Journal of Experimental Social Psychology最新文献_第3页

Love is in the soul, math is in the brain: Dualist intuitions and belief in psychological science 爱在灵魂中，数学在大脑中：二元论直觉与心理科学的信仰

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2025-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104845

Francisco Cruz, André Mata

In this research we explore why people have dualist beliefs about certain psychological phenomena (associating them with the soul or spirit rather than the brain), and the consequences of those beliefs for people's lay conceptions of what science can and cannot explain about how the mind works. We also explore whether dualist beliefs are intuitive and corrected upon reflection or rather held explicitly. We found that the first-person subjective experience (FPSE) of psychological phenomena predicts the extent to which individuals hold dualist beliefs about them (attributing those phenomena more to the soul/spirit and less to the brain). Our results further suggest that individuals are intuitive dualists, expressing different beliefs when making fast vs. slow judgments about the source of psychological phenomena that are associated with a strong FPSE (e.g., falling in love), with fast judgments leaning more towards the soul/spirit and slow judgments towards the brain. This dissociation is not observed for phenomena that do not elicit a FPSE (e.g., reading a map). Finally, this intuitive dualism has consequences for people's beliefs about science: Phenomena thought to be anchored on a material basis (i.e., the brain) are believed to be more explainable through science than those that are not (an effect supported by both correlational and experimental evidence).

在这项研究中，我们探讨了为什么人们对某些心理现象有二元论的信仰（将它们与灵魂或精神而不是大脑联系在一起），以及这些信仰对人们对科学能解释什么和不能解释什么关于大脑是如何工作的非专业概念的影响。我们还探讨了二元论信仰是直观的，并在反思后得到纠正，还是明确地持有。我们发现心理现象的第一人称主观体验（FPSE）预测了个体对他们持有二元论信念的程度（将这些现象更多地归因于灵魂/精神，而不是大脑）。我们的研究结果进一步表明，个体是直觉上的二元论者，在对与强烈的FPSE相关的心理现象（例如，坠入爱河）的来源做出快速和缓慢判断时，他们表达了不同的信念，快速判断更倾向于灵魂/精神，而缓慢判断更倾向于大脑。对于不引起FPSE的现象（例如，阅读地图），不会观察到这种分离。最后，这种直观的二元论对人们对科学的信念产生了影响：被认为是基于物质基础（即大脑）的现象被认为比那些不能通过科学解释的现象更容易解释（相关证据和实验证据都支持这一效应）。

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引用次数: 0

Less “awe”-some art: How AI diminishes the empathic power of the arts 减少“敬畏”——一些艺术：人工智能如何削弱艺术的移情力量

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2025-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104840

Michael W. White, Rebecca Ponce de Leon

The arts are widely recognized for their profound psychological and social benefits. Although historically viewed as a uniquely human pursuit, art is increasingly created with artificial intelligence (AI). In the current work, we explore whether AI-generated art evokes the same emotional reactions and inspires the same interpersonal benefits as human-created art. Integrating appraisal theories of emotion and philosophical accounts of the arts, we propose that art believed to be AI-generated elicits less awe than human-created art, which in turn diminishes empathy. Across five preregistered studies (N = 1598), we find consistent support for these relationships across multiple artistic media (visual and literary) and participant samples (art museum patrons, online participants, and community members). Although art is often an effective conduit for fostering empathy, our findings reveal that AI-generated art may lack the capacity to inspire awe in the same way as human-created art, diminishing its ability to cultivate empathy. This work reveals that responses to art are shaped by beliefs about its creator, raising important questions about the emotional and social consequences of AI's growing role in creative domains.

艺术因其深刻的心理和社会效益而得到广泛认可。虽然历史上被视为人类独有的追求，但艺术越来越多地由人工智能（AI）创造。在目前的工作中，我们探索人工智能生成的艺术是否能唤起与人类创造的艺术相同的情感反应并激发相同的人际利益。结合情感评估理论和艺术的哲学解释，我们提出，被认为是人工智能产生的艺术比人类创造的艺术更少引起敬畏，这反过来又减少了同理心。在五项预先登记的研究中（N = 1598），我们发现这些关系在多种艺术媒体（视觉和文学）和参与者样本（艺术博物馆赞助人、在线参与者和社区成员）中得到一致的支持。虽然艺术通常是培养同理心的有效渠道，但我们的研究结果表明，人工智能生成的艺术可能缺乏像人类创造的艺术那样激发敬畏的能力，从而削弱了其培养同理心的能力。这项工作揭示了对艺术的反应是由对其创作者的信念所塑造的，这就提出了关于人工智能在创意领域日益重要的作用所带来的情感和社会后果的重要问题。

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引用次数: 0

Slippery slope thinking links religiosity to punishment 滑坡思维将宗教信仰与惩罚联系在一起

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2025-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104844

Rajen A. Anderson , Benjamin C. Ruisch , Maryam Kouchaki

Major contemporary religions tend to emphasize self-control and moral purity in their believers. Such belief systems may have implications for moral judgments and social predictions. One topic that has received attention—with mixed results—is the relative punitiveness of religious believers. In the present research, we examine whether religiosity predicts punitive attitudes and propose a novel mechanism: slippery slope thinking, in which small changes are predicted to have potentially disastrous consequences. In eight samples across three nations and religious traditions, we find that greater religiosity is associated with greater slippery slope thinking. This association is related to psychological tendencies to believe in karma and moralize matters of self-control. Furthermore, we find that slippery slope thinking helps explain why more religious people are more punitive, especially for relatively minor transgressions. This research provides insight into the psychology of religious beliefs and provides a cognitive mechanism (slippery slope thinking) linking religiosity and punishment.

当代主要宗教倾向于强调信徒的自我控制和道德纯洁。这样的信仰体系可能会对道德判断和社会预测产生影响。一个受到关注的话题——结果好坏参半——是对宗教信徒的相对惩罚。在本研究中，我们考察了宗教信仰是否会预测惩罚态度，并提出了一种新的机制：滑坡思维，其中微小的变化被预测有潜在的灾难性后果。在三个国家和宗教传统的八个样本中，我们发现更大的宗教信仰与更大的滑坡思维有关。这种联系与相信因果报应和道德自律的心理倾向有关。此外，我们发现滑坡思维有助于解释为什么更多的宗教人士更具惩罚性，特别是对相对较小的违法行为。这项研究提供了对宗教信仰心理学的洞察，并提供了一种将宗教信仰与惩罚联系起来的认知机制（滑坡思维）。

引用次数: 0

Which group should I join? Competition drives group selection away from like-minded others 我应该加入哪个组？竞争使群体选择远离志同道合的人

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2025-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104841

Samantha N. Smith , Sophia L. Pink , Erika L. Kirgios , Edward H. Chang , Katherine L. Milkman

People naturally seek group memberships that support their need for belonging and desire to interact with like-minded others (e.g., those with similar affiliations, such as political parties, preferred sports teams, or academic disciplines). However, we theorize and show that people may be more willing to forgo such homophily in the face of competition. We propose this pattern arises because of the belief that having a distinctive identity will yield two strategic advantages: (1) it will render a person's ideas and contributions more unique, improving their performance relative to the group; and (2) it will leave evaluators with no clear comparison standard, allowing the person in question to stand out from their group. Across four pre-registered studies (N = 3200), including a correlational field study of full-time workers and three experiments involving both real and hypothetical group choices, we show that competition increases people's willingness to opt into groups without like-minded others (e.g., becoming the only Democrat among Republicans) and find evidence consistent with our two proposed mechanisms. This research sheds new light on when and why competitive environments systematically shape our strategic thinking and affiliative choices.

人们自然地寻求群体成员，以支持他们对归属感的需求，并渴望与志同道合的人互动（例如，那些有相似隶属关系的人，如政党、喜欢的运动队或学术学科）。然而，我们的理论表明，面对竞争，人们可能更愿意放弃这种同质性。我们之所以提出这种模式，是因为相信拥有独特的身份会产生两个战略优势：(1)它会使一个人的想法和贡献更加独特，从而提高他们相对于群体的表现；(2)这将使评价者没有明确的比较标准，从而使有问题的人从他们的群体中脱颖而出。通过四项预先注册的研究（N = 3200），包括一项对全职员工的相关实地研究和三项涉及真实和假设群体选择的实验，我们表明，竞争增加了人们选择没有志同道合者的群体的意愿（例如，成为共和党人中唯一的民主党人），并找到了与我们提出的两种机制一致的证据。这项研究揭示了竞争环境何时以及为何系统地塑造了我们的战略思维和附属选择。

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引用次数: 0

Registered Report Stage I: Prioritizing sociability over morality: Preferring false empathic over truthful unempathic emotion communication 注册报告第一阶段：社交优先于道德：喜欢虚假的共情而不是真实的无共情情感交流

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104833

Zi Ye , Feiteng Long , Roujia Feng , Yi Zhang , Wilco W. van Dijk

Literature on person perception suggests the primacy of morality over sociability in interactions. While theories of emotion highlight the importance of adhering to socially acceptable display rules, a contentious debate surrounds whether individuals prioritize moral or sociable communication of emotions. We investigated how people perceive and react to others who falsely communicate empathic versus truthfully communicate unempathic emotions related to others' (mis)fortunes. Through three preregistered studies, we examined participants' perceptions (sociability and morality) and behavioral reactions (in a Dictator Game) by employing various paradigms (vignette and retrospective recall) and situations (e.g., promotion and lottery). Consistently across our studies, we found that participants perceived targets who truthfully communicated unempathic emotions as higher on morality and lower on sociability compared to those who falsely communicated empathic emotions. Moreover, Studies 2 and 3 revealed that participants formed more favorable impressions of, and were more willing to interact with, the target who falsely communicated empathic emotions, as opposed to those who truthfully communicated unempathic emotions. This preference was explained by perceived morality and sociability attributed to the targets. Building on these findings, we propose two follow-up studies aimed at replicating our results and extending them to a laboratory setting – a Gamble Game where participants will directly encounter an actual (mis)fortune, and a Dictator Game with an allegedly real interaction partner. Our expected findings indicate that falsely communicating empathic emotions is favored over truthfully communicating unempathic emotions, suggesting the primacy of sociability over morality in the context of communicating emotions related to others' (mis)fortunes.

关于个人感知的文献表明，在互动中，道德比社交性更重要。虽然情绪理论强调遵守社会可接受的表现规则的重要性，但围绕个人是优先考虑道德还是社交情绪交流的争议仍在继续。我们调查了人们如何感知和反应那些虚假地传达共情和真实地传达与他人（错误）命运相关的非共情情绪的人。通过三个预先注册的研究，我们通过使用各种范式（小插曲和回顾性回忆）和情境（如晋升和抽奖）来检查参与者的感知（社交能力和道德）和行为反应（在独裁者游戏中）。在我们的研究中，我们一致发现，与那些虚假传达共情情绪的人相比，参与者认为那些真实传达非共情情绪的目标在道德上更高，在社交能力上更低。此外，研究2和3显示，与真实传达非共情情绪的目标相比，虚假传达共情情绪的目标形成了更有利的印象，并且更愿意与之互动。这种偏好可以用目标的道德感和社交能力来解释。在这些发现的基础上，我们提出了两个后续研究，旨在复制我们的结果，并将其扩展到实验室环境中——一个是赌博游戏，参与者将直接遇到实际的（错误的）财富，另一个是独裁者游戏，据称有一个真正的互动伙伴。我们预期的研究结果表明，虚假的共情情绪交流比真实的非共情情绪交流更受欢迎，这表明在与他人（不幸）命运相关的情绪交流中，社交性比道德更重要。

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引用次数: 0

Does reading an anti-free will text affect beliefs related to free will over time? — A registered report 随着时间的推移，阅读一篇反自由意志的文章会影响与自由意志相关的信仰吗？-注册报告

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104835

Oliver Genschow , John Protzko , Senne Braem

Scientists debate how the public would react when anti-free will messages are communicated in the media. Taking part in this debate, social psychologists test whether letting participants read texts that argue against the plausibility of free will reduces their beliefs related to free will. However, this research leaves open whether merely reading such a text actually changes free will beliefs over and beyond a single experimental session in the lab. To fill this gap, in three experiments we investigated whether merely reading a short text claiming that free will does not exist, influences beliefs related to free will over time. Two experiments demonstrate that reading an anti-free will text (as compared to a control text) reduces participants' beliefs related to free will when measured on the same day (Experiment 1 and 2), the next day (Experiment 1 and 2) as well as one week later (Experiment 2). Critically, when controlling for potential demand effects by making sure that participants do not associate the assessment of free will beliefs with the first session in which beliefs were manipulated (Experiment 3), results no longer showed an effect of reading the anti-free will text over time. Theoretical and ethical implications of these findings are discussed.

当反自由意志的信息在媒体上传播时，科学家们争论公众会如何反应。在这场辩论中，社会心理学家测试了让参与者阅读反对自由意志合理性的文章是否会降低他们对自由意志的信念。然而，仅仅阅读这样一篇文章是否真的会在实验室的一次实验中改变人们对自由意志的信念，这项研究还没有定论。为了填补这一空白，我们在三个实验中调查了仅仅阅读一篇声称自由意志不存在的短文是否会随着时间的推移影响与自由意志相关的信念。两个实验表明，阅读反自由意志文本（与对照文本相比）在同一天（实验1和2）、第二天（实验1和2）以及一周后（实验2）的测试中，降低了参与者对自由意志的信念。重要的是，当通过确保参与者不将自由意志信念的评估与第一阶段的信念被操纵联系起来（实验3）来控制潜在的需求效应时，结果不再显示随着时间的推移阅读反自由意志文本的效果。讨论了这些发现的理论和伦理意义。

{"title":"Does reading an anti-free will text affect beliefs related to free will over time? — A registered report","authors":"Oliver Genschow , John Protzko , Senne Braem","doi":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104835","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104835","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Scientists debate how the public would react when anti-free will messages are communicated in the media. Taking part in this debate, social psychologists test whether letting participants read texts that argue against the plausibility of free will reduces their beliefs related to free will. However, this research leaves open whether merely reading such a text actually changes free will beliefs over and beyond a single experimental session in the lab. To fill this gap, in three experiments we investigated whether merely reading a short text claiming that free will does not exist, influences beliefs related to free will over time. Two experiments demonstrate that reading an anti-free will text (as compared to a control text) reduces participants' beliefs related to free will when measured on the same day (Experiment 1 and 2), the next day (Experiment 1 and 2) as well as one week later (Experiment 2). Critically, when controlling for potential demand effects by making sure that participants do not associate the assessment of free will beliefs with the first session in which beliefs were manipulated (Experiment 3), results no longer showed an effect of reading the anti-free will text over time. Theoretical and ethical implications of these findings are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology","volume":"122 ","pages":"Article 104835"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145311733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Intentions versus outcomes: Determinants of costly third-party interventions in fairness maintenance 意图与结果：维护公平中昂贵的第三方干预的决定因素

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2025-10-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104838

Mei Chen , Ruqian Zhang , Yangzhuo Li , Jieqiong Liu , Xianchun Li

Third-party punishment (TPP) and third-party compensation (TPC) are two basic forms of intervention for maintaining fairness. We investigated whether third parties base their intervention on unfair outcomes, intentions, or both through four experiments using economic games and a single-paper meta-analysis. Participants were presented with monetary allocation scenarios designed to reflect different intention-outcome integrations, and then made punishment or compensation decisions. We found that when allocators had no control over the outcome (Experiment 1), TPC was driven solely by outcome fairness. When allocators had partial control (Experiments 2a and 2b), both intention and outcome had main effects on TPC without interaction. Furthermore, when receivers believed the allocator's intention was unfair (Experiment 3), the interaction of intention and outcome significantly affected TPC: intention played a significant role only when the outcome was unfair. The influence of intention and outcome on TPC was driven by third-party moral anger towards the allocators and compassion towards the receivers. In contrast, TPP was consistently shaped by the interaction between intention and outcome across all experiments, regardless of the allocator's control and the receiver's belief. Unfair outcome intensified the intention effect on punishment compared to fair outcome. This effect was driven by third-party compassion. These findings suggest that while third parties consistently integrate both intention and outcome in punishment, their focus on either factor in compensation is influenced by the allocator's control and the receiver's belief. This deepens our understanding of how and why third-party observers engage in third-party intervention.

第三方惩罚（TPP）和第三方赔偿（TPC）是维护公平的两种基本干预形式。我们调查了第三方的干预是基于不公平的结果、意图，还是两者兼而有之，通过使用经济博弈的四个实验和一篇论文的荟萃分析。研究人员向参与者展示了旨在反映不同意图-结果整合的货币分配方案，然后让他们做出惩罚或补偿决定。我们发现，当分配者无法控制结果时（实验1），TPC仅受结果公平性驱动。当分配者部分控制时（实验2a和2b），意图和结果对TPC均有主要影响，但无交互作用。此外，当接收者认为分配者的意图不公平时（实验3），意图和结果的交互作用显著影响TPC，只有当结果不公平时，意图才会发挥显著作用。意愿和结果对TPC的影响主要受第三方对分配者的道德愤怒和对接受者的同情驱动。相比之下，在所有实验中，TPP始终受到意图和结果之间相互作用的影响，而不管分配者的控制和接收者的信念如何。与公平结果相比，不公平结果强化了惩罚的意向效应。这种影响是由第三方的同情驱动的。这些发现表明，虽然第三方在惩罚中始终将意图和结果结合在一起，但他们对补偿中任何一个因素的关注都受到分配者的控制和接收者的信念的影响。这加深了我们对第三方观察员如何以及为什么参与第三方干预的理解。

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引用次数: 0

Beyond the basic six, static, and WERID: Exploring the range of emotions conveyed by facial expressions 除了基本的6个，静态的，和WERID：探索面部表情所传达的情感范围

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2025-10-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104836

Zhihe Pan , Hweemin Tan , Siqi Liu , Xia Fang

Investigating the range of emotions conveyed through facial expressions has been a central focus of emotion research, yet most studies have concentrated on basic six emotions and static expressions within WEIRD populations. This research extends the scope by investigating how a wider range of emotions can be expressed through both dynamic and static facial expressions in a non-WEIRD context, specifically among Chinese individuals. In Experiment 1, we compiled a list of 536 emotion words based on previous research, from which 28 emotion words were carefully selected based on high typicality, low similarity (N = 61), and frequent association with facial expressions (N = 105). In Experiment 2, 64 Chinese participants posed facial expressions of these emotions, while an additional group of participants (N = 782) rated their perception of these expressions. Our findings revealed that 14 emotions were effectively conveyed through dynamic facial expressions, while 10 emotions were conveyed through static facial expressions. Notably, a dynamic advantage was observed in the recognition of 23 out of the 28 emotions, driven primarily by the dynamic features of the expressions rather than the specific facial configurations unique to dynamic expressions. These findings emphasize the importance of embracing diversity and considering a comprehensive range of dynamic facial expressions from non-WEIRD populations in future studies, ultimately advancing our understanding of emotion expression and perception.

调查通过面部表情传达的情绪范围一直是情绪研究的中心焦点，但大多数研究都集中在WEIRD人群的基本六种情绪和静态表情上。本研究扩大了研究范围，探讨了在非weird环境下，中国人如何通过动态和静态面部表情来表达更广泛的情绪。在实验1中，我们在前人研究的基础上整理了536个情绪词汇，并根据高典型性、低相似性（N = 61）、与面部表情频繁关联（N = 105）的特点，精心挑选了28个情绪词汇。在实验2中，64名中国参与者给出了这些情绪的面部表情，而另一组参与者（N = 782）则对他们对这些表情的感知进行了评分。我们的研究结果表明，14种情绪可以通过动态面部表情有效传达，而10种情绪可以通过静态面部表情传达。值得注意的是，在识别28种情绪中的23种情绪时观察到动态优势，主要是由表情的动态特征驱动的，而不是由动态表情特有的特定面部结构驱动的。这些发现强调了在未来的研究中拥抱多样性和考虑来自非weird人群的全面动态面部表情的重要性，最终促进了我们对情绪表达和感知的理解。

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引用次数: 0

Feedback to video stimuli: A novel paradigm for manipulating existential isolation 对视频刺激的反馈：一种操纵存在隔离的新范式

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2025-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104837

Matthew Espinosa, Cathy R. Cox

Existential isolation refers to the sense of being alone in one's subjective experiences. While most research has focused on chronic (trait) levels, these often arise from repeated state experiences. However, few methods exist for experimentally inducing state existential isolation, limiting insight into its psychological effects. Across four preregistered experiments (N = 737), we tested a novel paradigm in both online and in-person laboratory settings. Participants received feedback indicating their emotional responses to video clips (e.g., feelings of anger) were either very different from, or similar to (Study 3 & 4), the average response. Those told their responses were “different” reported greater state existential isolation than those given no feedback, while “similar” feedback reduced such feelings. We highlight the value of this manipulation for future research and its potential to inform interventions aimed at reducing existential isolation.

存在性孤立指的是在一个人的主观体验中感到孤独。虽然大多数研究都集中在慢性（特质）水平上，但这些通常是由重复的状态经历引起的。然而，很少有方法存在的实验诱导状态存在隔离，限制洞察其心理影响。在四个预先注册的实验（N = 737）中，我们在在线和现场实验室环境中测试了一个新的范例。参与者收到的反馈表明，他们对视频片段的情绪反应（例如，愤怒的感觉）要么与平均反应非常不同，要么与平均反应相似（研究3和4）。那些被告知他们的反应“不同”的人比那些没有得到反馈的人表现出更大的存在主义孤立状态，而“相似”的反馈则减少了这种感觉。我们强调这种操纵对未来研究的价值，以及它为旨在减少存在隔离的干预措施提供信息的潜力。

引用次数: 0

Generalization of rejection and acceptance in social networks 社交网络中拒绝和接受的泛化

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104834

Yi Zhang, Leor M. Hackel

Social environments present opportunities for connection and resources, but they also involve the risk of rejection. How do people learn which individuals will reject or accept them upon entering a novel environment? Here, we propose a route to such learning: people use knowledge of relationships in social networks to infer who will be likely to accept or reject them. Previous research shows that people generalize trust from one individual to that individual's friends, yet it remains unclear whether rejection and acceptance experiences generalize in similar ways in social network contexts. We designed a novel experimental paradigm in which participants experienced rejection and acceptance within an artificial group, learned about network connections among group members, and decided which members to approach in a new task. Study 1 found that participants generalized rejection by avoiding individuals socially closer to a rejector and approaching those closer to an accepter, forming a gradient of avoidance and approach based on network distance. Study 2 further demonstrated stronger generalization when networks reflected friendship as opposed to randomly assigned ties, suggesting partner choices depend on explicit inferences about meaningful relationships rather than associative learning alone. Finally, in a longitudinal survey of student groups, Study 3 extended these findings to real-world social networks, revealing similar patterns of generalization in college student organizations. Together, our findings inform the cognitive processes that help humans successfully navigate social environments by adaptively forming new connections.

社会环境提供了联系和资源的机会，但也包含了被拒绝的风险。在进入一个新的环境时，人们如何知道哪些人会拒绝或接受他们？在这里，我们提出了这样一种学习途径：人们利用社交网络中的关系知识来推断谁可能接受或拒绝他们。先前的研究表明，人们会把信任从一个人身上泛化到这个人的朋友身上，然而，在社交网络环境中，拒绝和接受的经历是否会以类似的方式泛化，目前还不清楚。我们设计了一个新颖的实验范式，在这个实验范式中，参与者在一个人为的群体中经历拒绝和接受，了解群体成员之间的网络联系，并决定在一个新的任务中接近哪些成员。研究1发现，参与者通过回避与拒绝者社会关系较近的个体，接近与接受者社会关系较近的个体，形成了基于网络距离的回避和接近梯度，从而普遍化拒绝。研究2进一步证明，当网络反映友谊而不是随机分配的关系时，更强的泛化，这表明伴侣的选择取决于对有意义关系的明确推断，而不是单独的联想学习。最后，在对学生群体的纵向调查中，研究3将这些发现扩展到现实世界的社交网络中，揭示了大学生组织中类似的泛化模式。总之，我们的发现为帮助人类通过适应性地形成新的联系来成功驾驭社会环境的认知过程提供了信息。

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引用次数: 0