World Development最新文献

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Intergenerational effects of education on child mortality: Evidence from the compulsory primary schooling law in Vietnam 教育对儿童死亡率的代际影响：越南小学义务教育法的证据

IF 5.4 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106810

Dung D. Le , Minh T. Nguyen , Yoko Ibuka

We leverage the introduction of Vietnam’s primary compulsory schooling law as a natural experiment to provide new evidence on the effects of parents’ education on child mortality. Employing data from the 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing Census and a regression discontinuity design, we show that the reform increased average schooling duration by approximately half a year. Our key findings reveal that one additional year of maternal schooling induced by the law reduced child mortality by 29.4%, with the majority of improvements concentrated among women residing in rural areas, minor ethnicities, and female children. While increased paternal education also exhibited a negative impact on child mortality, the effect diminished in magnitude and became statistically insignificant when controlling for maternal education. This suggests that neglecting to account for spousal education does not introduce substantial biases in estimates of maternal education’s effect on child mortality but may lead to an upward bias in estimates for fathers’ education. Further, our results indicate that increased maternal education was associated with increasing age at marriage and first birth, reducing total fertility, and engaging more in paid work, all of which could serve as potential pathways for child mortality reduction.

我们将越南小学义务教育法的引入作为一项自然实验，为父母教育对儿童死亡率的影响提供了新的证据。利用 2009 年越南人口与住房普查数据和回归不连续设计，我们发现改革将平均受教育时间延长了约半年。我们的主要研究结果表明，法律促使产妇多接受一年学校教育，从而将儿童死亡率降低了 29.4%，其中大部分改善集中在农村地区妇女、少数民族和女性儿童身上。虽然父亲受教育程度的提高也会对儿童死亡率产生负面影响，但在控制了母亲受教育程度后，这种影响的程度会减弱，在统计上也变得不显著。这表明，忽略配偶教育并不会在估计产妇教育对儿童死亡率的影响时产生重大偏差，但可能会导致对父亲教育的估计出现向上偏差。此外，我们的研究结果表明，孕产妇受教育程度的提高与结婚年龄和首次生育年龄的提高、总和生育率的降低以及从事更多有偿工作有关，所有这些都可能成为降低儿童死亡率的潜在途径。

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引用次数: 0

Does sovereignty help economic growth? A recent reassessment 主权有助于经济增长吗？最近的重新评估

IF 5.4 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106814

Jose Caraballo-Cueto

There is relevant literature that has found that independence harmed economic growth in some former colonies, but there are few to no systematic and recent empirical analyses on the relationship between sovereignty and economic growth. We follow and enhance the Solow–Swan growth model to measure economic convergence with the United States. This model was estimated through feasible generalized least squares panel regressions and robust regressions. These estimations allow us to capture the experience of recent (since the 1950s) sovereignties vis-à-vis long-existing countries and the economic outcomes of democratic sovereignties. We then stratify economies by region and income level and show propensity score matching estimators of recent former colonies with other countries that share similar growth determinants. On average, our parameter estimates suggest that independence causes countries’ per capita income to converge with that of the United States. Initial democratic and economic conditions appear to be among the modifying factors between sovereignty and economic growth.

有相关文献发现，独立损害了一些前殖民地的经济增长，但近期关于主权与经济增长之间关系的系统性实证分析却少之又少。我们沿用并改进了索洛-斯旺增长模型来衡量与美国的经济趋同。我们通过可行的广义最小二乘法面板回归和稳健回归对该模型进行了估计。这些估算使我们能够捕捉到新近（20 世纪 50 年代以来）主权国家相对于长期存在的国家的经验，以及民主主权国家的经济成果。然后，我们按地区和收入水平对经济体进行分层，并展示了近期前殖民地与其他具有类似增长决定因素的国家的倾向得分匹配估计值。平均而言，我们的参数估计表明，独立会使各国的人均收入向美国靠拢。最初的民主和经济条件似乎是主权与经济增长之间的调节因素。

引用次数: 0

Institutional coalescence and illegal small scale gold mining in Ghana 加纳的机构整合与非法小规模采金业

IF 5.4 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106808

Paul Stacey

Across sub-Saharan Africa powerful sites of illegal gold mining challenge and change the workings of a range of statutory and non-statutory institutions, providing rich contexts for investigating institutional complexity. In Ghana, illegal mining contributes an increasing share of gold produced, attracting a large and diverse body of scholarship. This article provides an original and critical analysis of the emerging institutional forms and processes of social accept around the illegal extraction. In so doing it contributes to scholarship on two fronts: By exploring the interconnectedness and changeability of institutions it contributes empirically to understandings and evidence of social processes around the illegal extraction of gold in the Global south, and more broadly about contested sites of resource extraction. Second, it introduces the concept of institutional coalescence to explain and interpret the sociopolitical landscape of shifting power relations at the local level, which successfully meld and change the workings of formal state law, officialdom, and customary norms. In a broader perspective this contributes to understandings of relations between individual agency, organisational behaviour, institutions, and social context.

在整个撒哈拉以南非洲地区，非法开采黄金的强势场所挑战并改变了一系列法定和非法定机构的运作，为研究机构的复杂性提供了丰富的背景。在加纳，非法采矿在黄金生产中所占的份额越来越大，吸引了大量不同的学术研究。本文对围绕非法开采出现的制度形式和社会接受过程进行了原创性的批判分析。本文在两个方面为学术研究做出了贡献：通过探讨制度的相互关联性和可变性，本文从实证角度对全球南部围绕非法开采黄金的社会进程，以及更广泛意义上的有争议的资源开采地的理解和证据做出了贡献。其次，它引入了 "制度凝聚 "的概念，以解释和诠释地方层面权力关系不断变化的社会政治格局，这些权力关系成功地融合并改变了正式的国家法律、官方制度和习惯规范的运作。从更广泛的角度来看，这有助于理解个人代理、组织行为、机构和社会环境之间的关系。

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引用次数: 0

Energy Trade Access and Market Monopoly: Evidence from China’s Power Sector 能源贸易准入与市场垄断：来自中国电力行业的证据

IF 5.4 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106797

Yu Zhao , Ning Zhang

We theoretically and empirically investigate the effect of energy trade access on the monopoly power of China’s power sector. We construct plant-level import and export tariff shocks, and calculate the market power markups through the joint estimation of the restricted cost function and the inverse supply relation. Exploiting the variations in plant-level tariffs, we find that a 1% cut in energy import tariffs leads to a decrease in market power markups by 10.54%. This effect is driven by a combination of a price drop in the product market and reduced marginal cost in the input market. However, the declines in marginal cost are small relative to the falls in prices, due to trade-induced increases in capital demand (and price) partially offsetting the savings in energy cost. By identifying additional potential channels, we validate the presence of the classical Ricardian effect and the Schumpeterian effect. Our results demonstrate that import tariff reductions result in substantial net trade gains.

我们从理论和实证角度研究了能源贸易准入对中国电力行业垄断力的影响。我们构建了电厂层面的进出口关税冲击，并通过受限成本函数和逆供给关系的联合估计计算了市场力量加价。利用电厂关税的变化，我们发现能源进口关税每下调 1%，市场力加价就会下降 10.54%。这一效应是由产品市场价格下降和投入市场边际成本降低共同驱动的。然而，相对于价格的下降，边际成本的下降幅度较小，这是因为贸易导致的资本需求（和价格）增长部分抵消了能源成本的节约。通过识别其他潜在渠道，我们验证了经典的李嘉图效应和熊彼特效应的存在。我们的研究结果表明，降低进口关税会带来巨大的净贸易收益。

引用次数: 0

Sub-national property tax reform and tax bargaining: Lessons from a quasi-randomized reform program in Sierra Leone 国家以下各级财产税改革与税收谈判：塞拉利昂准随机改革计划的经验教训

IF 5.4 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106796

Wilson Prichard , Samuel Jibao , Nicolas Orgeira Pillai

We evaluate the impact of a quasi-randomized property tax reform implemented in Sierra Leone beginning in 2013 in order to provide evidence about the extent to which expanded taxation results in “tax bargaining” and increased responsiveness and accountability. The paper draws on a panel survey conducted in both treatment and control districts immediately prior to the implementation of a large-scale property tax reform program in 2012 and again in early 2017 in order to offer a uniquely direct and holistic tests of theories linking taxation to expanded responsiveness and accountability. The paper first presents evidence that the tax reform program resulted in large and significant improvements in the perceived quality of public services, consistent with theories linking expanded taxation to improvements in governance. It then provides evidence of individual level changes in attitudes and behaviors that can explain those aggregate improvements in service delivery outcomes: a large expansion of political knowledge, increases in important forms of political engagement, and the emergence of more conditional attitudes toward tax compliance.

我们评估了 2013 年开始在塞拉利昂实施的准随机财产税改革的影响，以提供证据说明扩大征税在多大程度上导致了 "税收谈判 "以及响应性和问责制的提高。本文借鉴了在 2012 年实施大规模财产税改革计划前夕和 2017 年初在治疗区和对照区进行的面板调查，以便对税收与扩大响应性和问责制之间的关联理论进行独特的直接和整体检验。本文首先提出证据表明，税制改革计划使人们对公共服务的感知质量得到了大幅显著改善，这与扩大税收与改善治理相关联的理论是一致的。然后，论文提供了个人层面的态度和行为变化的证据，这些变化可以解释服务提供结果的总体改善：政治知识的大幅扩展、重要形式的政治参与的增加以及对税收遵从的更有条件的态度的出现。

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引用次数: 0

Traditional clans and environmental governance: Evidence from China 传统宗族与环境治理：来自中国的证据

IF 5.4 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106802

Congming Ding, Zhiyuan Chen, Qiucen Ma

This study combines genealogical data before 1990 and corporate pollution data in 2007 to empirically examine the impact of clan density on environmental governance. Our findings suggest that regions with strong clan power tend to suppress companies’ pollution. The use of historical wars as an instrumental variable strengthens our results. Preliminary analyses suggest that clans engage in environmental governance through organizational coordination and cultural education. Moreover, our study indicates that clans’ environmental governance effect can complement formal power in regions where it is lacking. Overall, as an informal organization, clans have a profound and important impact on environmental governance.

本研究结合 1990 年前的家谱数据和 2007 年的企业污染数据，实证检验了宗族密度对环境治理的影响。我们的研究结果表明，宗族势力强大的地区往往会抑制企业的污染行为。使用历史战争作为工具变量加强了我们的结果。初步分析表明，宗族通过组织协调和文化教育参与环境治理。此外，我们的研究还表明，在缺乏正式权力的地区，宗族的环境治理效应可以补充正式权力的不足。总之，作为一种非正式组织，宗族对环境治理有着深远而重要的影响。

引用次数: 0

Legitimacy under pressure: Energy firms’ expansion in countries with weak environmental performance 压力下的合法性：能源企业在环境绩效不佳国家的扩张

IF 5.4 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106800

Sihong Wu , Snejina Michailova , Di Fan

Environmental pollution and climate change have become alarming global issues in the process of rapid economic growth and accelerated internationalization. Due to the environmentally sensitive nature of energy firms, maintaining their legitimacy in the international expansion process, especially in countries with weak environmental performance, is a largely underexplored area in the existing literature. Building on legitimacy as a theoretical perspective, this study examines energy firms’ international expansion patterns when facing environmental pressure. We analyze a dataset of 2134 cross-border mergers and acquisitions conducted by energy firms between 1992 and 2019 to examine the impact of host-country environmental performance, encompassing environmental health (i.e., environmental conditions that affect human well-being) and climate change (i.e., variations in weather patterns), on their expansion. We also investigate the boundary conditions underpinning this relationship. We find that firm-level internalization capability and country-level diplomatic relations make energy firms appear legitimate to their internal and external audiences, respectively. The findings bring fresh insights to the literature on international expansion under environmental threats, enrich the legitimacy perspective, and outline practical implications for firms to preserve and enhance legitimacy for international growth. Additionally, we discuss important policy implications for governments to strengthen regulatory standards on environmental issues in support of sustainable world development.

在经济快速增长和国际化进程加快的过程中，环境污染和气候变化已成为令人担忧的全球性问题。由于能源企业对环境的敏感性，在国际扩张过程中，尤其是在环境绩效较弱的国家，如何保持企业的合法性，是现有文献中一个基本未被充分探讨的领域。本研究以合法性为理论视角，探讨了能源企业在面临环境压力时的国际扩张模式。我们分析了能源企业在 1992 年至 2019 年间进行的 2134 起跨国并购的数据集，考察了东道国环境绩效（包括环境健康（即影响人类福祉的环境条件）和气候变化（即天气模式变化））对企业扩张的影响。我们还研究了支撑这种关系的边界条件。我们发现，企业层面的内部化能力和国家层面的外交关系分别使能源企业在内部和外部受众面前显得合法。这些发现为有关环境威胁下国际扩张的文献带来了新的见解，丰富了合法性视角，并概述了企业维护和增强国际增长合法性的实际意义。此外，我们还讨论了政府加强环境问题监管标准以支持世界可持续发展的重要政策含义。

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引用次数: 0

Resources coupled with executive authority: Implications of relocating government administrative headquarters for local economic development 资源加上行政权力：政府行政总部搬迁对地方经济发展的影响

IF 5.4 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106798

Jing Chen, Shenglong Liu, Xiaoming Zhang

Despite more than three decades of market-oriented reforms, the Chinese government’s administrative capacity remains potent, exerting a substantial influence on economic development. This study delved into the economic ramifications of relocating government administrative headquarters to recipient counties, employing data from Chinese prefecture-level cities spanning from 2005 to 2019. We utilized event study analysis and the difference-in-difference method to conduct our analysis. Our results unveiled a significantly positive impact of administrative headquarters relocation on economic growth in the recipient counties. This was substantiated by an average increase of 2.236 in the nighttime light index, constituting 8.5 % of the sample mean for these counties. Notably, we found that the departure of administrative headquarters had no significant effect on the economic growth of the original counties. Therefore, the overall effect of administrative headquarters relocation was positive.

尽管进行了三十多年的市场化改革，中国政府的行政能力依然强大，对经济发展产生了重大影响。本研究利用 2005 年至 2019 年中国地级市的数据，深入研究了政府行政总部迁往受援县的经济影响。我们采用事件研究分析法和差分法进行分析。结果显示，行政总部搬迁对受援县的经济增长产生了显著的积极影响。这些县的夜间照明指数平均增加了 2.236，占样本平均值的 8.5%，从而证实了这一点。值得注意的是，我们发现行政总部的撤离对原有县域的经济增长没有显著影响。因此，行政总部搬迁的总体效应是积极的。

引用次数: 0

“Leave no one behind”. A power-capabilities-energy justice perspective on energy transition in remote rural communities in Cambodia "一个都不能少"。从电力能力和能源公正的角度看柬埔寨偏远农村社区的能源转型

IF 5.4 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106793

Giuseppina Siciliano , Roberto Cantoni , Pichdara Lonn , Narith Por , Solany Kry , Chimmor Morn , Ham Oudom

Over the past two decades electricity access in Cambodia has increased considerably. The Electricity Authority of Cambodia has announced that the country expanded energy access from 34% in 2010 to 98% by mid-2022, but that 245 villages still lack access to the national distribution network due to their remoteness. For some of these villages, off-grid renewable energy systems have played a significant role in providing electricity access. However, connecting villages to the grid or providing them with off-grid renewable energy is not enough to overcome energy poverty and achieve people’s well-being. In this paper we apply a power-capabilities-energy justice framework to analyse social justice concerning renewable energy and energy poverty in remote communities. Based on primary data collected through interviews and focus group discussions, and using a social network analysis (SNA) we approach capabilities and energy poverty in Cambodia as a relational process and we provide for the first time a through picture of social and power relations in the Cambodian energy sector. Our study finds that communities and vulnerable groups such as female-headed households, located in remote rural areas are suffering distributional energy injustice in that they have access to a limited range of energy services to fulfil basic capabilities, such as being in good health, being educated and socially connected. We also find that distributional energy injustice is closely connected to power relations and relationality aspects of the Cambodian energy sector, as well as a lack of recognition of different vulnerabilities in energy policies.

在过去二十年里，柬埔寨的电力供应大幅增加。柬埔寨电力局宣布，该国的能源普及率已从 2010 年的 34% 提高到 2022 年中期的 98%，但仍有 245 个村庄由于地处偏远而无法接入国家配电网络。对于其中一些村庄来说，离网可再生能源系统在提供电力供应方面发挥了重要作用。然而，将村庄接入电网或为其提供离网可再生能源并不足以克服能源贫困和实现人民福祉。在本文中，我们运用电力能力-能源公正框架，分析了偏远社区可再生能源和能源贫困的社会公正问题。基于通过访谈和焦点小组讨论收集到的原始数据，并利用社会网络分析（SNA），我们将柬埔寨的能力和能源贫困作为一个关系过程来研究，并首次提供了柬埔寨能源行业中社会和权力关系的全貌。我们的研究发现，偏远农村地区的社区和弱势群体（如女户主家庭）正在遭受能源分配不公，因为他们只能获得有限的能源服务来满足基本能力的需求，如健康、受教育和社会联系。我们还发现，能源分配不公与柬埔寨能源部门的权力关系和关联性以及能源政策中缺乏对不同脆弱性的认识密切相关。

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引用次数: 0

The political ecology of our water footprints: Rethinking the colours of virtual water 我们水足迹的政治生态：重新思考虚拟水的色彩

IF 5.4 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106801

Jeroen Vos

Virtual water trade and external water footprints could be regarded as a proxy for environmental damage and negative effects for local water users in water scarce areas of export production. A political ecological approach to virtual water trade looks at winners and losers of social metabolism in the Anthropocene and representation and recognition of local assessments of effects of the use of water for export production. Water scarcity weights have been added to virtual water analyses to better assess negative environmental and positive social effects of water use for export production. However, the commensuration of values and aggregation of data at country level result in indicators that miss out on a lot of local environmental and social effects of export agriculture and industry. This article proposes a contextualized bottom-up approach in which “red” virtual water indicates hotspots of water competition, water grabbing, and severe over-exploitation and contamination of water resources, negatively affecting ecosystems and the water security of local water users. “Silver” virtual water, or social water productivity, indicates local benefits of water use for export production in the form of income creation for smallholder farmers and workers. The concepts of red and silver virtual water can inform development studies as they bring to the fore the negative and positive effects of water use for export production. Red and silver virtual water analyses by local and national stakeholders can inform policy choices in directions of more sustainable and equitable supply chains. The bottom-up approach, with region and national organizations making the assessments of red and silver virtual water use, would empower groups affected and benefiting from water use for export production.

虚拟水贸易和外部水足迹可被视为出口生产缺水地区环境破坏和对当地用水户负面影响的代表。虚拟水贸易的政治生态学方法关注人类世社会新陈代谢的赢家和输家，以及当地对出口生产用水影响评估的代表性和认可度。为更好地评估出口生产用水对环境的负面影响和对社会的积极影响，在虚拟水分析中增加了缺水权重。然而，在国家层面对数值进行换算和数据汇总后得出的指标忽略了出口农业和工业对当地环境和社会产生的大量影响。本文提出了一种因地制宜、自下而上的方法，其中 "红色 "虚拟水表示水资源竞争、水资源掠夺、水资源严重过度开发和污染的热点地区，对生态系统和当地用水户的用水安全造成负面影响。而 "银色 "虚拟水，即社会水生产力，则表示当地出口生产用水的效益，其形式是为小农和工人创造收入。红色和银色虚拟水的概念可为发展研究提供信息，因为它们突出了出口生产用水的负面和正面影响。地方和国家利益相关者对红色和银色虚拟水的分析可以为政策选择提供信息，使供应链更具可持续性和公平性。由地区和国家组织对红银虚拟水使用情况进行评估的自下而上的方法将增强受出口生产用水影响和受益的群体的能力。

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