Cognition最新文献_第7页

What can a half-million saccades tell us about distractor suppression? 关于干扰抑制，50万次扫视能告诉我们什么？

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106397

Kaitlyn N. Drennan, Nicholas Gaspelin

Salient distractions in the environment compete for attention and have the potential to interfere with our goals. An abundance of research has therefore examined how we learn to prevent distraction by salient stimuli. There is growing consensus that salient stimuli can be suppressed to mitigate distraction. However, many questions about distractor suppression have been difficult to resolve in typical studies that use small sample sizes. The current study is a pooled analysis of several previous eye-tracking studies (N = 354) which resulted in a large data set of more than a half-million eye movements. This large data set was used to uncover new findings that improve our understanding of the attentional processes involved in distractor suppression. We also evaluated several new findings related to how attentional suppression is learned and is influenced by selection history. Altogether, these findings highlight the need for a hybrid model of attention that includes both bottom-up and top-down components. Moreover, this large publicly available dataset can be used by future research to investigate other questions related to attentional capture and distractor suppression.

环境中显著的干扰会争夺我们的注意力，并有可能干扰我们的目标。因此，大量的研究调查了我们是如何学会避免因显著刺激而分心的。越来越多的人认为，可以抑制显著刺激以减轻注意力分散。然而，在典型的小样本量研究中，许多关于干扰物抑制的问题难以解决。目前的研究是对之前几项眼球追踪研究（N = 354）的综合分析，这些研究得出了超过50万次眼球运动的大型数据集。这个庞大的数据集被用来揭示新的发现，这些发现提高了我们对干扰物抑制所涉及的注意过程的理解。我们还评估了几个与注意抑制如何被学习和受选择历史影响有关的新发现。总之，这些发现强调需要一个混合的注意力模型，包括自下而上和自上而下的组件。此外，这个大型的公开数据集可以用于未来的研究，以调查与注意力捕获和干扰物抑制相关的其他问题。

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引用次数: 0

Identifying the boundary between dialects and languages: The role of similarity and usage 识别方言和语言之间的边界：相似性和用法的作用。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106388

Alissa Melinger

The question of how to distinguish between dialects and languages has plagued linguists for decades. The present investigation uses behavioral observations to objectively distinguish between bilingual and bidialectal translation effects. Using the picture-word interference paradigm, Italian – Neapolitan (Exp 1) bidialectal participants named pictures while ignoring semantically identical, related, or unrelated distractor words presented in their two linguistic varieties. Consistent with prior investigations of dialectal lexical selection studies, we observed translation equivalent interference between dialectal varieties that were mutually non-intelligible and in participants who were active, proficient speakers of both varieties. Experiment 2 assessed the distractor effects in Italian-English bilingual speakers and did not observe similar translation equivalent inference effects. The results suggest that mutual intelligibility and high speaker proficiency are not necessary and sufficient conditions for establishing independent lexical systems.

如何区分方言和语言的问题已经困扰了语言学家几十年。本研究运用行为观察客观区分双语和双方言翻译效果。使用图片-单词干扰范式，意大利语-那不勒斯语（实验1）双方言参与者在忽略语义相同、相关或不相关的两种语言变体中的干扰词的情况下命名图片。与之前对方言词汇选择研究的调查一致，我们观察到在相互不理解的方言品种之间和在两种方言的活跃、熟练的参与者中翻译等效干扰。实验2评估了意英双语者的分心物效应，并没有观察到类似的翻译等效推理效应。结果表明，相互可解度和较高的说话者熟练程度并不是建立独立词汇系统的充分必要条件。

引用次数: 0

Constructive episodic simulation, self-projection, and scene construction: Investigating the mechanisms of children's episodic thinking 建构性情景模拟、自我投射与情景建构：儿童情景思维机制的研究。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106405

Ege Kamber , Michael A. Busseri , Caitlin E.V. Mahy

Constructive episodic simulation, self-projection, and scene construction are three prominent cognitive mechanisms posited to underpin episodic thinking. This study investigated whether these mechanisms explain individual differences in children's episodic thinking and relations to other related abilities during middle childhood (i.e., imagination, perspective-taking, and spatial navigation). A sample of 150 Canadian children aged 8 to 10 years completed the Autobiographical Interview, in which they described future, past, current, and make-believe events, and several other behavioural tasks measuring their perspective-taking, spatial navigation, narrative ability, and receptive vocabulary. Structural equation modelling revealed significant covariance among episodic thinking for future, past, and current events, imagination, and spatial navigation, but not perspective-taking. When children's verbosity was controlled, these relations were weakened in magnitude and spatial navigation was no longer significantly related to episodic thinking processes. These results support constructive episodic simulation and scene construction accounts, as well as a more general underlying episodic simulation ability, as mechanisms for episodic thinking in middle childhood.

建设性情景模拟、自我投射和场景构建是支撑情景思维的三个主要认知机制。本研究探讨了这些机制是否解释了儿童情景思维的个体差异及其与儿童中期其他相关能力（即想象力、换位思考和空间导航）的关系。150名年龄在8到10岁之间的加拿大儿童完成了自传式访谈，他们在访谈中描述了未来、过去、现在和虚构的事件，并完成了其他一些行为任务，测量他们的换位思考、空间导航、叙事能力和接受性词汇。结构方程模型显示未来、过去和当前事件的情景思维、想象力和空间导航之间存在显著的协方差，但换位思考不存在显著的协方差。当儿童的冗长性得到控制时，这种关系在程度上减弱，空间导航不再与情景思维过程显著相关。这些结果支持建设性情景模拟和场景构建描述，以及更普遍的潜在情景模拟能力，作为童年中期情景思维的机制。

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引用次数: 0

Most pragmatic responses to underinformative some-statements are associated with scalar implicatures 对信息不足的某些语句的大多数实际反应都与标量含义有关。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106404

Paula Bull-Morales , Ira Noveck , Lewis Bott

A common method for investigating scalar implicatures is to use underinformative sentences, such as Some X are Y, when evidence indicates that All X are Y. Underinformative sentences can have a logical (some and possibly all) or pragmatic (some but not all) interpretation. Recently, Kissine and De Brabanter (2023; Cognition) presented experiments that question whether false responses to underinformative sentences indicate explicit derivation of the implicature. Their findings cast doubt on the conclusions of much recent research in experimental pragmatics. Here, we present three experiments that build on their findings using a similar method while incorporating design differences. In a two-phase paradigm, participants evaluated underinformative sentences (Some elephants are mammals) in Phase 1 before selecting a sentence interpretation (logical, pragmatic, or neither) in Phase 2. In all three experiments (N = 52; N = 103; N = 100), participants were congruent (with the explicit derivation hypothesis) significantly more than predictions based on chance, all p's < 0.05, with effects that were more pronounced when considering a subset of participants who were consistent in their Phase 1 interpretations (N = 22; N = 62; N = 67), all p's < 0.05. Overall, the results support the explicit derivation hypothesis, contrary to Kissine and De Brabanter, and are consistent with assumptions in the pragmatics literature. Nonetheless, there are limitations to the paradigm (e.g. the influence of interpretation paraphrasing), and individual differences in consistency with explicit derivation predictions. It is therefore possible that while most participants were deriving enrichments of the sort not all to underinformative sentences, some participants were not.

研究标量含义的一种常用方法是使用信息不足的句子，例如，当证据表明所有X都是Y时，信息不足的句子可以有逻辑（部分且可能全部）或语用（部分但不是全部）的解释。最近，kissin和De Brabanter （2023; Cognition）提出了一些实验，质疑对信息不足句子的错误反应是否表明了隐含意义的明确推导。他们的发现对最近实验语用学研究的结论提出了质疑。在这里，我们提出了三个实验，以他们的发现为基础，使用类似的方法，同时结合设计差异。在两阶段范式中，参与者在第一阶段评估信息不足的句子（一些大象是哺乳动物），然后在第二阶段选择句子解释（逻辑、语用或两者都不是）。在所有三个实验中（N = 52; N = 103; N = 100），参与者的一致性（与显式推导假设）显著高于基于机会的预测，所有p

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引用次数: 0

Serial processing of two words becomes parallel when they combine to form a known compound word 当两个词组合成一个已知的复合词时，串行处理就变成并行处理。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106387

Amritha Anupindi , Liana R. Eisler , Mariam Latif, Vassiki S. Chauhan, Alex L. White

According to one model of reading, words are recognized one at a time with serial shifts of focused attention. This serial strategy would be required if, as some prior research suggests, there is a bottleneck in the brain that cannot process two words simultaneously. Consistent with this serial model, we first show that participants can judge the lexical status of only one of two unrelated words that are flashed briefly above and below the point of gaze fixation and then masked. We then investigate whether two words that together compose an existing compound word (e.g., bottle + neck) can nonetheless be processed in parallel. The results demonstrate that indeed, under the same conditions in which two unrelated words cannot be recognized simultaneously, accuracy for recognizing either or both of two words that form a compound exceeds the prediction of the serial model. This result complicates theories of a serial bottleneck in word recognition, especially in the context of natural reading. We propose a model that begins with parallel orthographic processing, initially serial lexical activation, and then interactive activations that can amplify the representations of two words that form a known compound.

根据一种阅读模式，人们通过集中注意力的一系列转移，一次识别一个单词。如果像一些先前的研究表明的那样，大脑中存在无法同时处理两个单词的瓶颈，那么这种连续策略将是必需的。与这个序列模型一致，我们首先表明参与者只能判断两个不相关的单词中的一个的词汇状态，这些单词在注视点上下短暂闪现，然后被掩盖。然后，我们研究两个词一起组成一个现有的复合词（例如，bottle + neck）是否可以并行处理。结果表明，在两个不相关的词不能同时识别的相同条件下，识别组成一个化合物的两个词中的一个或两个词的准确率确实超过了序列模型的预测。这一结果使单词识别的一系列瓶颈理论复杂化，特别是在自然阅读的背景下。我们提出了一个模型，从平行正字法处理开始，最初是串行词汇激活，然后是交互激活，可以放大构成已知化合物的两个单词的表示。

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引用次数: 0

Chain shifts and transphonologizations are driven by homophony avoidance 链移位和转音化是由避免同音引起的。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106398

Stefon Flego , Andrew Wedel

Human languages balance pressures for effort reduction and communicative accuracy. This tension plays out in the structure of phoneme inventories and how they change over time. For example, merger of two phoneme categories (e.g., /p ∼ b/) results in a simpler inventory, but also eliminates a phoneme contrast which can distinguish words (e.g. pat ∼ bat). Previous work has shown that merger of a phoneme contrast is more likely when that contrast distinguishes few words. Within a diverse set of languages we extend this finding to two phoneme inventory changes which preserve word contrast. In chain shifts, two adjacent phonemes move in concert within the phonetic space. In transphonologizations, a primary phonetic cue to a phoneme contrast merges while another cue expands. A common feature of these two change types is that although the phonetics-phoneme category mapping changes, no new homophones are created. Here we show that the greater the contribution a phoneme contrast makes to word differentiation, the less likely that contrast is to merge, and conversely the more likely it is to undergo a chain shift/transphonologization. Traditional phonological theory assumes phonological systems are causally independent of actual words in the language. This work shows instead that change-type in inventories is strongly influenced by the particularities of the lexicon. These findings support a model in which the structure of phoneme inventories is shaped by usage-driven pressures to optimize effort reduction versus function in the transmission of meaning, paralleling broader cognitive work in efficient coding and in learning versus usage of category systems.

人类语言平衡了努力减少和沟通准确性的压力。这种紧张关系表现在音素清单的结构以及它们如何随时间变化。例如，两个音素类别的合并（例如，/p ~ b/）会产生一个更简单的清单，但也消除了可以区分单词的音素对比（例如，pat ~ bat）。先前的研究表明，当音素对比区分的单词很少时，音素对比合并的可能性更大。在一组不同的语言中，我们将这一发现扩展到两个音素库存变化，这些变化保持了单词的对比。在连锁移位中，两个相邻的音素在语音空间中一起移动。在转音化中，音素对比的主要语音线索合并，而另一个线索扩展。这两种变化类型的一个共同特征是，尽管语音-音素类别映射发生了变化，但没有创建新的同音异义词。在这里，我们表明，音素对比对单词分化的贡献越大，对比合并的可能性就越小，相反，它更有可能经历连锁转移/转音位化。传统的语音理论认为语音系统与语言中的实际单词在因果关系上是独立的。相反，这项工作表明，清单的变化类型受到词汇特殊性的强烈影响。这些发现支持了一个模型，在这个模型中，音素清单的结构是由使用驱动的压力来塑造的，以优化在意义传递中的努力减少和功能，平行于更广泛的认知工作，如高效编码和学习与使用类别系统。

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引用次数: 0

Metacognitive sensitivity predicts the quality of information search in value-based decision making 元认知敏感性预测基于价值的决策中信息搜索的质量。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106410

Xiao Hu , Yahua Li , Xun Chen , Jianyuan Wu , Jingyi Shi , Qi Guo , Yunpeng Liu , Chunliang Yang , Liang Luo

In everyday decision making, people often need to actively search for information to construct value estimates before committing to a final choice. Effective information search relies on an accurate internal representation of uncertainty within the task environment, an ability closely linked to metacognition. However, few studies have directly examined whether metacognitive sensitivity (the ability to distinguish between good and bad options) is related to the quality of information search process in value-based decision making. Across five experiments (total N = 477), we investigated the relationship between metacognitive sensitivity and information search quality by asking participants to gather information in a multi-armed bandit task and rate confidence in their final decisions. Results showed that metacognitive sensitivity reliably predicted information search quality, including the ability to decide which information to search for (sampling quality) and when to terminate the search process (termination quality). When the working memory demands of the task were removed, the relationship between metacognitive sensitivity and termination quality persisted, whereas its association with sampling quality diminished, suggesting that sampling quality correlates with metacognitive sensitivity only when working memory is engaged during information search. Furthermore, direct training in information search did not improve metacognitive sensitivity, indicating that individual differences in metacognitive sensitivity are not merely a consequence of information search quality. These findings highlight the crucial role of metacognitive sensitivity as a predictor of efficient information search in value-based decision making.

在日常决策中，人们通常需要在做出最终选择之前主动搜索信息来构建价值估计。有效的信息搜索依赖于对任务环境中不确定性的准确内部表征，这是一种与元认知密切相关的能力。然而，很少有研究直接考察元认知敏感性（区分好与坏选择的能力）是否与基于价值的决策中信息搜索过程的质量有关。通过5个实验（总N = 477），我们调查了元认知敏感性和信息搜索质量之间的关系，要求参与者在一个多手强盗任务中收集信息，并评估他们最终决定的信心。结果表明，元认知灵敏度可靠地预测了信息搜索质量，包括决定搜索哪些信息（采样质量）和何时终止搜索过程（终止质量）的能力。当任务的工作记忆要求被移除时，元认知敏感性与终止质量的关系持续存在，而与抽样质量的关系减弱，这表明只有在信息搜索过程中使用工作记忆时，抽样质量才与元认知敏感性相关。此外，信息搜索的直接训练并没有提高元认知敏感性，这表明元认知敏感性的个体差异不仅仅是信息搜索质量的结果。这些发现强调了元认知敏感性在基于价值的决策中作为有效信息搜索的预测因子的关键作用。

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引用次数: 0

The cognitive mechanisms behind wishful predictions: A diffusion model decomposition 一厢情愿的预测背后的认知机制：扩散模型分解

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106386

Jeremy D. Strueder , Inkyung Park , J. Toby Mordkoff , Timothy J. Pleskac , Paul D. Windschitl

Wishful thinking or desirability bias refers to instances where the desire for an outcome inflates the expectation that it will occur. Although studies have demonstrated influences of outcome desirability on people's predictions, the cognitive mechanisms behind such an effect have remained unclear. Both biased criteria for evidence judgment and biased evidence search/accumulation have been suggested as possible mechanisms. In the present work, we used drift-diffusion modeling to examine on which levels of processing desirability has its impact. Participants (N = 147) made predictions about the color of a randomly selected square from 2-color grids. Crucially, certain color outcomes were made more desirable than others, and the strength of evidence was manipulated by varying the proportion of desired-color squares in the grid. We found that both manipulations—and their interaction—significantly affected predictions. More importantly, drift-diffusion model analyses showed that outcome desirability resulted in a judgment-level bias, where participants required less evidence to predict a desired outcome. Notably, we also found that desirability impacted the evidence accumulation process itself. Participants more readily construed evidence as supporting the desired outcome, indicating that desirability had a top-down influence on how prediction-relevant evidence was accumulated. The present results have implications for existing accounts of how desire impacts expectations and highlight the utility of drift diffusion modeling as a tool for assessing the mechanisms underlying motivated biases.

一厢情愿的想法或可取性偏见指的是对结果的渴望夸大了它会发生的预期。尽管研究已经证明了结果的可取性对人们预测的影响，但这种影响背后的认知机制仍不清楚。有偏见的证据判断标准和有偏见的证据搜索/积累都被认为是可能的机制。在目前的工作中，我们使用漂移-扩散模型来检查哪些水平的加工可取性有其影响。参与者（N = 147）对从两色网格中随机选择的正方形的颜色进行预测。至关重要的是，某些颜色的结果比其他颜色的结果更令人满意，并且通过改变网格中理想颜色方块的比例来操纵证据的强度。我们发现，这两种操作——以及它们之间的相互作用——都对预测产生了重大影响。更重要的是，漂移-扩散模型分析表明，结果的可取性导致了判断水平的偏差，即参与者需要较少的证据来预测期望的结果。值得注意的是，我们还发现，可取性影响证据积累过程本身。参与者更容易将证据解释为支持预期结果，这表明期望性对如何积累与预测相关的证据具有自上而下的影响。目前的结果对欲望如何影响期望的现有解释具有启示意义，并突出了漂移扩散模型作为评估动机偏差背后机制的工具的效用。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “The effect of gaze contingencies on infants' looking preference” [Cognition 270 (2026) 106417] “凝视偶然性对婴儿外观偏好的影响”的更正[认知270(2026)106417]。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2026.106446

Tal Ravid-Roth , Romi Livne , Ariel Berlinger , Wilfried Kunde , Baruch Eitam , Sagi Jaffe-Dax

引用次数: 0

Say it like you mean it: Linguistic vividness and the attentional optimization hypothesis 像你说的那样说：语言生动性和注意力优化假说。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106406

Alexander Kilpatrick , Rikke Bundgaard-Nielsen

This study investigates whether phonemic Surprisal in English words is systematically elevated for semantically vivid meanings, extending prior research linking high Surprisal words to negative valence. We test the hypothesis that Surprisal may serve attentional optimization—drawing cognitive focus to conceptually salient words—in addition to facilitating communicative efficiency. In this study, vividness was operationalized along three semantic dimensions: Specificity (the level of referential detail), Imaginability (ease of forming a mental image), and Concreteness (grounding in sensory-perceptual experience). Using a large corpus of spoken American English cross-referenced with phonological, semantic, and psycholinguistic norms, we constructed linear mixed-effects models to explore the relationship between phonemic Surprisal and each vividness dimension while controlling for phonological form, iconicity, age of acquisition, prevalence, and grammatical class. Imaginability and Concreteness significantly correlated with higher Surprisal, supporting the notion that language users may unconsciously favour phonologically marked forms for salient meanings. Following this analysis, we explored the relationship between Surprisal and processing by exploring behavioural data from lexical decision, read-aloud, and memory recognition tasks. Words high in Surprisal, Specificity, Imaginability, and Concreteness were more accurately recognized in memory recognition tasks. Highly Imaginable and Concrete words were easier to processes, whereas high Surprisal and Specificity were associated with increased processing difficulty. Together, the results support the attentional optimization hypothesis, introduced here, proposing that linguistic systems are shaped not only to efficiently economize communication, but also to identify meanings that merit greater cognitive investment.

本研究探讨了英语单词的音位Surprisal是否会因语义生动而系统地提高，扩展了先前将高Surprisal单词与负效相联系的研究。我们测试了一个假设，惊喜可能有助于注意力优化——将认知焦点吸引到概念上突出的单词上——除了促进交流效率之外。在本研究中，生动性在三个语义维度上进行操作：特异性（参考细节的水平），想象性（形成心理图像的难易程度）和具体性（基于感觉-知觉经验）。我们使用大量的美国英语口语语料库，与语音、语义和心理语言规范相互参照，构建线性混合效应模型，在控制语音形式、象似性、习得年龄、流行程度和语法类别的情况下，探索音位惊讶和每个生动度维度之间的关系。可想象性和具体性与较高的惊奇性显著相关，这支持了语言使用者可能无意识地倾向于语音标记形式来表达显著意义的观点。在此分析之后，我们通过研究词汇决策、大声朗读和记忆识别任务中的行为数据来探索惊奇和加工之间的关系。在记忆识别任务中，高惊奇性、特异性、想象性和具体性的词汇被更准确地识别出来。高度想象和具体的词更容易加工，而高度惊讶和特异性的词则更容易加工。总之，这些结果支持了这里介绍的注意力优化假说，即语言系统的形成不仅是为了有效地节省交流，而且是为了识别值得更多认知投入的意义。

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引用次数: 0