Cognition最新文献_第7页

Number-action mapping in human newborns 人类新生儿的数字-行动映射。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106396

Maria Dolores de Hevia , Vittoria Volpi , Yasmine Iraki , Gisella Decarli

Humans' ability to link sensory signals across different modalities and dimensions is functional from birth. Moreover, they form expectations of congruent magnitude changes across dimensions such as number, spatial extent, and temporal duration, anticipating that increases (or decreases) in one dimension will be matched by similar changes in another. Here, we investigated whether newborns can also map numerical magnitude onto action-related information—specifically, hand aperture amplitude—a form of mapping previously observed in adults, children, and infants, but not yet studied at birth. Across three experiments (16 newborns per experiment; N = 48), we presented newborns with changes in both number and hand aperture. Newborns preferred (i.e., looked longer at) congruent pairings only when the stimuli involved biological hands (Experiment 1), but not when congruency was disrupted (Experiment 2) or replaced with non-biological aperture configurations (Experiment 3). These results rule out a general novelty explanation, support the presence of an abstract magnitude mapping, and indicate that this mapping is not driven by abstract aperture configurations based solely on the distance or proximity between objects. The findings provide initial evidence that action–number mappings may already be present at birth, suggesting that the connection between sensorimotor processes and numerical cognition could be available from the earliest stages of postnatal life.

人类将不同形态和维度的感官信号联系起来的能力从出生起就开始发挥作用。此外，它们在数量、空间范围和时间持续时间等维度上形成了一致幅度变化的预期，预计一个维度的增加（或减少）将与另一个维度的类似变化相匹配。在这里，我们调查了新生儿是否也能将数值幅度映射到与动作相关的信息上，特别是手孔振幅，这是一种以前在成人、儿童和婴儿中观察到的映射形式，但尚未在出生时进行研究。在三个实验中（每个实验16个新生儿，N = 48），我们展示了新生儿数量和手孔的变化。只有当刺激涉及生物手（实验1）时，新生儿才更倾向于（即更长时间地注视）一致的配对，而当一致性被破坏（实验2）或被非生物孔径结构取代（实验3）时，则不会。这些结果排除了一般的新颖性解释，支持抽象星等映射的存在，并表明这种映射不是由仅仅基于物体之间的距离或接近的抽象孔径配置驱动的。这些发现提供了初步证据，表明动作-数字映射可能在出生时就已经存在，这表明感觉运动过程和数字认知之间的联系可能在出生后的最早阶段就存在。

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引用次数: 0

Serial processing of two words becomes parallel when they combine to form a known compound word 当两个词组合成一个已知的复合词时，串行处理就变成并行处理。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106387

Amritha Anupindi , Liana R. Eisler , Mariam Latif, Vassiki S. Chauhan, Alex L. White

According to one model of reading, words are recognized one at a time with serial shifts of focused attention. This serial strategy would be required if, as some prior research suggests, there is a bottleneck in the brain that cannot process two words simultaneously. Consistent with this serial model, we first show that participants can judge the lexical status of only one of two unrelated words that are flashed briefly above and below the point of gaze fixation and then masked. We then investigate whether two words that together compose an existing compound word (e.g., bottle + neck) can nonetheless be processed in parallel. The results demonstrate that indeed, under the same conditions in which two unrelated words cannot be recognized simultaneously, accuracy for recognizing either or both of two words that form a compound exceeds the prediction of the serial model. This result complicates theories of a serial bottleneck in word recognition, especially in the context of natural reading. We propose a model that begins with parallel orthographic processing, initially serial lexical activation, and then interactive activations that can amplify the representations of two words that form a known compound.

根据一种阅读模式，人们通过集中注意力的一系列转移，一次识别一个单词。如果像一些先前的研究表明的那样，大脑中存在无法同时处理两个单词的瓶颈，那么这种连续策略将是必需的。与这个序列模型一致，我们首先表明参与者只能判断两个不相关的单词中的一个的词汇状态，这些单词在注视点上下短暂闪现，然后被掩盖。然后，我们研究两个词一起组成一个现有的复合词（例如，bottle + neck）是否可以并行处理。结果表明，在两个不相关的词不能同时识别的相同条件下，识别组成一个化合物的两个词中的一个或两个词的准确率确实超过了序列模型的预测。这一结果使单词识别的一系列瓶颈理论复杂化，特别是在自然阅读的背景下。我们提出了一个模型，从平行正字法处理开始，最初是串行词汇激活，然后是交互激活，可以放大构成已知化合物的两个单词的表示。

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引用次数: 0

The cognitive mechanisms behind wishful predictions: A diffusion model decomposition 一厢情愿的预测背后的认知机制：扩散模型分解

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106386

Jeremy D. Strueder , Inkyung Park , J. Toby Mordkoff , Timothy J. Pleskac , Paul D. Windschitl

Wishful thinking or desirability bias refers to instances where the desire for an outcome inflates the expectation that it will occur. Although studies have demonstrated influences of outcome desirability on people's predictions, the cognitive mechanisms behind such an effect have remained unclear. Both biased criteria for evidence judgment and biased evidence search/accumulation have been suggested as possible mechanisms. In the present work, we used drift-diffusion modeling to examine on which levels of processing desirability has its impact. Participants (N = 147) made predictions about the color of a randomly selected square from 2-color grids. Crucially, certain color outcomes were made more desirable than others, and the strength of evidence was manipulated by varying the proportion of desired-color squares in the grid. We found that both manipulations—and their interaction—significantly affected predictions. More importantly, drift-diffusion model analyses showed that outcome desirability resulted in a judgment-level bias, where participants required less evidence to predict a desired outcome. Notably, we also found that desirability impacted the evidence accumulation process itself. Participants more readily construed evidence as supporting the desired outcome, indicating that desirability had a top-down influence on how prediction-relevant evidence was accumulated. The present results have implications for existing accounts of how desire impacts expectations and highlight the utility of drift diffusion modeling as a tool for assessing the mechanisms underlying motivated biases.

一厢情愿的想法或可取性偏见指的是对结果的渴望夸大了它会发生的预期。尽管研究已经证明了结果的可取性对人们预测的影响，但这种影响背后的认知机制仍不清楚。有偏见的证据判断标准和有偏见的证据搜索/积累都被认为是可能的机制。在目前的工作中，我们使用漂移-扩散模型来检查哪些水平的加工可取性有其影响。参与者（N = 147）对从两色网格中随机选择的正方形的颜色进行预测。至关重要的是，某些颜色的结果比其他颜色的结果更令人满意，并且通过改变网格中理想颜色方块的比例来操纵证据的强度。我们发现，这两种操作——以及它们之间的相互作用——都对预测产生了重大影响。更重要的是，漂移-扩散模型分析表明，结果的可取性导致了判断水平的偏差，即参与者需要较少的证据来预测期望的结果。值得注意的是，我们还发现，可取性影响证据积累过程本身。参与者更容易将证据解释为支持预期结果，这表明期望性对如何积累与预测相关的证据具有自上而下的影响。目前的结果对欲望如何影响期望的现有解释具有启示意义，并突出了漂移扩散模型作为评估动机偏差背后机制的工具的效用。

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引用次数: 0

Automatic pupillary responses to pain perception in adults and children: The influence of race and autistic traits 成人和儿童对疼痛感知的瞳孔自动反应：种族和自闭症特征的影响。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106384

Ting Zhang , Shujia Zhang , Yi Jiang

The ability to understand and share others' emotional states (e.g., feeling of pain) plays a fundamental role in survival and prosocial behavior. The current study utilized pupillometry to assess automatic psychophysiological responses to others' painful facial expressions in both adults and children (N = 72). Results revealed that pupil size significantly increased when perceiving painful versus neutral expressions, independent of low-level visual features. Notably, both adults and children exhibited a racial in-group bias, with pupil dilation effects observed only for same-race painful faces. Furthermore, individuals' Autism Spectrum Quotient scores were negatively correlated with pupil dilation effects toward painful expressions of same-race faces. These findings suggest that pupillary responses might reflect automatic empathic arousal to others' pain and are modulated by racial group membership and autistic traits, providing a potential physiological indicator, at least at the group level, for probing affective resonance in children or individuals with socio-cognitive disorders (e.g., autism spectrum disorder).

理解和分享他人情绪状态（如痛苦感）的能力在生存和亲社会行为中起着重要作用。目前的研究使用瞳孔测量法来评估成人和儿童对他人痛苦面部表情的自动心理生理反应（N = 72）。结果显示，与中性表情相比，当感知痛苦表情时，瞳孔大小显著增加，与低水平视觉特征无关。值得注意的是，成人和儿童都表现出种族内群体偏见，瞳孔扩张效应仅在同一种族的痛苦面孔上观察到。此外，个体的自闭症谱系商得分与瞳孔扩张对同一种族面孔痛苦表情的影响呈负相关。这些研究结果表明，瞳孔反应可能反映了对他人痛苦的自动共情唤醒，并受到种族群体成员和自闭症特征的调节，至少在群体水平上，为探索具有社会认知障碍（如自闭症谱系障碍）的儿童或个体的情感共鸣提供了一个潜在的生理指标。

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引用次数: 0

Learning to understand an unfamiliar talker: Testing distributional learning as a model of rapid adaptive speech perception. 学习理解不熟悉的说话者：测试分布式学习作为快速适应语音感知的模型。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106195

Maryann Tan, T Florian Jaeger

Human speech perception is highly adaptive: exposure to an unfamiliar accent quickly reduces the difficulty listeners might initially experience. How such rapid adaptation unfolds incrementally remains largely unknown. This includes questions about how listeners' prior expectations based on lifelong experiences are integrated with the unfamiliar speech input, as well as questions about the speed and success of adaptation. We begin to address these knowledge gaps through a combination of an incremental exposure-test paradigm and model-guided data interpretation. We expose US English listeners to shifted phonetic distributions of word-initial "d" and "t" (e.g., "dill" vs. "till"), while incrementally assessing cumulative changes in listeners' perception. We use Bayesian mixed-effects psychometric models to characterize these changes, and compare listeners' behavior against both idealized learners (ideal observers that know the exposure statistics) and a model of adaptive speech perception (ideal adaptors that have to infer those statistics). We find that a distributional learning model provides a good qualitative and quantitative fit (R²>96%) to both listeners' prior perception and changes in their perception depending on the amount and type of exposure. We do, however, also identify previously unrecognized constraints on adaptivity that are unexpected under any existing model of adaptive speech perception: changes in listeners' perception seem to plateau below the level expected under successful learning.

人类的语言感知是高度适应性的：接触一种不熟悉的口音会迅速减少听众最初可能遇到的困难。这种快速的适应是如何逐步展开的，在很大程度上仍不得而知。这包括关于听者基于终身经验的先前期望如何与不熟悉的语音输入相结合的问题，以及关于适应的速度和成功的问题。我们开始通过增量暴露测试范式和模型指导数据解释的结合来解决这些知识差距。我们向美国英语听众展示了单词开头的“d”和“t”的语音分布变化（例如，“dill”vs“dill”）。“直到”)，同时逐步评估听众感知的累积变化。我们使用贝叶斯混合效应心理测量模型来描述这些变化，并将听者的行为与理想化学习者（知道暴露统计数据的理想观察者）和适应性语音感知模型（必须推断这些统计数据的理想适应者）进行比较。我们发现，分布式学习模型对听者的先前感知和感知随暴露量和类型的变化都提供了很好的定性和定量拟合（R2>96%）。然而，我们也确定了以前未被认识到的适应性约束，这些约束在任何现有的适应性言语感知模型下都是意想不到的：听者感知的变化似乎低于成功学习的预期水平。

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引用次数: 0

A question of perspective: Target- vs. perceiver-specific dimensions of mind perception. 视角问题：心理感知的目标与感知者特定维度。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106231

Nele J Bögemann, Lasana T Harris, Steffen Nestler

Mind perception - the inference of mind in others - is foundational for social cognition and interaction, but previous research on its underlying dimensions has so far only produced mixed findings. In a prominent study, H.M. Gray et al. (2007) identified two dimensions of mind perception - Agency and Experience -, while more recent work instead suggests three dimensions similar to Body, Heart, and Mind (Malle, 2019; Weisman et al., 2017). Here, we provide a comprehensive account that can accommodate both dimensional structures by distinguishing target- from perceiver-specific dimensions of mind perception. These dimensions explain target- and perceiver-specific differences in mind perception that were differentially focused on by previous studies ascribing to the competing dimensional structures. To test our account empirically and compare target- vs. perceiver-specific dimensions, we gathered online survey data from two samples (N = 157, and N = 150). In both samples, exploratory factor analyses yielded two target-specific dimensions in line with Agency-Experience, and three perceiver-specific dimensions in line with Body-Heart-Mind, thereby validating our explanatory account. Further analyses showed that perceiver-specific dimensions are meaningfully associated with perceivers' demographics, personality, and spiritual belief; and that they depend on target context. Together, our results resolve inconsistencies in mind perception research and work toward a novel unifying mind perception framework.

心理感知——对他人心理的推断——是社会认知和互动的基础，但迄今为止，之前对其潜在维度的研究只产生了复杂的结果。在一项著名的研究中，H.M. Gray等人（2007）确定了心灵感知的两个维度——代理和经验，而最近的研究则提出了类似于身体、心脏和心灵的三个维度(Malle, 2019；Weisman等人，2017)。在这里，我们提供了一个全面的解释，可以通过区分目标和感知者特定的心理感知维度来适应这两个维度结构。这些维度解释了心理知觉的目标特异性和知觉者特异性差异，这些差异被先前的研究归因于竞争的维度结构。为了从经验上验证我们的说法，并比较目标和感知者特定的维度，我们从两个样本（N = 157和N = 150）中收集了在线调查数据。在这两个样本中，探索性因素分析产生了两个与代理经验相一致的目标特定维度，以及三个与身心相一致的感知者特定维度，从而验证了我们的解释。进一步的分析表明，感知者特定维度与感知者的人口统计学、个性和精神信仰有意义的关联；它们取决于目标环境。总之，我们的研究结果解决了心理知觉研究中的不一致之处，并朝着一个新的统一的心理知觉框架努力。

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引用次数: 0

Emotional learning selectively distorts the temporal organization of memory: A quantitative synthesis 情绪学习选择性地扭曲记忆的时间组织：定量综合。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106382

Patrick A.F. Laing , Augustin C. Hennings , Samuel E. Cooper , Joseph E. Dunsmoor

Episodic memory allows us to remember when an event occurred by situating it within a coherent temporal context. Pavlovian fear conditioning, a widely studied form of associative emotional learning, creates implicit memories for neutral stimuli paired with aversive outcomes. However, conditioning's influence on the temporal organization of episodic memory remains poorly understood. We addressed this by analyzing data from 17 multi-session hybrid conditioning-memory experiments (N = 474). Participants encoded non-repeating category items, with items from one category (CS+) being aversively reinforced (shocks) during threat conditioning but presented without shock before and after conditioning. The next day, recognition memory (‘did you see this image yesterday?’) and temporal source memory (‘when did you see this image?’) were tested for each category item. We had two aims; (1) examine the robustness of temporal memory distortion across different experiment groups, and (2) test whether these temporal effects were associated with recognition memory performance. CS+ category exemplars were disproportionately (mis)attributed to the conditioning phase, even if they were encoded before or afterwards, and this effect strongly predicted selective recognition memory (CS+ > CS-). Overall temporal source bias effects and source-item memory associations were largely resistant to between-experiment variations, including month-long encoding-retrieval intervals, varying shock intensities, and enhanced extinction. Paradoxically, salient emotional experiences may enhance memory for neutral events by distorting their perceived position in time. This mechanism may safeguard potentially relevant information by anchoring otherwise forgettable experiences to salient contexts, supporting their preservation in long-term memory.

情景记忆允许我们通过将事件置于连贯的时间背景中来记住事件发生的时间。巴甫洛夫恐惧条件反射是一种被广泛研究的联想情绪学习形式，它对中性刺激和厌恶结果产生内隐记忆。然而，条件作用对情景记忆的时间组织的影响仍然知之甚少。我们通过分析17个多会话混合条件记忆实验（N = 474）的数据来解决这个问题。参与者编码不重复的类别项目，其中一个类别（CS+）的项目在威胁条件反射期间被厌恶地强化（冲击），但在条件反射之前和之后都没有出现冲击。第二天，识别记忆(“你昨天看到这个图像了吗？”’)和时间源记忆(‘你是什么时候看到这个图像的？)对每个类别项目进行测试。我们有两个目标；(1)检验时间记忆扭曲在不同实验组的稳健性；(2)检验这些时间效应是否与识别记忆表现相关。CS+类别样本被不成比例地（错误地）归因于条件反射阶段，即使它们是在之前或之后编码的，这种效应强烈地预测了选择性识别记忆（CS+ > CS-）。总的时间源偏差效应和源-项目记忆关联在很大程度上抵抗实验间的变化，包括一个月长的编码-检索间隔、不同的冲击强度和增强的消退。矛盾的是，突出的情绪经历可能会通过扭曲它们在时间中的感知位置来增强对中性事件的记忆。这种机制可以通过将原本被遗忘的经历锚定在突出的背景中来保护潜在的相关信息，从而支持它们在长期记忆中的保存。

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引用次数: 0

Switching-back versus switching-out: Language context reveals a novel aging deficit in proactive bilingual language control 转换与转换：语言语境揭示了主动双语语言控制中的一种新的老化缺陷。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106385

Dalia L. Garcia , Tamar H. Gollan

The present study examined how bilinguals switch languages under conditions of varying contextual support for each language. Bilinguals were cued to name pictures in two contextually biased blocks, one biasing the dominant-language by cuing its use on 88 % of trials, another biasing the nondominant-language, and a third no-bias block (in which each language was used 50 % of the time). Experiment 1 tested 70 young Spanish-English bilinguals, while Experiment 2 compared a proficiency-matched subset of the young bilinguals to 40 older bilinguals tested on the same tasks. In the no-bias block, young but not older bilinguals exhibited reversed language dominance, replicating a previously reported aging deficit in global inhibition of the dominant language. In biased-language contexts, young, but not older, bilinguals switched-back to the biased language faster than they switched-out, and switching-back was not easier than switching-out, if anything, switching back was more costly (for young bilinguals in Experiment 1, and for older bilinguals in Experiment 2). Surprisingly, older bilinguals exhibited larger switch-back, but not switch-out, costs than younger bilinguals. To explain these results, we hypothesize that young bilinguals engage multiple forms of proactive control to switch languages, including inhibition of the dominant language, and proactive activation of a selected language, which they maintain even while temporarily switching out of it to facilitate imminent switches back. By contrast, older bilinguals rely primarily on reactive control to switch languages, and without proactive selection, bottom-up activation of the contextually supported language collapses upon switching out of it.

本研究考察了双语者是如何在不同语境支持下转换语言的。双语者被提示在两个情境偏差块中命名图片，一个通过在88%的试验中提示其使用而使主导语言产生偏差，另一个通过提示非主导语言产生偏差，第三个无偏差块（每种语言使用50%的时间）。实验1测试了70名年轻的西班牙语-英语双语者，而实验2比较了40名熟练程度匹配的年轻双语者和40名年长双语者在相同任务上的测试。在无偏见组中，年轻的双语者而不是年长的双语者表现出相反的语言优势，重复了先前报道的对主导语言的整体抑制的衰老缺陷。在偏倚语言环境中，年轻双语者，而不是年长双语者，转换回偏倚语言的速度比转换出偏倚语言的速度快，并且转换回偏倚语言并不比转换出偏倚语言容易，如果有的话，转换回偏倚语言的代价更高（实验1中的年轻双语者和实验2中的年长双语者）。令人惊讶的是，年长的双语者比年轻的双语者表现出更大的转换成本，而不是转换成本。为了解释这些结果，我们假设年轻的双语者参与多种形式的主动控制来切换语言，包括对主导语言的抑制，以及对所选语言的主动激活，即使在暂时切换语言以促进即将切换回语言时，他们也会保持这种状态。相比之下，年长的双语者主要依靠反应性控制来切换语言，如果没有主动选择，自下而上的上下文支持语言激活在切换语言时就会崩溃。

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引用次数: 0

Dimensions of identity-representing belief 身份代表信念的维度

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-11-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106378

Martin Meyer , Joshua Knobe

Recent work has proposed that there may be two kinds of beliefs: Symbolic beliefs which express the believer's identity and epistemic beliefs which represent facts. On this proposal, several disparate features of belief – from whether a belief is important to identity to whether it is sensitive to evidence – would be related to a single dimension. In five studies, participants rated beliefs on features that were related to symbolicness and epistemicness. Study 1 found that beliefs which were important to participants were consistently rated higher on the symbolic features, but not consistently lower on the epistemic feature. Study 2 found that the symbolicness features loaded onto a single factor, while the epistemic feature did not. Study 3 expanded the assessment of epistemicness to a series of features related to objectivity, but found that symbolicness and objectivity features loaded on separate, uncorrelated factors. Study 4 recalibrated the assessment of epistemicness using a series of features related to the evidence-drivenness, and again found symbolicness and epistemicness loaded on separate factors. In the final study, third-party participants rated the beliefs from Study 4 on symbolicness and evidence-drivenness, and largely replicated the findings from Study 4. These results suggest that symbolicness and epistemicness are coherent dimensions of belief, but that these dimensions are largely orthogonal.

最近的研究提出，可能存在两种信念：表达信奉者身份的象征性信念和代表事实的认识论信念。根据这一建议，信仰的几个完全不同的特征——从信仰对身份是否重要到它是否对证据敏感——将与单一维度相关。在五项研究中，参与者对与符号性和认识性相关的特征的信念进行评分。研究1发现，对参与者来说重要的信念在符号特征上的评分始终较高，但在认知特征上的评分并不总是较低。研究2发现，符号性特征加载到单个因素上，而认识性特征没有加载到单个因素上。研究3将认识性的评估扩展到一系列与客观性相关的特征，但发现符号性和客观性特征装载在独立的、不相关的因素上。研究4使用一系列与证据驱动相关的特征重新校准了认识性的评估，并再次发现符号性和认识性装载在不同的因素上。在最后一项研究中，第三方参与者对研究4中的信念进行了符号性和证据驱动性评分，并在很大程度上重复了研究4的发现。这些结果表明，符号性和认识性是信念的连贯维度，但这些维度在很大程度上是正交的。

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引用次数: 0

Cognition outstanding reviewer awards - 2025 认知优秀评审员奖- 2025年

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-11-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106383

Ian Dobbins , Ori Friedman , Katrien Segaert , Johan Wagemans

引用次数: 0