弱性，是否以一种影响评价条件反射效应的方式相互作用（由于与非条件刺激配对而导致条件刺激的效价变化的大小）。方法：为了达到这个目的，我们将实施一个评价条件作用程序，将积极刺激、无威胁性的消极刺激和威胁性的消极刺激与中性刺激配对。参与者还将提供对非条件刺激的效价和威胁特征的测量，以及对神经质和隐现认知风格的评估。结果：我们预期非条件刺激的威胁性评价和效价评价会介导评价条件作用。神经质会调节非条件刺激的效价和威胁值，而认知隐现会调节从非条件刺激到条件刺激的效价转移的幅度。结论：我们认为神经质可以解释对价值刺激和威胁刺激的反应性，而隐现性认知风格可以解释条件刺激评价中的负向偏见。

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引用次数: 0

Inter- and Intraindividual Relations Between Agentic, Communal Self-Enhancement and Hedonic, Eudaimonic Well-Being: Feedback and Mediation Mechanisms 个体间、个体内自我提升与快乐、幸福的关系：反馈与中介机制。

IF 2.7 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2025-02-13 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.13015

Jiangyong Li, Huaiyuan Qi, Huiqing Huang, Junyi Wang, Xuhai Chen, Yangmei Luo

Introduction

Researchers seldom consider the interplay between self-enhancement (SE) and well-being at both inter- and intraindividual levels. Previous studies have primarily focused on agentic SE and hedonic well-being, often neglecting communal SE and eudaimonic well-being. This study aims to address these gaps by examining the reciprocal relationship between both agentic and communal SE and both hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Self-esteem is identified as a potential mediator in these relationships at both inter- and intraindividual levels.

Method

Using experience sampling, 172 participants (M_age = 24.25, 75% female) responded to smartphone prompts four times daily for 10 days, yielding 5925 observations. Data were analyzed with Dynamic Structural Equation Modeling.

Results

At the intraindividual level, stronger SE predicted increased hedonic and eudaimonic well-being within a short period (about 4 h). This enhanced well-being, in turn, was related to stronger SE, creating a positive feedback loop. At the interindividual level, higher agentic and communal SE correlated with greater well-being. Self-esteem mediated the reciprocal associations between SE and well-being at both levels.

Conclusion

These findings offer new insights into the dynamics of SE and well-being, supporting the positive link between SE and well-being in everyday life, emphasizing the mediating role of self-esteem across different analysis levels.

研究人员很少在个体间和个体内部层面上考虑自我增强与幸福感之间的相互作用。以往的研究主要集中在主观幸福感和享乐幸福感上，往往忽视了公共幸福感和幸福幸福感。本研究旨在通过研究代理和公共SE以及享乐和幸福之间的互惠关系来解决这些差距。在这些关系中，自尊被认为是一个潜在的中介，在个体之间和个体内部的水平。方法：采用经验抽样的方法，172名参与者（男性= 24.25人，75%为女性）在10天内每天4次回应智能手机提示，产生5925条观察结果。采用动态结构方程模型对数据进行分析。结果：在个体内部水平上，较强的SE预示着在短时间内（约4小时）快乐和幸福的增加。这种幸福感的增强反过来又与更强的自我感觉感相关，从而形成一个积极的反馈循环。在个体间水平上，较高的代理和公共SE与较高的幸福感相关。自尊在这两个层面上介导了自我体验与幸福感之间的相互关联。结论：这些研究结果为研究自尊与幸福感的动态关系提供了新的见解，支持了自尊与日常生活幸福感之间的正相关关系，强调了自尊在不同分析水平上的中介作用。

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引用次数: 0

Investigating solitude as a tool for downregulation of daily arousal using ecological momentary assessments. 利用生态学瞬间评估，研究独处作为下调日常唤醒的工具。

IF 5 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12939

Thuy-Vy T Nguyen, Delali Konu, Samuel Forbes

Objective: This research explored arousal levels as a motivating factor for solitude-seeking. We hypothesized that solitude becomes more desirable when high-arousal emotions were heightened and individual differences in extraversion and neuroticism would moderate this pattern.

Method: We tracked individuals' hourly experiences throughout a day. We assessed their high-arousal positive (e.g., excitement) and negative emotions (e.g., tension), whether they were alone or with others, and their preferred situation at the time of the signal. We gathered 4338 surveys from 362 participants, with 103 participants completing all hourly surveys.

Results: Preference for and incidence of solitude changed throughout the day. Contrary to our hypotheses, lagged analyses did not indicate high-arousal emotions predicting reports of being alone an hour later. However, individuals were more likely to express a preference for solitude while experiencing high-arousal negative emotions, and less so while experiencing positive emotions. Younger individuals display stronger preference for solitude during experiences of high-arousal negative emotions. Extraversion and neuroticism did not moderate these patterns.

Conclusions: The results highlight the distinctive appeal of solitude as a space for young adults to deal with negative emotions. We discussed how these findings are connected to existing literature and implications for future research.

研究目的本研究探讨了唤醒水平作为寻求独处动机的一个因素。我们假设，当高唤醒情绪高涨时，独处会变得更受欢迎，而外向性和神经质的个体差异会缓和这种模式：我们对个体一天中每小时的经历进行了追踪。我们评估了他们的高唤醒积极情绪（如兴奋）和消极情绪（如紧张），他们是独自一人还是与他人在一起，以及他们在发出信号时的首选情境。我们收集了 362 名参与者的 4338 份调查问卷，其中 103 名参与者完成了所有的小时调查：结果：对独处的偏好和独处的发生率全天都在变化。与我们的假设相反，滞后分析并没有表明高焦虑情绪会预测一小时后的独处报告。然而，在经历高焦虑负面情绪时，个体更倾向于表示独处，而在经历积极情绪时则不那么倾向于独处。年轻人在经历高焦虑负面情绪时更倾向于独处。外向性和神经质对这些模式没有调节作用：这些结果凸显了独处作为年轻人处理负面情绪的空间的独特魅力。我们讨论了这些发现与现有文献的联系以及对未来研究的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Embodied Cognition and the Structure of Personality: An Exploratory Study of Longitudinal Pathways From Early Psychomotor Function 具身认知与人格结构：早期精神运动功能纵向路径的探索性研究

IF 2.7 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.13011

Dimitris I. Tsomokos

Objective

To explore the developmental pathways linking infant psychomotor function with personality in late adolescence through cognitive, social, and self-regulation skills. The broader research question, seen through the lens of embodied cognition, is whether cognition and personality in youth develop from basic sensorimotor and communicative systems in infancy.

Method

The sample included 9202 participants from a representative UK birth cohort. A structural equation model examined the prospective associations between motor and communicative functions at age 9 months, cognition, self-regulation, and prosociality at 5 years, and the five-factor model of personality at 17 years. The associations between psychomotor function and the meta-traits of stability and plasticity were also explored.

Results

Even after controlling for confounders and correcting for multiple paths, there was robust evidence that psychomotor development significantly predicts personality structure, with indirect pathways mediated by self-regulation skills and general or social cognitive skills in middle childhood. While infant communicative function was significantly associated with both meta-traits, gross motor function was significantly associated with plasticity but not stability.

Conclusions

Early psychomotor function may have long-term effects on personality, mediated by cognitive, social, and self-regulation skills. This finding can inform the development of socio-educational interventions and tailored curricula in early childhood education.

目的通过认知、社会和自我调节技能，探讨青春期后期婴儿心理运动功能与人格之间的发展途径。从具身认知的角度来看，更广泛的研究问题是，青少年的认知和人格是否从婴儿期的基本感觉运动和交际系统发展而来。方法样本包括9202名来自有代表性的英国出生队列的参与者。结构方程模型考察了9个月大时运动和交际功能，5岁时认知、自我调节和亲社会行为，以及17岁时人格的五因素模型之间的前瞻性联系。我们还探讨了精神运动功能与稳定性和可塑性元特征之间的关系。结果在控制混杂因素和校正多路径后，有强有力的证据表明，儿童中期的精神运动发展显著预测人格结构，其间接途径由自我调节技能和一般或社会认知技能介导。虽然婴儿的交际功能与这两种元特征显著相关，但大运动功能与可塑性显著相关，而与稳定性无关。结论早期精神运动功能可能通过认知、社会和自我调节技能对人格产生长期影响。这一发现可以为社会教育干预措施的发展和量身定制的幼儿教育课程提供信息。

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