Journal of Experimental Social Psychology最新文献_第3页

Reducing paternalistic bias toward ethnic minority girls 减少对少数民族女孩的家长式偏见

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2025-11-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104855

Hanna Szekeres , Eva Gati , Ivuoma N. Onyeador , Anna Kende , Bertjan Doosje

Ethnic minority girls and women often face biases not rooted in hostility but in intersecting ethnic and gender stereotypes, giving rise to paternalism – a seemingly benevolent attitude that undermines perceptions of competence and autonomy. Conventional prejudice-reduction interventions, which primarily target affective or implicit biases, overlook the distinct challenges posed by paternalism. This research introduces and tests an intervention in the educational context, designed to reduce teachers' paternalistic bias toward ethnic minority girls across two countries (United States and Hungary) with two follow-up assessments (N = 1350). The intervention follows a four-step, theory-driven process targeting the dynamics of paternalism: (1) affirming benevolent intentions to reduce defensiveness, (2) enhancing perceptions of minority girls' competence and autonomy, (3) raising awareness of paternalism's harm, and (4) motivating responsibility and fostering empowerment. Successful outcomes would provide a framework for reducing paternalism, whereas null results would highlight the difficulty of mitigating seemingly well-intentioned biases.

少数民族女孩和妇女往往面临的偏见并非源于敌意，而是种族和性别的刻板印象交织在一起，从而产生了家长式作风——一种看似仁慈的态度，破坏了对能力和自主权的看法。传统的减少偏见干预措施主要针对情感或隐性偏见，忽视了家长式作风带来的独特挑战。本研究通过两次随访评估（N = 1350），介绍并测试了一种教育背景下的干预措施，旨在减少两个国家（美国和匈牙利）教师对少数民族女孩的家长式偏见。针对家长主义的动态，干预遵循四步理论驱动的过程：(1)肯定善意以减少防御；(2)增强对少数民族女孩能力和自主性的认知；(3)提高对家长主义危害的认识；(4)激励责任和促进赋权。成功的结果将为减少家长作风提供一个框架，而无效的结果将突出减轻看似善意的偏见的困难。

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引用次数: 0

Structuring success: How issue-packaging agendas foster better joint outcomes in multi-issue negotiations 构建成功：问题打包议程如何在多问题谈判中促进更好的共同成果

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2025-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104856

Hong Zhang , Ingmar Geiger , Johann M. Majer , Roman Trötschel

This research examines the effectiveness of an issue-packaging agenda in complex multi-issue negotiations, drawing on mental accounting theory to explain how negotiators structure and process decisions. We propose that issue packaging, by structuring negotiations into manageable subsets, enables negotiators to handle a high number of issues while preserving flexibility for integrative trade-offs. Across two experiments, we compared issue packaging with a simultaneous agenda, a strategy that has proven effective in negotiations involving a moderate number of issues. Experiment 1 showed that issue packaging outperformed a simultaneous agenda in negotiations involving many issues, particularly when applied consistently across negotiation phases. Experiment 2 demonstrated that these benefits emerged only when issue packages remained open until a final agreement was reached; premature closure curtailed flexibility and impaired across-issue coordination. Mediation analyses revealed that the advantages of issue packaging were driven by enhanced judgment accuracy and logrolling. Together, these findings show that structured yet adaptive agendas improve negotiation performance by balancing cognitive manageability with flexibility for value creation.

本研究考察了问题包装议程在复杂的多问题谈判中的有效性，利用心理会计理论来解释谈判者如何构建和处理决策。我们建议将问题打包，通过将谈判组织成可管理的子集，使谈判者能够处理大量问题，同时保持综合权衡的灵活性。在两个实验中，我们将问题包装与同步议程进行了比较，同步议程是一种在涉及适量问题的谈判中被证明有效的策略。实验1表明，在涉及许多问题的谈判中，问题包装优于同时议程，特别是在谈判阶段一致应用时。实验2表明，只有当问题包保持开放，直到达成最终协议时，这些好处才会出现；过早关闭限制了灵活性，损害了跨问题协调。中介分析表明，问题打包的优势是由提高判断准确性和记录滚动驱动的。总之，这些发现表明，通过平衡认知可管理性和价值创造的灵活性，结构化且适应性强的议程可以提高谈判绩效。

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引用次数: 0

Registered report stage I: Is it unpleasant to predict kindergarten teacher = man? Testing the emotional response to the anticipation of confirmation or violation of gendered stereotypes 注册报告第一阶段：预测幼儿园老师=男人不愉快吗？测试对确认或违反性别刻板印象的预期的情绪反应

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2025-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104854

Rotem Berkovich , Niv Reggev

Social interactions are fundamentally shaped by our expectations of others' behavior, and one of the most powerful influences on these expectations is gender stereotypes. Previous research has explored the implications of affirming or violating these stereotypes, tacitly overlooking the impact of the expectations themselves. Here, we aim to investigate (1) the potential emotional responses that arise from the anticipation of affirmation or violation and (2) how these anticipatory states influence emotional reactions to stereotype-related targets. Specifically, we hypothesize that anticipating affirmation (/violations) of gendered expectations will elicit pleasant (/unpleasant) emotions regardless of the actual outcome, and that these anticipatory states will exert a similar influence on the emotional responses to stereotype-related targets. To explore those hypotheses, we will measure the intensity of emotional reactions to emotion-evoking images presented after an anticipatory cue regarding gender-stereotypical expectations (Study 1) or after encountering a cue and an affirming or violating social target (Study 2). To minimize response bias, we will employ evidence accumulation models to provide an indirect, easily interpretable, unbiased, and reliable measurement of emotion intensity. The results are expected to highlight the hitherto neglected aspect of outcome anticipation in person perception. Specifically, the results will highlight whether merely expecting stereotype-violating information triggers unpleasant emotions, potentially contributing to the persistence of prejudice and also tap into why and when individuals prefer (un)certainty.

社会互动从根本上是由我们对他人行为的期望所塑造的，而对这些期望最有力的影响之一就是性别刻板印象。先前的研究探讨了肯定或违反这些刻板印象的影响，默认地忽视了期望本身的影响。在这里，我们的目的是研究(1)由肯定或违反预期引起的潜在情绪反应，以及(2)这些预期状态如何影响对刻板印象相关目标的情绪反应。具体来说，我们假设，无论实际结果如何，对性别期望的肯定（或违背）预期都会引发愉快（或不愉快）的情绪，并且这些预期状态会对刻板印象相关目标的情绪反应产生类似的影响。为了探索这些假设，我们将测量在关于性别刻板印象的预期提示（研究1）或在遇到暗示和肯定或违反社会目标（研究2）后出现的情绪唤起图像的情绪反应强度。为了最大限度地减少反应偏差，我们将采用证据积累模型来提供间接的、易于解释的、无偏的、可靠的情绪强度测量。该结果有望突出迄今为止被忽视的结果预期在个人感知方面。具体来说，研究结果将强调是否仅仅期待违反刻板印象的信息就会引发不愉快的情绪，这可能会导致偏见的持续存在，同时也会探讨人们为什么以及何时更喜欢（不）确定性。

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引用次数: 0

Social identity transition promotes trust toward strangers and unrelated outgroups 社会身份的转变促进了对陌生人和不相关的外部群体的信任

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104853

Huiwen Xiao, Ziqiang Xin, Luxiao Wang, Xin Sun, Can Tao

Although previous literature has revealed the effect of a static single identity or multiple identities on trust, little research has considered the effects of dynamic changes of an individual's social identity (in the form of social identity transitions) on trust. Social identity transition, which involves an individual disengaging from one social group and engaging in another, frequently occurs throughout people's lives and may influence trust. Therefore, the current study used secondary data, a survey, and an adapted twice-randomized minimal group paradigm to measure and manipulate social identity transition to explore its effects on trust toward strangers, outgroups, and ingroups. Study 1, based on CFPS 2020 data, found that trust toward strangers and unrelated outgroups was higher in individuals who had experienced the HuKou identity transition than in those who had not. Study 2 provided the correlational evidence for the positive predictive role of social identity transition from student group to working group on trust toward strangers and unrelated outgroups. Studies 3–5, experimentally manipulating social identity transition, demonstrated that social identity transition increased trust toward strangers and unrelated outgroups via dual identity perception. Study 6 compared social identity transition with dual identity and found both enhanced trust toward unrelated outgroups. These studies suggested that the essence of social identity transition lies in individuals' perceived dual identities.

虽然以往的文献已经揭示了静态的单一身份或多重身份对信任的影响，但很少有研究考虑个体社会身份的动态变化（以社会身份转换的形式）对信任的影响。社会身份的转变涉及到个人脱离一个社会群体而加入另一个社会群体，这种转变在人们的一生中经常发生，并可能影响信任。因此，本研究使用二手数据、调查和二次随机化最小群体范式来测量和操纵社会身份转变，以探索其对陌生人、外群体和内群体信任的影响。基于CFPS 2020数据的研究1发现，经历过户口身份转换的个体对陌生人和不相关的外围群体的信任度高于没有经历过户口身份转换的个体。研究2为学生群体向工作群体的社会身份转换对陌生人和不相关外群体信任的正向预测作用提供了相关证据。研究3-5通过实验操纵社会身份转换，证明社会身份转换通过双重身份感知增加了对陌生人和不相关的外群体的信任。研究6比较了社会身份转换和双重身份，发现两者都增强了对不相关的外群体的信任。这些研究表明，社会身份转换的本质在于个体对双重身份的认知。

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引用次数: 0

Individuating rather than group information dominates evaluations of members from newly learned social groups 个体信息而非群体信息主导着对新学社会群体成员的评价

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104851

Mayan Navon , Kate A. Ratliff , Olivier Corneille

Influential models of person perception posit that group-based information holds more influence than individuating information in impression formation. Presumably, this is due to the spontaneous and effortless activation of group versus individual-specific information. Consistent with the cognitive miser metaphor, this advantage should be exacerbated when forming more automatic evaluations about others. Challenging these assumptions, Navon and Bar-Anan (2023, JESP) reported that evaluative impressions rely more on individuating than group information when making impressions about members of newly learned social groups. Furthermore, this advantage was reported on both self-report and indirect measures tapping into more automatic evaluations. In the present research, we identify several limitations in that previous research and examine the dominance question in two experiments (Ns = 605; 657) employing a stronger design, improved structural fit between measures, and more adequate analytical tests. We found a clear advantage of individuating information on both types of measures. This finding was observed despite the use of a very perceptually salient cue signaling group membership (i.e., skin tone) and impression formation instructions aimed at group rather than individuating impressions. Implications for dominant theories of person perception are discussed, as well as methodological implications for the study of more versus less automatic evaluations.

个人感知的影响模型认为，在印象形成中，基于群体的信息比个性化信息具有更大的影响力。据推测，这是由于自发和毫不费力地激活群体与个人特定信息。与认知吝啬鬼的比喻一致，当形成对他人更多的自动评价时，这种优势应该会加剧。挑战这些假设，Navon和Bar-Anan （2023， JESP）报告说，在对新学习的社会群体成员产生印象时，评价印象更多地依赖于个性化而不是群体信息。此外，这种优势在自我报告和利用更多自动评估的间接测量中都有报道。在本研究中，我们确定了先前研究中的几个局限性，并在两个实验（Ns = 605; 657）中采用更强的设计，改进了测量之间的结构配合，以及更充分的分析测试来检验优势问题。我们发现两种测量方法的个性化信息有明显的优势。尽管使用了一个非常明显的感知提示来表明群体成员（即肤色）和针对群体而不是个性化印象的印象形成指令，但这一发现还是被观察到了。讨论了对人知觉的主导理论的影响，以及对多与少自动评价研究的方法学影响。

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引用次数: 0

A longitudinal test of the effectiveness of four interventions to reduce discrimination 对减少歧视的四种干预措施有效性的纵向检验

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104847

Eliane Roy , Anya Williamson , Jordan Axt

Prior research documents several strategies for producing short-term reductions in discriminatory judgment, but much less is known about the long-term efficacy of these interventions. Three studies (N = 822) tested whether four interventions previously shown to reduce discrimination immediately after administration would retain their effectiveness when tested 2–4 days later. Using the context of biases favoring more over less physically attractive people, results found that each intervention was able to reduce some component of discriminatory judgment, and with effects that were similar in magnitude to prior work that tested each strategy within a single study session. These findings demonstrate the potential for such interventions to yield long-term reductions in biased judgments and provide insight into the processes that may create more effective bias-reducing strategies.

先前的研究记录了几种短期内减少歧视性判断的策略，但对这些干预措施的长期效果知之甚少。三项研究（N = 822）测试了先前显示在bb0后立即减少歧视的四种干预措施在2-4天后测试时是否仍然有效。在偏向长相较差的人的背景下，结果发现，每次干预都能减少歧视性判断的某些组成部分，其影响程度与之前在一次研究中测试每种策略的工作相似。这些发现表明，这种干预措施有可能长期减少偏见判断，并为可能创造更有效的减少偏见策略的过程提供见解。

引用次数: 0

Taking advantage: Predictions and moral judgments of leveraging outside options in ultimatum games 利用优势：最后通牒博弈中利用外部选项的预测和道德判断

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104852

Sifana Sohail, Yarrow Dunham

We often rely on bargaining as a way of achieving fair outcomes, both in purely economic transactions such as negotiating a salary or buying a house, and non-economic transactions such as deciding who is responsible for doing the dishes after dinner. However, power dynamics and strategic advantages can change the outcome of bargains in unequal and inequitable ways. Prior work using the ultimatum game shows that adults expect negotiators to adjust their bargaining behavior in response to strategic advantages. The present work investigates two additional questions. First, do adults think the use of such advantages is fair? And second, how do these judgments emerge across development? Replicating past work, we find that adults (N = 299) expect others to use strategic advantage to secure a better deal. However, children aged 8–12 do not (N = 80). Moral judgments followed a similar pattern: adult participants (N = 297) thought that leveraging strategic advantage rendered low offers more fair, while children did not (N = 74). Thus, taking account of and morally justiftying the use of strategic advantage is a late-emerging social phenomenon.

我们经常依靠讨价还价作为获得公平结果的一种方式，无论是在纯粹的经济交易中，如谈判工资或买房，还是在非经济交易中，如决定谁应该在晚饭后洗碗。然而，权力动态和战略优势可以以不平等和不公平的方式改变交易的结果。先前使用最后通牒游戏的研究表明，成年人期望谈判者根据战略优势调整他们的讨价还价行为。本研究调查了另外两个问题。首先，成年人认为使用这些优势是公平的吗？第二，这些判断是如何在整个发展过程中出现的？复制过去的研究，我们发现成年人（N = 299）期望他人利用战略优势来获得更好的交易。然而，8-12岁的儿童没有（N = 80）。道德判断也遵循了类似的模式：成年参与者（N = 297）认为利用战略优势使低出价更公平，而儿童不这样认为（N = 74）。因此，考虑到战略优势的使用并在道德上为其辩护是一个较晚出现的社会现象。

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引用次数: 0

Neural dynamics of attentional Bias: How facial width-to-height ratio interacts with emotion to influence attentional capture and suppression 注意偏差的神经动力学：面部宽高比如何与情绪相互作用影响注意捕获和抑制

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104850

Liwei Wang , Haixin Yang , Xinyue Zhang , Yuan Ma , Hailing Wang

Men's facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR), a static face structure, can influence the perception of social cues. Faces with high fWHR are perceived as more aggressive and threatening. Although threatening stimuli can rapidly capture attention, the time course mechanisms underlying attentional biases towards high and low fWHR faces remain unclear. The current study investigated the neural dynamics of attentional bias towards fWHR using N2pc and Pd components. Experiment 1 presents participants with neutral emotional faces and requires them to complete the dot-probe task. The ERP results indicate that low fWHR faces elicited N2pc in both the 220–300 ms and 300–400 ms windows, whereas high fWHR faces only elicited N2pc in the 220–300 ms window. Experiment 2 presents participants with angry and fearful faces. The ERP results indicate that fearful faces with low fWHR elicited N2pc component in both windows, whereas angry faces with low fWHR elicited Pd component in both windows. Angry and fearful faces with high fWHR elicited Pd in the 300–400 ms window. These results suggest that the attentional bias towards high and low fWHR is influenced by face emotion. Individuals tend to initially focus on neutral faces with high fWHR, but later avoid angry and fearful faces with high fWHR. Low fWHR faces, regardless of whether they are neutral or fearful, consistently capture attention, while angry low fWHR faces are consistently suppressed.

男性的面部宽高比（fWHR）是一种静态的面部结构，可以影响对社会线索的感知。fWHR高的脸被认为更具侵略性和威胁性。尽管威胁性刺激可以快速捕获注意，但对高、低高高比面孔的注意偏向的时间过程机制尚不清楚。本研究利用N2pc和Pd分量研究了fWHR注意偏倚的神经动力学。实验1向被试呈现中性情绪面孔，并要求被试完成点探测任务。ERP结果表明，在220 ~ 300 ms和300 ~ 400 ms窗口，低fWHR面孔都激发了N2pc，而高fWHR面孔仅在220 ~ 300 ms窗口激发了N2pc。实验二让参与者看到愤怒和恐惧的面孔。ERP结果表明，低fWHR的恐惧面孔在两个窗口都诱发了N2pc成分，而低fWHR的愤怒面孔在两个窗口都诱发了Pd成分。高高频宽比的愤怒和恐惧面孔在300-400 ms窗口诱发Pd。这些结果表明，面孔情绪会影响高、低高比的注意偏向。个体最初倾向于关注高长比的中性面孔，但随后会避开高长比的愤怒和恐惧面孔。不管是中性脸还是恐惧脸，低脸宽比总是能吸引注意力，而愤怒的低脸宽比总是被压抑。

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引用次数: 0

The self-interest bias in moral character judgment persists regardless of cognitive resource availability 道德品质判断中的自利偏见与认知资源的可用性无关

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2025-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104846

Katarzyna Miazek, Konrad Bocian

The self-interest bias, judging morally questionable actions as less wrong when they benefit us, is prevalent, yet the cognitive mechanisms behind this bias remain unclear. Across six preregistered studies (N = 1680), we investigated whether the strength of the self-interest bias in moral judgments depends on available cognitive resources. Specifically, we manipulated cognitive resources using time pressure and a dual-task paradigm, predicting that limiting resources would amplify the self-interest bias by preventing corrective adjustments from intuitive egocentric anchors. Consistent with prior research, we reliably observed that self-interest robustly biased moral judgments. However, contrary to the predictions derived from resource-dependent correction accounts, we found no consistent evidence that limiting cognitive resources systematically moderated the magnitude of this bias. Our findings challenge the assumption that intuitive biases are straightforwardly corrected by increasing cognitive resources alone. Instead, the persistence of the self-interest bias regardless of cognitive resource constraints highlights the robustness of egocentric evaluations, suggesting that correction requires more than just available cognitive capacity and likely depends on awareness, whether detecting the bias, recognizing it as inappropriate, or both.

自利偏见普遍存在，认为道德上有问题的行为对我们有利时错得更少，但这种偏见背后的认知机制尚不清楚。在六项预先登记的研究中（N = 1680），我们调查了道德判断中自利偏见的强度是否取决于可用的认知资源。具体而言，我们使用时间压力和双任务范式来操纵认知资源，预测限制资源会通过阻止直觉自我中心锚的纠正调整来放大自利偏见。与先前的研究一致，我们可靠地观察到自利强烈地偏向道德判断。然而，与资源依赖矫正帐户的预测相反，我们发现没有一致的证据表明限制认知资源系统地调节了这种偏见的程度。我们的研究结果挑战了直觉偏见可以通过增加认知资源直接纠正的假设。相反，无论认知资源限制如何，自利偏见的持续存在突出了自我中心评估的稳健性，这表明纠正需要的不仅仅是现有的认知能力，而且可能取决于意识，是发现偏见，还是认识到它是不适当的，还是两者兼而有之。

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引用次数: 0

The link between social categorization and spontaneous social evaluations: A matter of the evaluative implications of the situation? 社会分类与自发社会评价之间的联系：情境的评价含义问题？

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2025-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104842

Manuel Becker , Sarah Teige-Mocigemba , Jeffrey W. Sherman , Karl Christoph Klauer

There is conflicting evidence for the extent to which spontaneous evaluations of outgroup members are influenced by social categorization. Contemporary models of evaluation like the APE model (Gawronski & Bodenhausen, 2006) imply that spontaneous evaluations are a function of the evaluative implications of the stereotypic associations of a target object and the context in which it is encountered. In this manuscript, we examine the question whether these models can also inform the debate on the link between social categorization and spontaneous evaluations: Specifically, we ask whether the link between categorization and evaluation is moderated by the subset of associations that is implied by a specific context. In two studies, we assessed the extent of categorization in conditions of the Who Said What? -paradigm with very different contextual implications for White versus Black people. This score was then correlated with the evaluative preference for White over Black people in an Evaluative Decision Task. In contexts in which it is an asset or advantage to be Black, there was less anti-Black bias the more an individual categorized by race. The reverse was true in contexts that are likely to activate negative racial stereotypes about Black people. A last confirmatory study with a larger sample did not replicate these correlations. The link between categorization and evaluation, and its contextual moderation, remains elusive.

关于社会分类对外群体成员的自发评价的影响程度，有相互矛盾的证据。当代评价模型，如APE模型（Gawronski & Bodenhausen, 2006）表明，自发评价是目标对象的刻板印象联想及其所处环境的评价含义的函数。在本文中，我们研究了这些模型是否也可以为关于社会分类和自发评估之间联系的辩论提供信息的问题：具体而言，我们询问分类和评估之间的联系是否受到特定上下文隐含的关联子集的调节。在两项研究中，我们评估了“谁说了什么”条件下的分类程度。-在白人和黑人中有着非常不同的语境含义的范式。然后，这个分数与在评估决策任务中白人对黑人的评估偏好相关。在黑人是一种资产或优势的情况下，一个人被种族分类得越多，反黑人偏见就越少。在可能激活对黑人的负面种族刻板印象的环境中，情况正好相反。最后一个更大样本的验证性研究没有重复这些相关性。分类和评价之间的联系，以及它的语境适度，仍然是难以捉摸的。

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引用次数: 0