Cognition最新文献_第7页

Cortical representation of quantification: The role of the left anterior temporal lobe 量化的皮质表征：左前颞叶的作用。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106403

Nigel Flower, Liina Pylkkänen

Quantifiers like ‘all’ or ‘some’ play a key role in how we construct meaning from language, but their underlying neurobiological mechanisms are still unclear. One difficulty in determining the neural correlates of quantification is that the interpretation of these elements depends on multiple elements of a sentence, unlike other determiners, such as ‘the.’ This makes it difficult to isolate neural signals that are specific to the logical properties of quantifiers but orthogonal to the intricacies of predictive processing. In this magnetoencephalography study, we overcame this challenge by employing rapid parallel visual presentation of four-word quantified sentences as well as sentences containing the semantically simpler definite determiner ‘the.’ Since the left anterior temporal lobe (LATL) has been hypothesized to perform Boolean set intersection on conceptual representations, we tested whether activation in this region would also reflect the degree of intersection performed by the quantifier (maximal for “all,” intermediate for “some,” minimal for “no”). Instead, we found that LATL activation corresponds to whether a determiner involves the representation of a unique domain of individuals as well as whether the expression is referential. We argue that this pattern offers neural support for the theory of Restricted Quantification, which states that the arguments of a quantifier are mentally represented in distinct ways. Overall, these results suggest that the LATL performs conceptual combinatory operations that interact with a model of the discourse.

Significance statement

A remarkable property of language is that we can produce and comprehend an infinite set of complex meanings from a finite set of building blocks. These building blocks vary widely in how they contribute to higher levels of meaning, and we can exploit their differences when studying the neural mechanisms that underlie our recursive ability to build structured meanings. This study uses brain data to study how our minds form basic logical representations out of linguistic elements known as “quantifiers”. Our findings suggest that the left anterior temporal lobe is involved in computing the referential domain of a quantified phrase, and they further have bearing on our representational theories for quantifiers.

像“全部”或“一些”这样的量词在我们如何从语言中构建意义方面发挥着关键作用，但它们潜在的神经生物学机制尚不清楚。确定量化的神经关联的一个困难是，这些元素的解释取决于一个句子的多个元素，不像其他限定词，如“the”。这使得隔离特定于量词的逻辑属性但与预测处理的复杂性正交的神经信号变得困难。在这项脑磁图研究中，我们克服了这一挑战，采用四词量化句子的快速平行视觉呈现，以及包含语义上更简单的限定词“the”的句子。由于左前颞叶（LATL）被假设对概念表征执行布尔集合交集，我们测试了该区域的激活是否也反映了量词执行的交集程度（“全部”为最大，“一些”为中间，“否”为最小）。相反，我们发现LATL激活对应于一个限定词是否涉及个体的一个独特域的表示，以及该表达式是否具有参考意义。我们认为这种模式为限制量化理论提供了神经支持，该理论认为量词的论点以不同的方式在心理上被表征。总的来说，这些结果表明LATL执行与话语模型相互作用的概念组合操作。意义陈述：语言的一个显著特性是我们可以从有限的构建模块中产生和理解无限的复杂含义。这些构建模块在如何促进更高层次的意义方面差异很大，我们可以在研究我们构建结构化意义递归能力的神经机制时利用它们的差异。这项研究使用大脑数据来研究我们的大脑如何从被称为“量词”的语言元素中形成基本的逻辑表征。我们的研究结果表明，左颞叶前部参与计算量化短语的参考域，并进一步影响我们对量词的表征理论。

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引用次数: 0

Facial expression recognition in the broader autism phenotype: What does alexithymia have to do with it? 更广泛的自闭症表型中的面部表情识别：述情障碍与之有什么关系？

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106407

J.R. Towler, C. Kannan, C. Soupioni, E. Castle, H. Fletcher-Miles, M. Childs, S. Donnelley, T. Reinert-Joensen, D. Brooks, J.J. Tree

Emotion recognition difficulties are widely reported in autism, but the “alexithymia hypothesis” proposes that such deficits are driven by co-occurring alexithymic traits rather than autism itself. We tested this hypothesis in a large sample of 556 adults spanning the broader autism phenotype, using self-reported autistic traits (Autism Quotient, AQ), alexithymia (Toronto Alexithymia Scale, TAS-20), and multiple face processing tasks. All participants completed an emotional expression discrimination task; Subsample 1 (N = 231) additionally completed an expression labelling task and Raven's matrices, while Subsample 2 (N = 325) completed the Cambridge Face Memory Test. Across correlational, regression, partial correlation, and mediation analyses, autistic traits—particularly social-communicative difficulties—were the strongest and most consistent predictors of poorer emotion recognition. In contrast, the core alexithymia facets of difficulty identifying and describing feelings did not contribute unique variance once autistic traits were controlled. Importantly, externally oriented thinking (EOT) emerged as the only alexithymia facet with independent predictive value, consistently associated with reduced accuracy across both emotional and identity face recognition tasks. This suggests that EOT reflects a broader domain-general attentional style that deprioritises reflective engagement with socially salient information. Group-based analyses further confirmed that high autistic trait groups showed significant recognition impairments regardless of alexithymia levels. These findings challenge the alexithymia hypothesis and highlight autistic traits as primary drivers of emotion recognition difficulties, with EOT adding an additional, qualitatively distinct influence. The results call for revised multivariate models of face and emotion processing that integrate autistic traits, attentional orientations, cognitive ability, and gender.

情绪识别困难在自闭症中被广泛报道，但“述情障碍假说”提出，这种缺陷是由共同发生的述情障碍特征驱动的，而不是自闭症本身。我们在556名成年人的大样本中测试了这一假设，这些成年人跨越了更广泛的自闭症表型，使用自我报告的自闭症特征（自闭症商数，AQ），述情障碍（多伦多述情障碍量表，TAS-20）和多个面部处理任务。所有参与者都完成了一项情绪表情辨别任务；子样本1 （N = 231）还完成了表达标记任务和Raven’s矩阵，而子样本2 （N = 325）完成了剑桥面部记忆测试。通过相关、回归、部分相关和中介分析，自闭症特征——尤其是社交障碍——是情感识别能力较差的最强和最一致的预测因素。相比之下，一旦自闭症特征得到控制，识别和描述情感困难的述情障碍核心方面就不会产生独特的变异。重要的是，外向型思维（EOT）是唯一具有独立预测价值的述情障碍方面，始终与情绪和身份面部识别任务的准确性降低有关。这表明EOT反映了一种更广泛的领域-一般注意风格，这种风格剥夺了对社会突出信息的反思性参与。基于群体的分析进一步证实，无论述情障碍程度如何，高自闭症特征组都表现出显著的认知障碍。这些发现挑战了述情障碍假说，并强调自闭症特征是情绪识别困难的主要驱动因素，而EOT增加了一个额外的、定性上不同的影响。研究结果要求对面部和情绪处理的多元模型进行修正，以整合自闭症特征、注意取向、认知能力和性别。

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引用次数: 0

Reading words of out order: Comparing serial and parallel accounts of the transposed word effect 读乱序单词：比较调换单词效果的连续和平行描述。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106399

Victoria A. McGowan , Mahmoud M. Elsherif , Michael G. Cutter , Zhiwei Liu , Jingxin Wang , Kevin B. Paterson

A fundamental issue in reading research concerns whether words are encoded serially (one at a time in the order they are encountered) or in parallel (concurrently with the encoding of neighboring words). This debate has reignited recently with evidence showing that readers can encode word order flexibly and often fail to detect grammatical violations produced by transposing adjacent words (e.g., “The white was cat big”). These transposed word effects have been accommodated under both parallel accounts (due to the simultaneous processing of multiple words) and under serial accounts (due to temporal overlap in the integration of adjacent words). However, the precise nature of the effect remains contentious. To examine these contrasting accounts, we conducted six novel experiments that manipulated spatial and temporal aspects of transposed-word stimulus processing. Experiments 1a and 1b show equivalent transposed-word effects for displays that allow or disallow simultaneous processing of transposed words. Experiments 2a and 2b show enlarged transposed-word effects when whole sentence stimuli are displayed at fast presentation rates, but only when spatial cues to word location are unavailable. Experiments 3a and 3b show that the transposed-word effect is larger when the first than second transposed word is presented at a faster presentation rate. Overall, our findings are inconsistent with claims that flexible word order encoding is attributable to parallel word recognition. Instead, they show a temporal component to flexible word order encoding, consistent with claims that they can be explained by overlapping integration stages within serial models.

阅读研究中的一个基本问题是，单词是按顺序编码（按照遇到的顺序一次一个单词）还是并行编码（与相邻单词同时编码）。最近，有证据表明，读者可以灵活地对词序进行编码，并且经常无法发现调换相邻单词所产生的语法违规（例如，“The white was cat big”），这一争论再次被点燃。这些转置的单词效应在平行账户（由于同时处理多个单词）和串行账户（由于相邻单词整合的时间重叠）下都得到了适应。然而，这种效应的确切性质仍然存在争议。为了检验这些对比的说法，我们进行了六个新颖的实验，操纵转置词刺激处理的空间和时间方面。实验1a和1b显示了允许或不允许同时处理转置词的显示器的等效转置词效应。实验2a和2b显示，当整个句子刺激以快速呈现速度呈现时，但只有在无法获得单词位置的空间线索时，才会放大转置词效应。实验3a和3b表明，当以更快的呈现速度呈现第一个转置词时，转置词效应大于第二个转置词。总的来说，我们的发现与灵活的词序编码归因于平行词识别的说法不一致。相反，它们显示了灵活的词序编码的时间成分，这与可以通过序列模型中的重叠集成阶段来解释它们的说法是一致的。

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引用次数: 0

Constructive episodic simulation, self-projection, and scene construction: Investigating the mechanisms of children's episodic thinking 建构性情景模拟、自我投射与情景建构：儿童情景思维机制的研究。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106405

Ege Kamber , Michael A. Busseri , Caitlin E.V. Mahy

Constructive episodic simulation, self-projection, and scene construction are three prominent cognitive mechanisms posited to underpin episodic thinking. This study investigated whether these mechanisms explain individual differences in children's episodic thinking and relations to other related abilities during middle childhood (i.e., imagination, perspective-taking, and spatial navigation). A sample of 150 Canadian children aged 8 to 10 years completed the Autobiographical Interview, in which they described future, past, current, and make-believe events, and several other behavioural tasks measuring their perspective-taking, spatial navigation, narrative ability, and receptive vocabulary. Structural equation modelling revealed significant covariance among episodic thinking for future, past, and current events, imagination, and spatial navigation, but not perspective-taking. When children's verbosity was controlled, these relations were weakened in magnitude and spatial navigation was no longer significantly related to episodic thinking processes. These results support constructive episodic simulation and scene construction accounts, as well as a more general underlying episodic simulation ability, as mechanisms for episodic thinking in middle childhood.

建设性情景模拟、自我投射和场景构建是支撑情景思维的三个主要认知机制。本研究探讨了这些机制是否解释了儿童情景思维的个体差异及其与儿童中期其他相关能力（即想象力、换位思考和空间导航）的关系。150名年龄在8到10岁之间的加拿大儿童完成了自传式访谈，他们在访谈中描述了未来、过去、现在和虚构的事件，并完成了其他一些行为任务，测量他们的换位思考、空间导航、叙事能力和接受性词汇。结构方程模型显示未来、过去和当前事件的情景思维、想象力和空间导航之间存在显著的协方差，但换位思考不存在显著的协方差。当儿童的冗长性得到控制时，这种关系在程度上减弱，空间导航不再与情景思维过程显著相关。这些结果支持建设性情景模拟和场景构建描述，以及更普遍的潜在情景模拟能力，作为童年中期情景思维的机制。

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引用次数: 0

Metacognitive sensitivity predicts the quality of information search in value-based decision making 元认知敏感性预测基于价值的决策中信息搜索的质量。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106410

Xiao Hu , Yahua Li , Xun Chen , Jianyuan Wu , Jingyi Shi , Qi Guo , Yunpeng Liu , Chunliang Yang , Liang Luo

In everyday decision making, people often need to actively search for information to construct value estimates before committing to a final choice. Effective information search relies on an accurate internal representation of uncertainty within the task environment, an ability closely linked to metacognition. However, few studies have directly examined whether metacognitive sensitivity (the ability to distinguish between good and bad options) is related to the quality of information search process in value-based decision making. Across five experiments (total N = 477), we investigated the relationship between metacognitive sensitivity and information search quality by asking participants to gather information in a multi-armed bandit task and rate confidence in their final decisions. Results showed that metacognitive sensitivity reliably predicted information search quality, including the ability to decide which information to search for (sampling quality) and when to terminate the search process (termination quality). When the working memory demands of the task were removed, the relationship between metacognitive sensitivity and termination quality persisted, whereas its association with sampling quality diminished, suggesting that sampling quality correlates with metacognitive sensitivity only when working memory is engaged during information search. Furthermore, direct training in information search did not improve metacognitive sensitivity, indicating that individual differences in metacognitive sensitivity are not merely a consequence of information search quality. These findings highlight the crucial role of metacognitive sensitivity as a predictor of efficient information search in value-based decision making.

在日常决策中，人们通常需要在做出最终选择之前主动搜索信息来构建价值估计。有效的信息搜索依赖于对任务环境中不确定性的准确内部表征，这是一种与元认知密切相关的能力。然而，很少有研究直接考察元认知敏感性（区分好与坏选择的能力）是否与基于价值的决策中信息搜索过程的质量有关。通过5个实验（总N = 477），我们调查了元认知敏感性和信息搜索质量之间的关系，要求参与者在一个多手强盗任务中收集信息，并评估他们最终决定的信心。结果表明，元认知灵敏度可靠地预测了信息搜索质量，包括决定搜索哪些信息（采样质量）和何时终止搜索过程（终止质量）的能力。当任务的工作记忆要求被移除时，元认知敏感性与终止质量的关系持续存在，而与抽样质量的关系减弱，这表明只有在信息搜索过程中使用工作记忆时，抽样质量才与元认知敏感性相关。此外，信息搜索的直接训练并没有提高元认知敏感性，这表明元认知敏感性的个体差异不仅仅是信息搜索质量的结果。这些发现强调了元认知敏感性在基于价值的决策中作为有效信息搜索的预测因子的关键作用。

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引用次数: 0

Identifying the boundary between dialects and languages: The role of similarity and usage 识别方言和语言之间的边界：相似性和用法的作用。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106388

Alissa Melinger

The question of how to distinguish between dialects and languages has plagued linguists for decades. The present investigation uses behavioral observations to objectively distinguish between bilingual and bidialectal translation effects. Using the picture-word interference paradigm, Italian – Neapolitan (Exp 1) bidialectal participants named pictures while ignoring semantically identical, related, or unrelated distractor words presented in their two linguistic varieties. Consistent with prior investigations of dialectal lexical selection studies, we observed translation equivalent interference between dialectal varieties that were mutually non-intelligible and in participants who were active, proficient speakers of both varieties. Experiment 2 assessed the distractor effects in Italian-English bilingual speakers and did not observe similar translation equivalent inference effects. The results suggest that mutual intelligibility and high speaker proficiency are not necessary and sufficient conditions for establishing independent lexical systems.

如何区分方言和语言的问题已经困扰了语言学家几十年。本研究运用行为观察客观区分双语和双方言翻译效果。使用图片-单词干扰范式，意大利语-那不勒斯语（实验1）双方言参与者在忽略语义相同、相关或不相关的两种语言变体中的干扰词的情况下命名图片。与之前对方言词汇选择研究的调查一致，我们观察到在相互不理解的方言品种之间和在两种方言的活跃、熟练的参与者中翻译等效干扰。实验2评估了意英双语者的分心物效应，并没有观察到类似的翻译等效推理效应。结果表明，相互可解度和较高的说话者熟练程度并不是建立独立词汇系统的充分必要条件。

引用次数: 0

Most pragmatic responses to underinformative some-statements are associated with scalar implicatures 对信息不足的某些语句的大多数实际反应都与标量含义有关。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106404

Paula Bull-Morales , Ira Noveck , Lewis Bott

A common method for investigating scalar implicatures is to use underinformative sentences, such as Some X are Y, when evidence indicates that All X are Y. Underinformative sentences can have a logical (some and possibly all) or pragmatic (some but not all) interpretation. Recently, Kissine and De Brabanter (2023; Cognition) presented experiments that question whether false responses to underinformative sentences indicate explicit derivation of the implicature. Their findings cast doubt on the conclusions of much recent research in experimental pragmatics. Here, we present three experiments that build on their findings using a similar method while incorporating design differences. In a two-phase paradigm, participants evaluated underinformative sentences (Some elephants are mammals) in Phase 1 before selecting a sentence interpretation (logical, pragmatic, or neither) in Phase 2. In all three experiments (N = 52; N = 103; N = 100), participants were congruent (with the explicit derivation hypothesis) significantly more than predictions based on chance, all p's < 0.05, with effects that were more pronounced when considering a subset of participants who were consistent in their Phase 1 interpretations (N = 22; N = 62; N = 67), all p's < 0.05. Overall, the results support the explicit derivation hypothesis, contrary to Kissine and De Brabanter, and are consistent with assumptions in the pragmatics literature. Nonetheless, there are limitations to the paradigm (e.g. the influence of interpretation paraphrasing), and individual differences in consistency with explicit derivation predictions. It is therefore possible that while most participants were deriving enrichments of the sort not all to underinformative sentences, some participants were not.

研究标量含义的一种常用方法是使用信息不足的句子，例如，当证据表明所有X都是Y时，信息不足的句子可以有逻辑（部分且可能全部）或语用（部分但不是全部）的解释。最近，kissin和De Brabanter （2023; Cognition）提出了一些实验，质疑对信息不足句子的错误反应是否表明了隐含意义的明确推导。他们的发现对最近实验语用学研究的结论提出了质疑。在这里，我们提出了三个实验，以他们的发现为基础，使用类似的方法，同时结合设计差异。在两阶段范式中，参与者在第一阶段评估信息不足的句子（一些大象是哺乳动物），然后在第二阶段选择句子解释（逻辑、语用或两者都不是）。在所有三个实验中（N = 52; N = 103; N = 100），参与者的一致性（与显式推导假设）显著高于基于机会的预测，所有p

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引用次数: 0

Say it like you mean it: Linguistic vividness and the attentional optimization hypothesis 像你说的那样说：语言生动性和注意力优化假说。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106406

Alexander Kilpatrick , Rikke Bundgaard-Nielsen

This study investigates whether phonemic Surprisal in English words is systematically elevated for semantically vivid meanings, extending prior research linking high Surprisal words to negative valence. We test the hypothesis that Surprisal may serve attentional optimization—drawing cognitive focus to conceptually salient words—in addition to facilitating communicative efficiency. In this study, vividness was operationalized along three semantic dimensions: Specificity (the level of referential detail), Imaginability (ease of forming a mental image), and Concreteness (grounding in sensory-perceptual experience). Using a large corpus of spoken American English cross-referenced with phonological, semantic, and psycholinguistic norms, we constructed linear mixed-effects models to explore the relationship between phonemic Surprisal and each vividness dimension while controlling for phonological form, iconicity, age of acquisition, prevalence, and grammatical class. Imaginability and Concreteness significantly correlated with higher Surprisal, supporting the notion that language users may unconsciously favour phonologically marked forms for salient meanings. Following this analysis, we explored the relationship between Surprisal and processing by exploring behavioural data from lexical decision, read-aloud, and memory recognition tasks. Words high in Surprisal, Specificity, Imaginability, and Concreteness were more accurately recognized in memory recognition tasks. Highly Imaginable and Concrete words were easier to processes, whereas high Surprisal and Specificity were associated with increased processing difficulty. Together, the results support the attentional optimization hypothesis, introduced here, proposing that linguistic systems are shaped not only to efficiently economize communication, but also to identify meanings that merit greater cognitive investment.

本研究探讨了英语单词的音位Surprisal是否会因语义生动而系统地提高，扩展了先前将高Surprisal单词与负效相联系的研究。我们测试了一个假设，惊喜可能有助于注意力优化——将认知焦点吸引到概念上突出的单词上——除了促进交流效率之外。在本研究中，生动性在三个语义维度上进行操作：特异性（参考细节的水平），想象性（形成心理图像的难易程度）和具体性（基于感觉-知觉经验）。我们使用大量的美国英语口语语料库，与语音、语义和心理语言规范相互参照，构建线性混合效应模型，在控制语音形式、象似性、习得年龄、流行程度和语法类别的情况下，探索音位惊讶和每个生动度维度之间的关系。可想象性和具体性与较高的惊奇性显著相关，这支持了语言使用者可能无意识地倾向于语音标记形式来表达显著意义的观点。在此分析之后，我们通过研究词汇决策、大声朗读和记忆识别任务中的行为数据来探索惊奇和加工之间的关系。在记忆识别任务中，高惊奇性、特异性、想象性和具体性的词汇被更准确地识别出来。高度想象和具体的词更容易加工，而高度惊讶和特异性的词则更容易加工。总之，这些结果支持了这里介绍的注意力优化假说，即语言系统的形成不仅是为了有效地节省交流，而且是为了识别值得更多认知投入的意义。

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引用次数: 0

Chain shifts and transphonologizations are driven by homophony avoidance 链移位和转音化是由避免同音引起的。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106398

Stefon Flego , Andrew Wedel

Human languages balance pressures for effort reduction and communicative accuracy. This tension plays out in the structure of phoneme inventories and how they change over time. For example, merger of two phoneme categories (e.g., /p ∼ b/) results in a simpler inventory, but also eliminates a phoneme contrast which can distinguish words (e.g. pat ∼ bat). Previous work has shown that merger of a phoneme contrast is more likely when that contrast distinguishes few words. Within a diverse set of languages we extend this finding to two phoneme inventory changes which preserve word contrast. In chain shifts, two adjacent phonemes move in concert within the phonetic space. In transphonologizations, a primary phonetic cue to a phoneme contrast merges while another cue expands. A common feature of these two change types is that although the phonetics-phoneme category mapping changes, no new homophones are created. Here we show that the greater the contribution a phoneme contrast makes to word differentiation, the less likely that contrast is to merge, and conversely the more likely it is to undergo a chain shift/transphonologization. Traditional phonological theory assumes phonological systems are causally independent of actual words in the language. This work shows instead that change-type in inventories is strongly influenced by the particularities of the lexicon. These findings support a model in which the structure of phoneme inventories is shaped by usage-driven pressures to optimize effort reduction versus function in the transmission of meaning, paralleling broader cognitive work in efficient coding and in learning versus usage of category systems.

人类语言平衡了努力减少和沟通准确性的压力。这种紧张关系表现在音素清单的结构以及它们如何随时间变化。例如，两个音素类别的合并（例如，/p ~ b/）会产生一个更简单的清单，但也消除了可以区分单词的音素对比（例如，pat ~ bat）。先前的研究表明，当音素对比区分的单词很少时，音素对比合并的可能性更大。在一组不同的语言中，我们将这一发现扩展到两个音素库存变化，这些变化保持了单词的对比。在连锁移位中，两个相邻的音素在语音空间中一起移动。在转音化中，音素对比的主要语音线索合并，而另一个线索扩展。这两种变化类型的一个共同特征是，尽管语音-音素类别映射发生了变化，但没有创建新的同音异义词。在这里，我们表明，音素对比对单词分化的贡献越大，对比合并的可能性就越小，相反，它更有可能经历连锁转移/转音位化。传统的语音理论认为语音系统与语言中的实际单词在因果关系上是独立的。相反，这项工作表明，清单的变化类型受到词汇特殊性的强烈影响。这些发现支持了一个模型，在这个模型中，音素清单的结构是由使用驱动的压力来塑造的，以优化在意义传递中的努力减少和功能，平行于更广泛的认知工作，如高效编码和学习与使用类别系统。

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引用次数: 0

What can a half-million saccades tell us about distractor suppression? 关于干扰抑制，50万次扫视能告诉我们什么？

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106397

Kaitlyn N. Drennan, Nicholas Gaspelin

Salient distractions in the environment compete for attention and have the potential to interfere with our goals. An abundance of research has therefore examined how we learn to prevent distraction by salient stimuli. There is growing consensus that salient stimuli can be suppressed to mitigate distraction. However, many questions about distractor suppression have been difficult to resolve in typical studies that use small sample sizes. The current study is a pooled analysis of several previous eye-tracking studies (N = 354) which resulted in a large data set of more than a half-million eye movements. This large data set was used to uncover new findings that improve our understanding of the attentional processes involved in distractor suppression. We also evaluated several new findings related to how attentional suppression is learned and is influenced by selection history. Altogether, these findings highlight the need for a hybrid model of attention that includes both bottom-up and top-down components. Moreover, this large publicly available dataset can be used by future research to investigate other questions related to attentional capture and distractor suppression.

环境中显著的干扰会争夺我们的注意力，并有可能干扰我们的目标。因此，大量的研究调查了我们是如何学会避免因显著刺激而分心的。越来越多的人认为，可以抑制显著刺激以减轻注意力分散。然而，在典型的小样本量研究中，许多关于干扰物抑制的问题难以解决。目前的研究是对之前几项眼球追踪研究（N = 354）的综合分析，这些研究得出了超过50万次眼球运动的大型数据集。这个庞大的数据集被用来揭示新的发现，这些发现提高了我们对干扰物抑制所涉及的注意过程的理解。我们还评估了几个与注意抑制如何被学习和受选择历史影响有关的新发现。总之，这些发现强调需要一个混合的注意力模型，包括自下而上和自上而下的组件。此外，这个大型的公开数据集可以用于未来的研究，以调查与注意力捕获和干扰物抑制相关的其他问题。

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