Journal of Experimental Social Psychology最新文献_第2页

Don't judge a book by its cover: The effect of perceived facial trustworthiness on advice following in the context of value-based decision-making 不要以貌取人：在基于价值的决策背景下，感知到的面部可信度对建议遵循的影响

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104719

Mathias Van der Biest , Sam Verschooren , Frederick Verbruggen , Marcel Brass

Trustworthiness is crucial in social interactions that depend on other's information. For example, an interaction partner's trustworthiness determines whose advice we act on in learning contexts, whom we choose to invest in during economic decisions, or even whom we decide to cooperate with. However, how perceived trustworthiness influences advice following in value-based decision-making when the trustworthiness manipulation is independent of the quality of the advice remains poorly understood. In two experiments, participants played a modified version of The Door Game, selecting one out of two doors to find a reward based on advisor's advice. The advisors were computer-generated faces categorised as trustworthy or untrustworthy, with identical advice validity (66 %). In Experiment 1 (N = 124), participants initially followed advice from perceived trustworthy advisors more frequently, but this effect disappeared by the end of the experiment. In our preregistered replication (Experiment 2, N = 300), we observed a similar pattern, confirming the findings of Experiment 1. In a third preregistered experiment (N = 85), participants rated the trustworthiness of each face. We used these ratings as an independent variable to reanalyse the advice following rates from Experiments 1 and 2. The results were identical as with our categorical analyses. Moreover, a mediation analysis revealed that trustworthiness ratings mediated the relationship between perceived trustworthiness and advice following. Overall, our findings underscore the importance of social information such as perceived trustworthiness in value-based decision-making and its dynamic nature, which is potentially explained by changes in the decision-making strategy, or by rapid adjustments of our trust beliefs.

在依赖他人信息的社会交往中，诚信是至关重要的。例如，一个互动伙伴的可信度决定了我们在学习环境中采纳谁的建议，在经济决策中选择投资谁，甚至决定与谁合作。然而，在基于价值的决策中，当可信度操纵独立于建议的质量时，感知的可信度如何影响建议遵循，人们仍然知之甚少。在两个实验中，参与者玩了一个修改版的“门游戏”，根据顾问的建议从两扇门中选择一扇门来获得奖励。这些顾问是电脑生成的面孔，分为值得信赖和不值得信赖两类，建议的有效性相同（66%）。在实验1 （N = 124）中，参与者最初更频繁地听从他们认为值得信赖的顾问的建议，但这种影响在实验结束时消失了。在我们的预注册复制（实验2，N = 300）中，我们观察到类似的模式，证实了实验1的发现。在第三个预先登记的实验中（N = 85），参与者对每张面孔的可信度进行评级。我们使用这些评级作为自变量来重新分析实验1和2的建议遵循率。结果与我们的分类分析一致。此外，一项中介分析显示，诚信等级在感知诚信与建议遵循之间的关系中起中介作用。总的来说，我们的研究结果强调了社会信息的重要性，如在基于价值的决策中感知的可信度及其动态性质，这可能由决策策略的变化或我们信任信念的快速调整来解释。

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引用次数: 0

The impact factor: The effect of actual impact information and perceived donation efficacy on donors' repeated donations 影响因子：实际影响信息和感知捐赠效能对捐赠者重复捐赠的影响

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2025-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104720

Liat Levontin , Zohar Gilad , Elizabeth Durango-Cohen , Pablo Durango-Cohen

This research examined the utility of providing people with information about the actual impact of their donations. Results of a field survey (N = 1062) and three controlled experiments (N = 881) reveal the importance of actual impact information in promoting repeated donations and retaining repeated donors. Exposing participants to information about the actual impact of their donations—compared with exposing participants to anticipated impact information or no information—increased their perceived donation efficacy, which increased their willingness to give a repeated donation, as well as their repeated donation amounts. Notably, donors exposed to actual impact information tended to retain their contribution amounts, whereas donors in other conditions decreased their contribution amounts. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.

这项研究考察了向人们提供有关其捐款实际影响的信息的效用。一项实地调查（N = 1062）和三项对照实验（N = 881）的结果揭示了实际影响信息在促进重复捐赠和留住重复捐赠者方面的重要性。让参与者了解他们捐赠的实际影响的信息，与让参与者了解预期影响的信息或没有信息相比，增加了他们的感知捐赠效率，这增加了他们重复捐赠的意愿，以及他们重复捐赠的数量。值得注意的是，获得实际影响信息的捐助国倾向于保留其捐款数额，而在其他情况下的捐助国则减少其捐款数额。我们讨论了这些发现的理论和实践意义。

引用次数: 0

Empathic listening satisfies speakers' psychological needs and well-being, but doesn't directly deepen solitude experiences: A registered report 一份注册报告：移情倾听满足了说话者的心理需求和幸福感，但不会直接加深孤独体验

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2025-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104716

Netta Weinstein , Guy Itzchakov

A live discussion experiment was designed to test the effects of highly empathic (vs. moderately empathic) listening on solitude experiences. Participants were assigned to three conditions in which they: 1) Discussed a negative personal experience with a confederate (ostensibly another participant) exhibiting highly empathic listening; 2) Discussed an experience with a confederate exhibiting moderately empathic listening; or, 3) Engaged in a positive reframing exercise. Building on previous listening theory (Weinstein et al., 2022) and research (Itzchakov & Weinstein, 2021; Itzchakov, Weinstein, et al., 2022). We then assessed the two posited mechanisms of autonomy and relatedness and tested the expectations to be in solitude. All participants were instructed to spend ten minutes alone, phones off, and distractions stored away. While highly empathic listening enhanced participants' (i.e. speakers) autonomy and relatedness need satisfaction compared to the other two conditions and predicted initial increases in self- and social-connection, it did not subsequently improve solitude experiences, with no direct effects found predicting self-connection, peaceful affect, loneliness, or self-insight. Indirect effects linked empathic listening to self-connection and self-insight through autonomy satisfaction. While empathic listening fosters immediate psychological need satisfaction in social contexts, deeper listening interventions may be necessary to improve subsequent solitude periods.

设计了一个现场讨论实验来测试高度共情（与中度共情）倾听对孤独体验的影响。参与者被分配到三个条件下：1)与表现出高度共情倾听的同伙（表面上是另一个参与者）讨论消极的个人经历；2)讨论了一个表现出适度共情倾听的同伴的经历；或者，3)进行积极的重构练习。基于先前的听力理论（Weinstein et al., 2022）和研究(Itzchakov &；温斯坦,2021;Itzchakov， Weinstein等人，2022)。然后，我们评估了自主性和相关性的两种假设机制，并测试了独处的期望。所有参与者都被要求单独呆10分钟，关掉手机，把让人分心的东西都收起来。虽然与其他两种情况相比，高度共情倾听增强了参与者（即说话者）的自主性和相关性需求满意度，并预测了自我和社会联系的最初增加，但它并没有改善孤独体验，没有发现预测自我联系、和平情感、孤独或自我洞察力的直接影响。通过自主性满意度，共情倾听与自我联系和自我洞察之间存在间接影响。虽然移情倾听在社会环境中促进了即时的心理需求满足，但更深层次的倾听干预可能需要改善随后的孤独时期。

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引用次数: 0

“Black-and-White” thinking: Does visual contrast polarize moral judgment? Independent replications and extension of Zarkadi and Schnall’s (2013) Study 1 “非黑即白”思维：视觉对比会使道德判断两极分化吗？研究1的独立重复和扩展

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2025-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104712

Kevin Vezirian , Elisa Sarda , Laurent Bègue , Pierre-Jean Laine , Hans IJzerman

Does a black-and-white contrast background lead to more extreme moral judgments? Zarkadi and Schnall (2013) found in their Study 1 (N = 111) that, indeed, exposing English-speaking participants to a black-and-white (versus two other-colored conditions) background polarized participants' judgments in a moral dilemma task. This study supported a moral intuitionist model of moral judgment, lent further support to so-called Conceptual Metaphor Theories (Lakoff & Johnson, 1999), and provided evidence that not only the colors “black” and “white” influence our moral perception, but that the metaphorical associations with the combination of those two colors (i.e., “black-and-white thinking”, Yin-Yang) led people to have more extreme moral judgments. Due to the striking nature of this finding, yet given various factors that undermine confidence in its veracity, we have decided to re-examine the question. A first study conducted on a large French-speaking sample (N = 8602), and two subsequent direct replications conducted on English-speaking samples (N = 365 and N = 215), failed to reveal any influence of background color on the evaluation of a moral dilemma. Numerous exploratory and supplementary analyses, including controlling for relevant covariates associated with variations in morality (e.g., age, gender), did not account for our consistent inability to replicate the original findings. This research suggests that age may influence perceived morality, with older participants (at least in Study 1) viewing Heinz's behavior as more wrong. Overall, this research suggests that it is doubtful that the evaluation of the Heinz's dilemma can be influenced by a subtle black-and-white visual priming.

黑白对比的背景会导致更极端的道德判断吗？Zarkadi和Schnall（2013）在他们的研究1 （N = 111）中发现，确实，将讲英语的参与者暴露在黑白背景下（相对于其他两种颜色的条件），会使参与者在道德困境任务中的判断两极分化。这项研究支持道德直觉主义的道德判断模型，进一步支持了所谓的概念隐喻理论(Lakoff &；Johnson, 1999)，并提供证据表明，不仅“黑”和“白”这两种颜色影响我们的道德感知，而且这两种颜色组合的隐喻联想（即“黑白思维”，阴阳）导致人们有更极端的道德判断。由于这一发现的惊人性质，但鉴于各种因素削弱了对其真实性的信心，我们决定重新审视这个问题。第一项研究对讲法语的大样本（N = 8602）进行了研究，随后对讲英语的样本（N = 365和N = 215）进行了两次直接重复研究，均未能揭示背景颜色对道德困境评估的任何影响。大量的探索性和补充分析，包括控制与道德差异相关的协变量（如年龄、性别），都不能解释我们始终无法复制原始发现的原因。这项研究表明，年龄可能会影响人们对道德的感知，年龄较大的参与者（至少在研究1中）认为亨氏的行为更错误。总的来说，这项研究表明，对亨氏困境的评估是否会受到微妙的黑白视觉启动的影响是值得怀疑的。

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引用次数: 0

Ideological beliefs as cues to exploitation-exploration behavior 意识形态信仰作为剥削-探索行为的线索

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104718

Alex Koch , Ron Dotsch , Roland Imhoff , Christian Unkelbach , Hans Alves

We argue that one reason why people consider others' ideological beliefs (i.e., progressive vs. conservative) is that people profit by predicting others' exploration behavior from their beliefs. Eight experiments confirmed that people more readily invested in progressives when switching to novel options (i.e., exploration) was more profitable than staying with valuable resources (i.e., exploitation). In contrast, people more readily invested in conservatives when exploitation was more profitable than exploration. Thus, considering others' beliefs may be one means to navigate ecologies with different reward structures, a task that has remained relevant throughout human history and across cultures.

我们认为，人们考虑他人意识形态信仰（即进步与保守）的一个原因是，人们通过预测他人的信仰探索行为而获利。八个实验证实，当人们转向新颖的选择（即探索）时，更容易投资于进步的选项，而不是停留在有价值的资源（即开发）上。相比之下，当开采比勘探更有利可图时，人们更愿意投资保守派。因此，考虑他人的信仰可能是在不同奖励结构的生态环境中导航的一种手段，这是一项贯穿人类历史和跨文化的任务。

引用次数: 0

Women underrepresented or men overrepresented? Framing influences women's affective and behavioral responses to gender gap in political leadership 女性代表不足还是男性代表过多？框架影响妇女对政治领导中的性别差距的情感和行为反应

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2024-12-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104709

Usman Liaquat , Madeline E. Heilman , Rachel D. Godsil , Emily Balcetis

Efforts to promote women in leadership have led to some high profile successes, yet unequal representation of women and men in such positions persists. The media often portrays the gap as women's underrepresentation. We examine whether reframing this gap as men's overrepresentation elicits greater anger and increases intentions and behaviors to remediate the disparity. In a meta-analysis of three pilot experiments (Studies 1a-1c), framing the gap as men's overrepresentation in political (but not business) leadership elicits more anger at the disparity among women perceivers (but not men) and increases perceptions that the gap is unjust. Moreover, we find that anger at the disparity predicts stronger intentions and numerous behaviors to redress the inequality, such as reading more on how change the status quo (Study 1a), writing stronger letters supporting proposed legislation addressing gender disparity (Study 1b), and stronger desire to donate to gender bias reduction programs (Study 1a-1c). In a registered experiment (Study 2) we replicated these findings: men's overrepresentation framing increases women's anger at the gender gap in political leadership and mediates the association between framing and collective action supporting gender parity. We also find only weak evidence that a change in framing elicits a backlash anger response at the rhetorical framing itself. Moreover, making salient the ways in which the social climate is either hostile or sympathetic to women's causes does not moderate the framing effect. Overall, this work suggests that demographic framing influences emotional and behavioral responses to the gender gap in political leadership.

促进妇女担任领导职务的努力取得了一些引人注目的成功，但在这些职位上男女比例仍然不平等。媒体经常将这一差距描述为女性代表性不足。我们研究了将这种差距重新定义为男性比例过高是否会引发更大的愤怒，并增加弥补这种差距的意图和行为。在对三个试点实验（研究1a-1c）的荟萃分析中，将这种差距定义为男性在政治（而不是商业）领导中的过多代表，会引发女性（而不是男性）对这种差距的更多愤怒，并增加对这种差距不公平的看法。此外，我们发现，对差距的愤怒预示着纠正不平等的更强意图和许多行为，例如阅读更多关于如何改变现状的文章（研究1a），撰写更有力的信件支持解决性别差异的立法提案（研究1b），以及更强烈的愿望为减少性别偏见项目捐款（研究1a-1c）。在一项注册实验（研究2）中，我们重复了这些发现：男性比例过高的框架增加了女性对政治领导中性别差距的愤怒，并调解了框架与支持性别平等的集体行动之间的联系。我们还发现只有微弱的证据表明，框架的变化会引起对修辞框架本身的强烈反对和愤怒反应。此外，突出社会气候对妇女事业的敌对或同情的方式并不能缓和框架效应。总的来说，这项工作表明，人口结构影响了对政治领导中性别差距的情感和行为反应。

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引用次数: 0

Consume humanity: Eating anthropomorphic food leads to the dehumanization of others 消费人性：吃拟人化的食物会导致他人的非人化

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2024-12-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104710

Hairu Wu , Chenjing Wu , Jun Zhang , Yuanxin Hu , Fuqun Liang , Xianyou He

Food anthropomorphism, a prevalent and effective marketing tactic, can positively influence consumer perception and purchasing behavior. However, recent scholarly attention has been drawn to the potential negative consequences of consuming anthropomorphized food. The current research focused on how and why food anthropomorphism affected the dehumanization of unfamiliar others and the negative downstream consequences. Five studies (N = 848) were conducted to investigate the impact of both imagined and actual consumption of anthropomorphic food on dehumanizing unfamiliar others. The results showed that food anthropomorphism induced the dehumanization of strangers, a process mediated by the state empathy. Furthermore, the dehumanization caused by eating anthropomorphic food increased the endorsement of harm for murderers. These findings contribute to the current understanding of food anthropomorphism and dehumanization and provide insights for future anthropomorphism strategy management.

食品拟人化是一种流行而有效的营销策略，可以对消费者的认知和购买行为产生积极的影响。然而，最近学术界的注意力已经被吸引到食用拟人化食物的潜在负面后果上。目前的研究主要集中在食物拟人化如何以及为什么影响不熟悉的他人的非人化以及负面的下游后果。五项研究（N = 848）调查了想象和实际食用拟人化食物对使不熟悉的人失去人性的影响。结果表明，食物拟人化诱发了陌生人的非人性化，这一过程由状态共情介导。此外，吃拟人化食物导致的非人性化增加了杀人犯伤害的背书。这些发现有助于当前对食物拟人化和非人性化的理解，并为未来拟人化策略管理提供见解。

引用次数: 0

Going at it alone: Zero-sum beliefs inhibit help-seeking 单打独斗：零和信念抑制了寻求帮助

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2024-12-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104714

Shai Davidai

What inhibits people from asking for help? Four studies of fully employed British and American participants (N = 1973, including three pre-registered studies) document the negative effect of lay beliefs about status on help-seeking. Specifically, I find that zero-sum beliefs about status—the belief that one employee's success comes at other employees' expense—discourage people from asking their colleagues for help with work-related problems. The more people view success at their workplace as zero-sum, the less they ask their colleagues for help. Moreover, I find that zero-sum beliefs causally reduce help-seeking and that this is due to people's skepticism about their colleagues' willingness to help (and, to a lesser extent, to their fear that asking for help would harm their status). The paper concludes with a discussion of how zero-sum beliefs can shape people's interactions with their peers and colleagues.

是什么阻碍了人们寻求帮助？四项针对英国和美国充分就业参与者的研究（N = 1973，包括三项预先登记的研究）证明了非专业人士对社会地位的看法对寻求帮助的负面影响。具体来说，我发现关于地位的零和信念——认为一个员工的成功是以其他员工的牺牲为代价的——阻碍了人们在工作问题上向同事寻求帮助。人们越是把职场上的成功视为零和博弈，就越不会向同事寻求帮助。此外，我发现零和信念会导致寻求帮助的人数减少，这是由于人们怀疑同事是否愿意提供帮助（在较小程度上，也是因为他们担心寻求帮助会损害自己的地位）。论文最后讨论了零和信念如何影响人们与同伴和同事的互动。

引用次数: 0

Choice availability and incentive structure determine how people cope with ostracism 选择的可得性和激励结构决定了人们如何应对排斥

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104707

Anneloes Kip, Thorsten M. Erle, Willem W.A. Sleegers, Ilja van Beest

People vary greatly in their responses to being ignored and excluded by others (i.e., ostracism). Based on previous research, responses to ostracism are typically classified as prosocial, antisocial, and withdrawal behavior. However, studying these behaviors in isolation can limit our understanding of the decision-making process behind these behaviors. Offering multiple response options provides deeper insights into response preferences. Additionally, using a cost-benefit approach to assess behavioral outcomes provides a useful framework for understanding response preferences beyond the mere availability of choices. In five pre-registered experiments (total N = 2145), we manipulated the availability of choice options and incentive structure of different behavioral responses towards the source of ostracism. Our findings reveal that when all options were equally non-costly, ostracized individuals preferred prosocial behaviors (Studies 1–3). When withdrawal offered solitude rather than inactivity, it became just as likely as prosocial responses (Study 4). Despite the potential risk of losing future rewards, withdrawal even became the dominant choice when prosocial and antisocial options incurred immediate costs (Study 5). These findings show how experimental changes can shift the perceived meaning of responses. Overall, our work highlights the importance of considering both choice variety and a cost-benefit framework in understanding coping behaviors in social exclusion research.

人们对被他人忽视和排斥（即被排斥）的反应差异很大。根据以往的研究，对排斥的反应通常分为亲社会行为、反社会行为和退缩行为。然而，孤立地研究这些行为会限制我们对这些行为背后的决策过程的理解。提供多个响应选项可以更深入地了解响应偏好。此外，使用成本效益方法来评估行为结果为理解反应偏好提供了一个有用的框架，而不仅仅是选择的可用性。在5个预注册实验中（总N = 2145），我们操纵了选择选项的可得性和不同行为反应对排斥来源的激励结构。我们的研究结果表明，当所有选择都是同等无成本时，被排斥的个体更倾向于亲社会行为（研究1-3）。当退缩带来的是孤独而不是不活动时，它与亲社会反应的可能性一样（研究4）。尽管有失去未来奖励的潜在风险，但当亲社会和反社会的选择产生直接成本时，退缩甚至成为主导选择（研究5）。这些发现表明，实验变化如何改变反应的感知意义。总的来说，我们的工作强调了在理解社会排斥研究中的应对行为时考虑选择多样性和成本-收益框架的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

AI as a companion or a tool? Nostalgia promotes embracing AI technology with a relational use 人工智能是伙伴还是工具？怀旧促进了AI技术与关系的使用

IF 3.2 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Pub Date : 2024-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104711

Jianning Dang , Constantine Sedikides , Tim Wildschut , Li Liu

Recent research has indicated that nostalgia is associated with, or fosters, favorable responses to innovative technology and in particular artificial intelligence (AI). However, prior studies failed to differentiate between the relational and functional uses of AI agents, resulting in an incomplete understanding of the role that nostalgia plays in facilitating acceptance of innovation. The current research seeks to fill this gap. We hypothesized that nostalgia is associated with, or engenders, more favorable responses to AI agents used for relational purposes (i.e., as companions) than functional purposes (i.e., as tools for task completion). We obtained support for this moderation model in three preregistered studies (ΣN = 1100). Nostalgia was associated with (Study 1) or increased (Studies 2 and 3) favorability toward AI agents with a relational, but not functional, use. This pattern was due to the stronger role of nostalgia-induced social connectedness in predicting favorable responses to AI agents with a relational (vs. functional) use (Study 3). We discuss implications for the human-technology interaction.

最近的研究表明，怀旧与创新技术，特别是人工智能（AI）的良好反应有关，或者促进了这种反应。然而，之前的研究未能区分人工智能代理的关系用途和功能用途，导致对怀旧在促进创新接受方面所起作用的理解不完整。目前的研究试图填补这一空白。我们假设怀旧与用于关系目的（如作为同伴）的人工智能代理比用于功能目的（如作为完成任务的工具）的人工智能代理产生更有利的反应。我们在三个预注册研究（ΣN = 1100）中获得了对该调节模型的支持。怀旧与（研究1）或增加（研究2和3）对人工智能代理的好感相关，而不是功能性的使用。这种模式是由于怀旧诱发的社会联系在预测对具有关系（相对于功能）使用的人工智能代理的有利反应方面发挥了更强的作用（研究3）。我们讨论了对人类技术交互的影响。

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引用次数: 0