Pub Date : 2024-10-12DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106802
This study combines genealogical data before 1990 and corporate pollution data in 2007 to empirically examine the impact of clan density on environmental governance. Our findings suggest that regions with strong clan power tend to suppress companies’ pollution. The use of historical wars as an instrumental variable strengthens our results. Preliminary analyses suggest that clans engage in environmental governance through organizational coordination and cultural education. Moreover, our study indicates that clans’ environmental governance effect can complement formal power in regions where it is lacking. Overall, as an informal organization, clans have a profound and important impact on environmental governance.
{"title":"Traditional clans and environmental governance: Evidence from China","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106802","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106802","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study combines genealogical data before 1990 and corporate pollution data in 2007 to empirically examine the impact of clan density on environmental governance. Our findings suggest that regions with strong clan power tend to suppress companies’ pollution. The use of historical wars as an instrumental variable strengthens our results. Preliminary analyses suggest that clans engage in environmental governance through organizational coordination and cultural education. Moreover, our study indicates that clans’ environmental governance effect can complement formal power in regions where it is lacking. Overall, as an informal organization, clans have a profound and important impact on environmental governance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-12DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106800
Environmental pollution and climate change have become alarming global issues in the process of rapid economic growth and accelerated internationalization. Due to the environmentally sensitive nature of energy firms, maintaining their legitimacy in the international expansion process, especially in countries with weak environmental performance, is a largely underexplored area in the existing literature. Building on legitimacy as a theoretical perspective, this study examines energy firms’ international expansion patterns when facing environmental pressure. We analyze a dataset of 2134 cross-border mergers and acquisitions conducted by energy firms between 1992 and 2019 to examine the impact of host-country environmental performance, encompassing environmental health (i.e., environmental conditions that affect human well-being) and climate change (i.e., variations in weather patterns), on their expansion. We also investigate the boundary conditions underpinning this relationship. We find that firm-level internalization capability and country-level diplomatic relations make energy firms appear legitimate to their internal and external audiences, respectively. The findings bring fresh insights to the literature on international expansion under environmental threats, enrich the legitimacy perspective, and outline practical implications for firms to preserve and enhance legitimacy for international growth. Additionally, we discuss important policy implications for governments to strengthen regulatory standards on environmental issues in support of sustainable world development.
{"title":"Legitimacy under pressure: Energy firms’ expansion in countries with weak environmental performance","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106800","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106800","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environmental pollution and climate change have become alarming global issues in the process of rapid economic growth and accelerated internationalization. Due to the environmentally sensitive nature of energy firms, maintaining their legitimacy in the international expansion process, especially in countries with weak environmental performance, is a largely underexplored area in the existing literature. Building on legitimacy as a theoretical perspective, this study examines energy firms’ international expansion patterns when facing environmental pressure. We analyze a dataset of 2134 cross-border mergers and acquisitions conducted by energy firms between 1992 and 2019 to examine the impact of host-country environmental performance, encompassing environmental health (i.e., environmental conditions that affect human well-being) and climate change (i.e., variations in weather patterns), on their expansion. We also investigate the boundary conditions underpinning this relationship. We find that firm-level internalization capability and country-level diplomatic relations make energy firms appear legitimate to their internal and external audiences, respectively. The findings bring fresh insights to the literature on international expansion under environmental threats, enrich the legitimacy perspective, and outline practical implications for firms to preserve and enhance legitimacy for international growth. Additionally, we discuss important policy implications for governments to strengthen regulatory standards on environmental issues in support of sustainable world development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106798
Despite more than three decades of market-oriented reforms, the Chinese government’s administrative capacity remains potent, exerting a substantial influence on economic development. This study delved into the economic ramifications of relocating government administrative headquarters to recipient counties, employing data from Chinese prefecture-level cities spanning from 2005 to 2019. We utilized event study analysis and the difference-in-difference method to conduct our analysis. Our results unveiled a significantly positive impact of administrative headquarters relocation on economic growth in the recipient counties. This was substantiated by an average increase of 2.236 in the nighttime light index, constituting 8.5 % of the sample mean for these counties. Notably, we found that the departure of administrative headquarters had no significant effect on the economic growth of the original counties. Therefore, the overall effect of administrative headquarters relocation was positive.
{"title":"Resources coupled with executive authority: Implications of relocating government administrative headquarters for local economic development","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106798","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106798","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite more than three decades of market-oriented reforms, the Chinese government’s administrative capacity remains potent, exerting a substantial influence on economic development. This study delved into the economic ramifications of relocating government administrative headquarters to recipient counties, employing data from Chinese prefecture-level cities spanning from 2005 to 2019. We utilized event study analysis and the difference-in-difference method to conduct our analysis. Our results unveiled a significantly positive impact of administrative headquarters relocation on economic growth in the recipient counties. This was substantiated by an average increase of 2.236 in the nighttime light index, constituting 8.5 % of the sample mean for these counties. Notably, we found that the departure of administrative headquarters had no significant effect on the economic growth of the original counties. Therefore, the overall effect of administrative headquarters relocation was positive.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-07DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106793
Over the past two decades electricity access in Cambodia has increased considerably. The Electricity Authority of Cambodia has announced that the country expanded energy access from 34% in 2010 to 98% by mid-2022, but that 245 villages still lack access to the national distribution network due to their remoteness. For some of these villages, off-grid renewable energy systems have played a significant role in providing electricity access. However, connecting villages to the grid or providing them with off-grid renewable energy is not enough to overcome energy poverty and achieve people’s well-being. In this paper we apply a power-capabilities-energy justice framework to analyse social justice concerning renewable energy and energy poverty in remote communities. Based on primary data collected through interviews and focus group discussions, and using a social network analysis (SNA) we approach capabilities and energy poverty in Cambodia as a relational process and we provide for the first time a through picture of social and power relations in the Cambodian energy sector. Our study finds that communities and vulnerable groups such as female-headed households, located in remote rural areas are suffering distributional energy injustice in that they have access to a limited range of energy services to fulfil basic capabilities, such as being in good health, being educated and socially connected. We also find that distributional energy injustice is closely connected to power relations and relationality aspects of the Cambodian energy sector, as well as a lack of recognition of different vulnerabilities in energy policies.
{"title":"“Leave no one behind”. A power-capabilities-energy justice perspective on energy transition in remote rural communities in Cambodia","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the past two decades electricity access in Cambodia has increased considerably. The Electricity Authority of Cambodia has announced that the country expanded energy access from 34% in 2010 to 98% by mid-2022, but that 245 villages still lack access to the national distribution network due to their remoteness. For some of these villages, off-grid renewable energy systems have played a significant role in providing electricity access. However, connecting villages to the grid or providing them with off-grid renewable energy is not enough to overcome energy poverty and achieve people’s well-being. In this paper we apply a power-capabilities-energy justice framework to analyse social justice concerning renewable energy and energy poverty in remote communities. Based on primary data collected through interviews and focus group discussions, and using a social network analysis (SNA) we approach capabilities and energy poverty in Cambodia as a relational process and we provide for the first time a through picture of social and power relations in the Cambodian energy sector. Our study finds that communities and vulnerable groups such as female-headed households, located in remote rural areas are suffering distributional energy injustice in that they have access to a limited range of energy services to fulfil basic capabilities, such as being in good health, being educated and socially connected. We also find that distributional energy injustice is closely connected to power relations and relationality aspects of the Cambodian energy sector, as well as a lack of recognition of different vulnerabilities in energy policies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-05DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106801
Virtual water trade and external water footprints could be regarded as a proxy for environmental damage and negative effects for local water users in water scarce areas of export production. A political ecological approach to virtual water trade looks at winners and losers of social metabolism in the Anthropocene and representation and recognition of local assessments of effects of the use of water for export production. Water scarcity weights have been added to virtual water analyses to better assess negative environmental and positive social effects of water use for export production. However, the commensuration of values and aggregation of data at country level result in indicators that miss out on a lot of local environmental and social effects of export agriculture and industry. This article proposes a contextualized bottom-up approach in which “red” virtual water indicates hotspots of water competition, water grabbing, and severe over-exploitation and contamination of water resources, negatively affecting ecosystems and the water security of local water users. “Silver” virtual water, or social water productivity, indicates local benefits of water use for export production in the form of income creation for smallholder farmers and workers. The concepts of red and silver virtual water can inform development studies as they bring to the fore the negative and positive effects of water use for export production. Red and silver virtual water analyses by local and national stakeholders can inform policy choices in directions of more sustainable and equitable supply chains. The bottom-up approach, with region and national organizations making the assessments of red and silver virtual water use, would empower groups affected and benefiting from water use for export production.
{"title":"The political ecology of our water footprints: Rethinking the colours of virtual water","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106801","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106801","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Virtual water trade and external water footprints could be regarded as a proxy for environmental damage and negative effects for local water users in water scarce areas of export production. A political ecological approach to virtual water trade looks at winners and losers of social metabolism in the Anthropocene and representation and recognition of local assessments of effects of the use of water for export production. Water scarcity weights have been added to virtual water analyses to better assess negative environmental and positive social effects of water use for export production. However, the commensuration of values and aggregation of data at country level result in indicators that miss out on a lot of local environmental and social effects of export agriculture and industry. This article proposes a contextualized bottom-up approach in which “red” virtual water indicates hotspots of water competition, water grabbing, and severe over-exploitation and contamination of water resources, negatively affecting ecosystems and the water security of local water users. “Silver” virtual water, or social water productivity, indicates local benefits of water use for export production in the form of income creation for smallholder farmers and workers. The concepts of red and silver virtual water can inform development studies as they bring to the fore the negative and positive effects of water use for export production. Red and silver virtual water analyses by local and national stakeholders can inform policy choices in directions of more sustainable and equitable supply chains. The bottom-up approach, with region and national organizations making the assessments of red and silver virtual water use, would empower groups affected and benefiting from water use for export production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-05DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106792
This study explores how the application of democratic rule in land reform decision-making determines villagers’ political trust towards different levels of the government in China. Analyzing a two-period household survey dataset, we find that in China’s recent Collective Forest Tenure Reform, which has devolved the tenure rights of the village collective-owned forestland to households, democratic decision-making increases trust for town and county cadres. The impact on trust towards village cadres is significant only when democracy involves all villagers in a village. We show two mechanisms that improve villagers’ trust: the “privatization” effect, where democratic decision-making leads to more land devolved to villagers, and the “conflict-resolving” effect, where improved information and cohesion by mass participation helps resolve inter-village land disputes. Heterogeneity analyses show that democratic decision-making has a more pronounced effect in improving trust for villagers with lower income, and those without affiliation with the Chinese Communist Party or village committees.
{"title":"Land reform, emerging grassroots democracy and political trust in China","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106792","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106792","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores how the application of democratic rule in land reform decision-making determines villagers’ political trust towards different levels of the government in China. Analyzing a two-period household survey dataset, we find that in China’s recent Collective Forest Tenure Reform, which has devolved the tenure rights of the village collective-owned forestland to households, democratic decision-making increases trust for town and county cadres. The impact on trust towards village cadres is significant only when democracy involves all villagers in a village. We show two mechanisms that improve villagers’ trust: the “privatization” effect, where democratic decision-making leads to more land devolved to villagers, and the “conflict-resolving” effect, where improved information and cohesion by mass participation helps resolve inter-village land disputes. Heterogeneity analyses show that democratic decision-making has a more pronounced effect in improving trust for villagers with lower income, and those without affiliation with the Chinese Communist Party or village committees.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106786
<div><div>The Covid-19 pandemic has had far-reaching impacts across the globe, with divergent experiences across the life course. Although mortality and morbidity effects have been disproportionately felt among older generations, there is growing recognition that adolescents have also faced multidimensional consequences, fueled by closure of schools and recreational spaces, and widespread disruption to services. While much has been written about the educational and health effects of the pandemic on adolescents, less attention has been given to other aspects of their wellbeing.</div><div>This narrative review therefore summarizes the current evidence on the effects of the pandemic on adolescent wellbeing. We draw on the United Nations (UN) H6 + Technical Working Group on Adolescent Health and Well-being’s conceptualization of adolescent wellbeing (<span><span>Ross et al., 2020</span></span>), focusing on three domains: connectedness, positive values and contribution to society; safety and a supportive environment; and agency and resilience. Drawing on both peer-reviewed and grey literature from high-, middle- and low-income contexts, we focused our search on adolescents (aged 10–19) and Covid-19 pandemic-related effects on wellbeing in these three domains. We also highlight findings related to three groups of adolescents who have often been overlooked in the literature on the impact of the pandemic: adolescent refugees, married adolescents, and adolescents with disabilities.</div><div>We searched using Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus, as well as working paper series at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the World Bank, to identify published and grey literature across the three domains of interest. We restricted the search to articles that presented new, original data, included adolescents (aged 10–19), and were published in English, between January 1, 2020 and April 30, 2022. We expanded the search to make use of the bibliographies uncovered through this review to check for other citations that might meet the search criteria.</div><div>The search yielded 193 articles on adolescent wellbeing in the three domains of interest during the Covid–19 pandemic. Adolescents in high-income countries (HICs) were overrepresented compared to those in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) (126 vs. 60 articles). Furthermore, more articles focused on social connectedness (117 studies) than on adolescent wellbeing in terms of agency and resilience (73 studies) and safety and a supportive environment (61 studies).</div><div>Nearly three years after the Covid-19 pandemic’s onset, the literature on adolescent wellbeing highlights the multiple and intersecting challenges that adolescents faced, especially those living in LMICs. Service disruptions (notably school closures) combined with financial stress, heightened vulnerability to age- and gender-based violence, and social isolation placed unprecedented pressures on young people, taking a toll on
{"title":"Adolescence, Interrupted: A narrative review of the impact of Covid-19 on adolescent wellbeing","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106786","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106786","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Covid-19 pandemic has had far-reaching impacts across the globe, with divergent experiences across the life course. Although mortality and morbidity effects have been disproportionately felt among older generations, there is growing recognition that adolescents have also faced multidimensional consequences, fueled by closure of schools and recreational spaces, and widespread disruption to services. While much has been written about the educational and health effects of the pandemic on adolescents, less attention has been given to other aspects of their wellbeing.</div><div>This narrative review therefore summarizes the current evidence on the effects of the pandemic on adolescent wellbeing. We draw on the United Nations (UN) H6 + Technical Working Group on Adolescent Health and Well-being’s conceptualization of adolescent wellbeing (<span><span>Ross et al., 2020</span></span>), focusing on three domains: connectedness, positive values and contribution to society; safety and a supportive environment; and agency and resilience. Drawing on both peer-reviewed and grey literature from high-, middle- and low-income contexts, we focused our search on adolescents (aged 10–19) and Covid-19 pandemic-related effects on wellbeing in these three domains. We also highlight findings related to three groups of adolescents who have often been overlooked in the literature on the impact of the pandemic: adolescent refugees, married adolescents, and adolescents with disabilities.</div><div>We searched using Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus, as well as working paper series at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the World Bank, to identify published and grey literature across the three domains of interest. We restricted the search to articles that presented new, original data, included adolescents (aged 10–19), and were published in English, between January 1, 2020 and April 30, 2022. We expanded the search to make use of the bibliographies uncovered through this review to check for other citations that might meet the search criteria.</div><div>The search yielded 193 articles on adolescent wellbeing in the three domains of interest during the Covid–19 pandemic. Adolescents in high-income countries (HICs) were overrepresented compared to those in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) (126 vs. 60 articles). Furthermore, more articles focused on social connectedness (117 studies) than on adolescent wellbeing in terms of agency and resilience (73 studies) and safety and a supportive environment (61 studies).</div><div>Nearly three years after the Covid-19 pandemic’s onset, the literature on adolescent wellbeing highlights the multiple and intersecting challenges that adolescents faced, especially those living in LMICs. Service disruptions (notably school closures) combined with financial stress, heightened vulnerability to age- and gender-based violence, and social isolation placed unprecedented pressures on young people, taking a toll on","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-02DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106795
In developing contexts, where formal health services are still expanding, understanding what factors discourage individuals from using health services is critical to advance population health. A long theorized, but rarely investigated, conjecture is that in high-mortality contexts, exposure to death can beget fatalism, or even foster distrust of formal healthcare, locking families into cycles of low use of health services. A counter perspective, however, suggests exposure to death can encourage individuals’ health vigilance, corresponding with their higher use of health services. We test these competing ideas by analyzing the associations between women’s intimate exposure to death in the context of pregnancy and delivery via (1) a sister’s maternal death and (2) an infant child’s neonatal death, and their subsequent use of maternal health services. We focus on the context of Malawi, a setting that features high maternal and infant mortality rates, similar to those observed across much of sub-Saharan Africa, as well as persistent gaps in service use. Specifically, we use Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (2015–16) data to examine if a sister’s maternal death or a child’s neonatal death corresponds with a woman’s odds of attending full antenatal care during a subsequent pregnancy or delivering the pregnancy at a formal health facility. Given the qualitatively distinct nature of losing one’s only or first child, we also assess if the effect of a child’s neonatal death varies by birth order. The results show that maternal and neonate death exposures correspond generally with women’s higher use of maternal health services, challenging the notion that exposure to death fosters fatalism or distrust. Although the results vary in significance, the nuanced findings highlight women’s vigilance in the face of health threats, emphasizing their resilience amid a high burden of familial loss.
{"title":"Fatalism or vigilance? Exposure to infant and maternal deaths and subsequent use of maternal health services in Malawi","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106795","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106795","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In developing contexts, where formal health services are still expanding, understanding what factors discourage individuals from using health services is critical to advance population health. A long theorized, but rarely investigated, conjecture is that in high-mortality contexts, exposure to death can beget fatalism, or even foster distrust of formal healthcare, locking families into cycles of low use of health services. A counter perspective, however, suggests exposure to death can encourage individuals’ health vigilance, corresponding with their higher use of health services. We test these competing ideas by analyzing the associations between women’s intimate exposure to death in the context of pregnancy and delivery via (1) a sister’s maternal death and (2) an infant child’s neonatal death, and their subsequent use of maternal health services. We focus on the context of Malawi, a setting that features high maternal and infant mortality rates, similar to those observed across much of sub-Saharan Africa, as well as persistent gaps in service use. Specifically, we use Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (2015–16) data to examine if a sister’s maternal death or a child’s neonatal death corresponds with a woman’s odds of attending full antenatal care during a subsequent pregnancy or delivering the pregnancy at a formal health facility. Given the qualitatively distinct nature of losing one’s only or first child, we also assess if the effect of a child’s neonatal death varies by birth order. The results show that maternal and neonate death exposures correspond generally with women’s higher use of maternal health services, challenging the notion that exposure to death fosters fatalism or distrust. Although the results vary in significance, the nuanced findings highlight women’s vigilance in the face of health threats, emphasizing their resilience amid a high burden of familial loss.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106794
Using data from the European Social Survey 2002–2020, covering immigrants in 23 European countries, this paper investigates the role of natives’ gender norms in the labor market integration of female immigrants. To analyze the role of natives’ gender norms, we exploit intertemporal, interregional, and age-specific variation in female-to-male labor force participation ratios. We find a positive and robust association between immigrant women’s labor supply and the female-to-male labor force participation ratio in their region of residence. No similar association is found among immigrant men. We provide evidence that our finding is due to the cultural assimilation of female immigrants to native women’s gender norms, and not the result of exposure to similar institutions and economic conditions. Based on a gravity model of female immigrants’ regional location choice, we further provide supportive evidence that the association between natives’ gender norms and immigrant women’s labor supply is not driven by a selective location choice of female immigrants.
本文利用 2002-2020 年欧洲社会调查（European Social Survey 2002-2020）中涵盖 23 个欧洲国家移民的数据，研究了本土性别规范在女性移民融入劳动力市场中的作用。为了分析本地人性别规范的作用，我们利用了女性与男性劳动力参与比率的跨时空、跨地区和特定年龄的差异。我们发现，移民妇女的劳动力供给与其居住地区的女性-男性劳动力参与率之间存在着稳健的正相关关系。在男性移民中没有发现类似的关联。我们提供的证据表明，我们的发现是由于女性移民在文化上与本地女性的性别规范同化，而不是由于接触了类似的制度和经济条件。基于女性移民地区位置选择的引力模型，我们进一步提供了支持性证据，证明本地人的性别规范与移民妇女的劳动力供给之间的关联并不是由女性移民的选择性位置选择所驱动的。
{"title":"Natives’ gender norms and the labor market integration of female immigrants","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106794","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106794","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using data from the European Social Survey 2002–2020, covering immigrants in 23 European countries, this paper investigates the role of natives’ gender norms in the labor market integration of female immigrants. To analyze the role of natives’ gender norms, we exploit intertemporal, interregional, and age-specific variation in female-to-male labor force participation ratios. We find a positive and robust association between immigrant women’s labor supply and the female-to-male labor force participation ratio in their region of residence. No similar association is found among immigrant men. We provide evidence that our finding is due to the cultural assimilation of female immigrants to native women’s gender norms, and not the result of exposure to similar institutions and economic conditions. Based on a gravity model of female immigrants’ regional location choice, we further provide supportive evidence that the association between natives’ gender norms and immigrant women’s labor supply is not driven by a selective location choice of female immigrants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-28DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106785
Resilience – broadly understood as withstanding, and adapting to, shocks and risks – has emerged as a central discursive device for converging humanitarian needs with climate change responses. This paper’s human-centred engagement with resilience draws on the case of smallholder farmers engaged in rain-fed cocoa production in Ghana’s Central Region, to systematically unpack how poverty shapes smallholders’ responses to drought, with differing effects on resilience. The surveys, focus groups, and interviews were gathered before, during, and in the aftermath of, a prolonged El Niño-induced drought, facilitating pre-drought and post-drought comparisons of poverty conditions and their interactions with resilience. We centre our analysis on smallholders’ definitions of both poverty and resilience. We consider how co-identified dimensions of poverty interact with three co-identified dimensions or “outcomes“ of resilience: i) meeting critical needs; ii) implementing adaptation; and iii) preparedness for future climate shocks. We find that higher cocoa incomes were not associated with meeting critical needs during a drought, while many other poverty indicators were important across different dimensions of resilience e.g., adequate healthcare access, access to clean drinking water, food security, livelihood diversification, and access to livestock. Thus we advocate that: resilience, like poverty be understood and addressed as multi-dimensional; that resilience be considered in tandem with people’s own livelihood concerns; and that interventions look beyond raising cash crop productivity. Although diversifying income is a common resilience-boosting policy, we found greater livelihood diversification was associated with lower preparedness scores and meeting fewer critical needs in the drought year. Income diversification’s ability to alleviate multiple dimensions of poverty is constrained by financial exclusion, lack of market linkages, and structural poverty barriers such as illiteracy, tenure insecurity, or non-potable water. Thus efforts to address households’ poverty and climate resilience must be holistic and responsive to local contexts.
{"title":"What resilience theory and praxis can learn from multi-dimensional approaches to understanding poverty: A study of Ghanaian cocoa forest landscapes","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106785","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106785","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Resilience – broadly understood as withstanding, and adapting to, shocks and risks – has emerged as a central discursive device for converging humanitarian needs with climate change responses. This paper’s human-centred engagement with resilience draws on the case of smallholder farmers engaged in rain-fed cocoa production in Ghana’s Central Region, to systematically unpack how poverty shapes smallholders’ responses to drought, with differing effects on resilience. The surveys, focus groups, and interviews were gathered before, during, and in the aftermath of, a prolonged El Niño-induced drought, facilitating pre-drought and post-drought comparisons of poverty conditions and their interactions with resilience. We centre our analysis on smallholders’ definitions of both poverty and resilience. We consider how co-identified dimensions of poverty interact with three co-identified dimensions or “outcomes“ of resilience: i) meeting critical needs; ii) implementing adaptation; and iii) preparedness for future climate shocks. We find that higher cocoa incomes were <em>not</em> associated with meeting critical needs during a drought, while many other poverty indicators were important across different dimensions of resilience e.g., adequate healthcare access, access to clean drinking water, food security, livelihood diversification, and access to livestock. Thus we advocate that: resilience, like poverty be understood and addressed as multi-dimensional; that resilience be considered in tandem with people’s own livelihood concerns; and that interventions look beyond raising cash crop productivity. Although diversifying income is a common resilience-boosting policy, we found greater livelihood diversification was associated with <em>lower</em> preparedness scores and meeting <em>fewer</em> critical needs in the drought year. Income diversification’s ability to alleviate multiple dimensions of poverty is constrained by financial exclusion, lack of market linkages, and structural poverty barriers such as illiteracy, tenure insecurity, or non-potable water. Thus efforts to address households’ poverty and climate resilience must be holistic and responsive to local contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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