World Development最新文献

英文中文

Contested forests: how transnational networks mitigate and reproduce conflict 有争议的森林：跨国网络如何缓解和再现冲突

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107301

Shawkat Alam , Jona Razzaque

This article examines how transnational networks, through their interactions with legal and societal structures, both mitigate and exacerbate forest conflicts, which often stem from competing interests over forest use, unclear property rights, deforestation, and state policy. Foregrounding the central thesis that strengthening legal frameworks and empowerment mechanisms can significantly enhance the conflict-resolution potential of transnational networks, the paper adopts a reframed socio-legal analytical approach that investigates the interplay between societal norms, power asymmetries, and institutional arrangements. We first examine the structural drivers and embedded nature of forest conflict, before exploring the dual role played by transnational networks in both aggravating and resolving tensions. The paper then assesses how power imbalances, environmental safeguards, and participatory mechanisms affect network efficacy. By critically examining case examples such as REDD+, FSC, and IPLC advocacy alliances, we show that while transnational networks hold promise in democratizing forest governance, their potential is contingent upon inclusive structures, balanced power dynamics, and enforceable safeguards. This article contributes to forest governance literature by offering a nuanced understanding of how legal empowerment and network-based governance intersect in conflict-prone settings.

本文考察了跨国网络如何通过与法律和社会结构的相互作用，既减轻又加剧森林冲突，这些冲突往往源于森林使用方面的利益竞争、产权不明确、森林砍伐和国家政策。加强法律框架和授权机制可以显著提高跨国网络解决冲突的潜力，这一核心论点为基础，本文采用了一种重新构建的社会-法律分析方法，研究了社会规范、权力不对称和制度安排之间的相互作用。我们首先考察了森林冲突的结构性驱动因素和内在性质，然后探讨了跨国网络在加剧和解决紧张局势方面发挥的双重作用。然后，本文评估了权力失衡、环境保护和参与机制如何影响网络效能。通过批判性地考察REDD+、FSC和IPLC倡导联盟等案例，我们表明，尽管跨国网络有望实现森林治理的民主化，但其潜力取决于包容性结构、平衡的权力动态和可执行的保障措施。本文通过对法律授权和基于网络的治理如何在容易发生冲突的环境中相互交叉的细致理解，为森林治理文献做出了贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Does free maternity care improve uptake and save lives? Quasi-experimental evidence from Kenya 免费产科保健是否能提高吸收率并挽救生命？来自肯尼亚的准实验证据

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107285

Roxanne Kovacs

Many assume that user-fees deter healthcare-seeking in low- and middle-income countries and are therefore partially responsible for high mortality rates. This paper estimates the causal effect of a national user-fee removal programme in Kenya on healthcare seeking and mortality, using a difference-in-differences design exploiting variation in treatment intensity across local communities. Results indicate a small increase in the uptake of antenatal care but no average effects on facility delivery, mortality or the quality of healthcare. Several potential mechanisms are examined and findings suggest heterogeneous treatment effects based on the physical accessibility of care as well as community-level preferences regarding household decision-making.

许多人认为，使用者收费阻碍了低收入和中等收入国家的求医问药，因此是造成高死亡率的部分原因。本文估计了肯尼亚国家用户费用取消计划对医疗保健寻求和死亡率的因果影响，使用了利用当地社区治疗强度差异的差异中之差设计。结果表明，接受产前保健的人数略有增加，但对设施分娩、死亡率或保健质量没有平均影响。研究了几种潜在的机制，结果表明，基于护理的物理可及性以及社区层面对家庭决策的偏好，治疗效果存在异质性。

引用次数: 0

Humor for health: a randomized controlled trial of clown visits in Palestinian hospitals 幽默促进健康：巴勒斯坦医院小丑来访的随机对照试验

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107263

Melanie Gräser , Christine Grimm , Roman Hoffmann

Hospitalization can be a highly stressful experience for children, potentially affecting their well-being and recovery. This study evaluates the impact of hospital clown visits on pediatric patients in Palestine. The health system of the country is severely challenged by the ongoing conflict and sociopolitical tensions which have major implications for the physical and mental health of children and obstruct patients’ access to healthcare services. We conducted a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to estimate the effects of clown visits on caregiver-rated health outcomes: children’s well-being during hospitalization, subjective recovery, and perceptions of hospital quality. We find that clown visits had a statistically significant positive effect on children’s well-being with levels of well-being in the treatment group being 0.25 standard deviations higher than in the control group. The effect was stronger among children from higher socio-economic backgrounds and those with a favorable predisposition towards clowns. We found no significant effects on caregiver-rated subjective recovery or perceptions of hospital quality. Our findings suggest that low-cost, non-medical interventions can play a meaningful role in improving the hospital experience for children, particularly in fragile and conflict-affected settings.

住院对儿童来说可能是一种压力很大的经历，可能会影响他们的健康和康复。本研究评估医院小丑访问对巴勒斯坦儿科患者的影响。该国的卫生系统受到持续冲突和社会政治紧张局势的严重挑战，这些冲突和紧张局势对儿童的身心健康产生重大影响，并阻碍患者获得卫生保健服务。我们进行了一项随机对照试验（RCT）来评估小丑探视对照顾者评定的健康结果的影响：儿童住院期间的幸福感、主观恢复和对医院质量的感知。我们发现小丑访问对儿童的幸福感有统计学上显著的积极影响，治疗组的幸福感水平比对照组高0.25个标准差。这种影响在社会经济背景较高的儿童和对小丑有好感的儿童中更为明显。我们发现对护理人员评定的主观康复或对医院质量的看法没有显著影响。我们的研究结果表明，低成本的非医疗干预措施可以在改善儿童的医院体验方面发挥有意义的作用，特别是在脆弱和受冲突影响的环境中。

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引用次数: 0

Restricting mothers’ international migration and human capital investment 限制母亲的国际移民和人力资本投资

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107284

Takuya Hasebe , Yuma Noritomo , Bilesha Weeraratne

International migration offers significant economic opportunities for developing countries, but it can also separate parents from their children, potentially harming child development. This paper examines the effects of restricting mothers’ international migration on left-behind children, leveraging a unique Sri Lankan policy that restricted mothers with children under age five from migrating abroad for employment. Using a difference-in-differences approach, the results reveal the following: First, the policy reduces international migration, increasing mothers’ presence at home. Second, policy exposure leads to better healthcare outcomes, including a significant reduction in inpatient stays, particularly treatment for illnesses. This improvement appears to result from increased childcare and monitoring by mothers. Although the policy decreases remittances from abroad, this reduction is offset by an increase in domestic remittances. Furthermore, we find evidence of positive spillovers on non-targeted children with younger, policy-targeted siblings, as indicated by reduced grade retention. These findings highlight the trade-offs between a mother’s presence and the economic opportunities associated with international migration in shaping human capital development.

国际移民为发展中国家提供了重要的经济机会，但它也可能使父母与子女分离，可能损害儿童的发展。本文考察了限制母亲国际移民对留守儿童的影响，利用斯里兰卡的一项独特政策，限制有5岁以下子女的母亲出国就业。使用差异中的差异方法，结果显示：首先，该政策减少了国际移民，增加了母亲在国内的存在。其次，政策暴露会带来更好的医疗保健结果，包括显著减少住院时间，特别是疾病治疗。这种改善似乎是由于增加了母亲的照顾和监督。虽然该政策减少了来自国外的汇款，但这种减少被国内汇款的增加所抵消。此外，我们发现有证据表明，对于有更年轻的、有政策目标的兄弟姐妹的非目标儿童，年级保留率降低了，这是积极的溢出效应。这些发现突出表明，母亲的存在与国际移民带来的经济机会之间的权衡关系影响着人力资本的发展。

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引用次数: 0

DEVELOPMENT AS EQUALITY: A gender lens on progress and its hidden barriers 发展即平等：进步及其隐藏障碍的性别视角

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107280

Bina Agarwal

Progress towards gender equality − economically, socially and politically − is a key measure of development, as well as a means of achieving it. This essay traces both the advances made (theoretical, empirical and in policy) in reducing gender inequality since the mid-1970s, when it was recognised internationally in development discourse, and the limits to that progress, given the persistence of gender inequality in most forms today. It is argued here that underlying visible measures of inequality, such as in women’s property ownership, labour market outcomes, and the governance of public institutions are hidden inequalities, embedded in biased social norms, social perceptions, and the social legitimacy of claims. Tackling these hidden barriers and their visible outcomes will require charting unconventional pathways, in particular shifting away from the dominant individualistic approaches to development to group approaches and collective action as necessary components for change.

在经济、社会和政治方面实现性别平等的进展是衡量发展的关键指标，也是实现发展的手段。本文追溯了自20世纪70年代中期以来在减少性别不平等方面取得的进展（理论、实证和政策），当时性别不平等在国际发展话语中得到认可，以及鉴于今天大多数形式的性别不平等持续存在，这一进展的局限性。本文认为，不平等的潜在可见指标，如妇女财产所有权、劳动力市场结果和公共机构治理，是隐藏的不平等，根植于有偏见的社会规范、社会观念和主张的社会合法性中。要解决这些隐藏的障碍及其可见的结果，就需要开辟非常规的途径，特别是从占主导地位的个人主义发展方法转向作为变革必要组成部分的群体方法和集体行动。

引用次数: 0

On social inequality, financial inclusion, and poverty at the bottom of the pyramid: Is financial equity enough? 关于社会不平等、金融包容性和金字塔底层的贫困：金融公平就足够了吗？

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2026.107313

Charles B. Herron , Rahul Nilakantan , Deepak Iyengar , Robert Glenn Richey , Shashank Rao

Researchers worldwide are looking for ways to positively impact those afflicted by poverty at the socioeconomic bottom of the pyramid (BOP). It has been suggested that one of the critical pathways to poverty alleviation is through initiatives that encourage financial inclusion. Such inclusion is often seen as “leveling the playing field” by encouraging savings, entrepreneurship, and creating other related avenues for production and consumption. Yet, many programs targeting the BOP demonstrate limited utilization among the intended beneficiaries. In the current study, we discuss this issue with a specific focus on entrenched social stratification – the view that some communities are inherently superior or inferior based on birth. The current study examines whether social disadvantage – being on the low end of the social stratification continuum – influences the impact that financial inclusion has on access to sanitation, clean energy, and clean fuel. We ask: if one is considered “unequal” or “inferior” to start with, does this lead to subsequent challenges even after one achieves economic equity? Based on a field study, we identify limitations on how effectively financial inclusion and equity can address the challenges faced by the BOP. We conclude that existing social inequality may be at least partially disconnected from the effects of financial inclusion on poverty. Consequently, financial inclusion by itself cannot ensure poverty alleviation, as it may fail to address the deeply rooted social stratification prevalent at the BOP.

世界各地的研究人员都在寻找积极影响金字塔社会经济底层贫困人口的方法。有人建议，减贫的关键途径之一是通过鼓励普惠金融的举措。这种包容通常被视为通过鼓励储蓄、创业和创造其他相关的生产和消费渠道来“公平竞争”。然而，许多以防喷器为目标的项目在预期受益者中利用率有限。在当前的研究中，我们讨论了这个问题，特别关注根深蒂固的社会分层-一些社区基于出生而天生优越或低劣的观点。目前的研究考察了处于社会分层连续体低端的社会劣势是否会影响普惠金融对获得卫生设施、清洁能源和清洁燃料的影响。我们问：如果一个人一开始就被认为是“不平等的”或“劣等的”，那么即使一个人实现了经济平等，这是否会导致随后的挑战？根据一项实地研究，我们确定了普惠金融和公平如何有效应对国际收支平衡所面临挑战的限制。我们的结论是，现有的社会不平等可能至少部分与金融普惠对贫困的影响脱节。因此，金融包容性本身并不能确保减贫，因为它可能无法解决国际收支中普遍存在的根深蒂固的社会分层问题。

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引用次数: 0

Empathy in action: unravelling crowdfunding dynamics for female refugee entrepreneurs in Lebanon, Jordan, and Palestine 行动中的同理心：揭示黎巴嫩、约旦和巴勒斯坦女性难民企业家的众筹动态

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107268

Ricardo Emanuel-Correia , Syahirah Abdul-Rahman , Doaa Althalathini

Crowdfunding has become a vital tool for bridging funding gaps, particularly for marginalised groups such as women and refugee entrepreneurs. This study aims to investigate the impact of entrepreneur gender and sectorial dominance on crowdfunding outcomes for female and male refugees, using the lens of sector studies and Role Congruity Theory. To empirically test our hypotheses, we gathered data about refugee entrepreneurs who seek capital for their business ventures on the Kiva crowdfunded microfinance platform. Our research highlights the unique challenges faced by female refugee entrepreneurs, including discriminatory financing practices and lack of formal documentation. However, crowdfunding platforms like Kiva offer crucial financial access, outperforming traditional financial institutions. We found that female refugee entrepreneurs often outperform their male counterparts in crowdfunding, especially in male-dominated activities. Moreover, campaigns located in refugee camps show positive crowdfunding outcomes, emphasising the value of these settings for women-led initiatives. Overall, crowdfunding offers a promising alternative for female refugees, overcoming significant barriers to entrepreneurship in both refugee camps and broader contexts, as well as providing implications for enhancing financial inclusion and supporting gender equity in entrepreneurial spaces.

众筹已成为弥补资金缺口的重要工具，特别是对妇女和难民企业家等边缘化群体而言。本研究旨在利用部门研究和角色一致性理论的视角，调查企业家性别和部门主导对女性和男性难民众筹结果的影响。为了从经验上验证我们的假设，我们收集了难民企业家在Kiva众筹小额信贷平台上为他们的企业寻求资金的数据。我们的研究突出了女性难民企业家面临的独特挑战，包括歧视性融资做法和缺乏正式文件。然而，像Kiva这样的众筹平台提供了至关重要的金融渠道，其表现优于传统金融机构。我们发现，女性难民企业家在众筹方面的表现往往优于男性企业家，尤其是在男性主导的活动中。此外，在难民营开展的活动显示出积极的众筹成果，强调了这些环境对妇女领导的倡议的价值。总体而言，众筹为女性难民提供了一个有希望的选择，克服了难民营和更广泛背景下创业的重大障碍，并为加强金融包容性和支持创业空间中的性别平等提供了影响。

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引用次数: 0

Has land finance driven China’s economic growth? Evidence from a quantitative counterfactual analysis 土地财政是否推动了中国的经济增长？来自定量反事实分析的证据

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107307

Yongmin Luo , Shenqi Ding , Xi Luo , Lujun Wang

The Chinese government’s reliance on land finance to mobilize resources for economic development has attracted significant attention from other developing countries. Given the critical role of rural migrant workers in China’s economic growth, we construct a quantitative dynamic multi-sector model that captures the distinctive features of China’s urban–rural dual economic structure. Our findings demonstrate that land finance in China effectively stimulated economic growth; However, it did so at the expense of reduced consumption of urban residents. Land finance drove China’s economic growth through two main channels: increasing investment in urban and rural infrastructure and promoting the employment of rural migrant workers, and the ratio of the contribution of these two channels was about 5:4. Moreover, although the new land finance policy aims to allocate more land finance revenue to rural residents, such redistribution can only promote economic growth if accompanied by appropriate policy measures.

中国政府依靠土地财政调动资源促进经济发展的做法，引起了其他发展中国家的高度关注。鉴于农民工在中国经济增长中的关键作用，我们构建了一个定量的动态多部门模型，该模型捕捉了中国城乡二元经济结构的鲜明特征。研究结果表明：中国土地财政有效地促进了经济增长；然而，这是以减少城市居民消费为代价的。土地财政对中国经济增长的拉动主要通过增加城乡基础设施投资和促进农民工就业两条渠道，两条渠道的贡献率约为5:4。此外，虽然新的土地财政政策旨在将更多的土地财政收入分配给农村居民，但这种再分配只有在适当的政策措施的配合下才能促进经济增长。

引用次数: 0

The dual role of small-scale fisheries on food security and poverty eradication in Vietnam: A latent profile analysis 越南小规模渔业对粮食安全和消除贫困的双重作用：潜在剖面分析

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107300

Quach Thi Khanh Ngoc , Bui Bich Xuan , Pham Khanh Nam

Small-scale fisheries are crucial for supporting the welfare of coastal communities. Nonetheless, in Vietnam prolonged overexploitation and inadequate management have led small-scale fisheries into an uncertain future, leaving fishing households vulnerable to poverty and food insecurity. This study examines the role of small-scale fisheries in Vietnam in promoting food security and alleviating poverty within fishing households. Utilizing latent profile analysis, we categorize fishing households based on dimensions of poverty and food insecurity as well as explore the potential of fisheries management measures in eradicating poverty and improving food security. Our findings reveal that, small-scale fisheries in Vietnam have significantly contributed to the well-being of fishing households, enhancing both income and food security. However, we identify two distinct groups of fishers. One group, representing 65 percent of households in our sample, is characterized by higher incomes and greater food security, is denoted in the study as “protected households”. The second group, comprising 35 percent of our sample, faces challenges in both dimensions, and is denoted as “vulnerable households”. Protected households are more likely to be located in areas where access limitations are enforced, often accompanied by livelihood enhancement opportunities. These results suggest that future policies for small-scale fisheries could benefit from developing synergies among various interventions targeting the conservation of fisheries resources, poverty alleviation, and food security.

小规模渔业对支持沿海社区的福利至关重要。然而，在越南，长期的过度开发和管理不足导致小规模渔业的未来不确定，使渔民家庭容易遭受贫困和粮食不安全。本研究考察了越南小规模渔业在促进粮食安全和减轻渔民家庭贫困方面的作用。利用潜在剖面分析，我们根据贫困和粮食不安全的维度对渔民家庭进行了分类，并探讨了渔业管理措施在消除贫困和改善粮食安全方面的潜力。我们的研究结果表明，越南的小规模渔业对渔民家庭的福祉做出了重大贡献，提高了收入和粮食安全。然而，我们确定了两组不同的渔民。在我们的样本中，有一类家庭占65%，其特点是收入较高，粮食安全程度较高，在研究中被称为“受保护家庭”。第二组，占我们样本的35%，在两个方面都面临挑战，被称为“弱势家庭”。受保护的家庭更有可能位于实施准入限制的地区，这些地区往往伴随着改善生计的机会。这些结果表明，未来的小规模渔业政策可以从以保护渔业资源、减轻贫困和粮食安全为目标的各种干预措施之间的协同作用中受益。

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引用次数: 0

Poor performance of west Sumatran governments in resolving palm oil conflicts: a procedural justice perspective 西苏门答腊政府在解决棕榈油冲突方面表现不佳：程序正义的视角

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107278

Afrizal , Eka Vydia Putra , Linda Elida

Expanding palm oil cultivation in Indonesia has led to significant conflicts between local communities and palm oil companies. Research indicates that these communities often rely on local governments to resolve the disputes. However, there is currently a lack of studies exploring the effectiveness of local governments in this context. This research gap highlights the importance of the present study, which aims to investigate this pressing issue by employing conflict analysis, procedural justice frameworks, and mixed methods. This article addresses how effectively local governments resolve conflicts between local communities and palm oil companies, focusing on district governments in West Sumatera, Indonesia. The findings suggest that the performance of local governments in resolving these conflicts is inadequate due to their relative inaccessibility and weak process. To achieve sustainable outcomes, there is a pressing need for fair and equitable approaches that prioritize community rights.

印度尼西亚棕榈油种植的扩大导致了当地社区和棕榈油公司之间的重大冲突。研究表明，这些社区往往依靠地方政府来解决纠纷。然而，目前还缺乏关于地方政府在这一背景下的有效性的研究。这一研究缺口凸显了本研究的重要性，本研究旨在通过冲突分析、程序正义框架和混合方法来调查这一紧迫问题。本文探讨了地方政府如何有效地解决当地社区和棕榈油公司之间的冲突，重点是印度尼西亚西苏门答腊的地方政府。研究结果表明，由于地方政府的相对不可接近性和流程薄弱，地方政府在解决这些冲突方面的表现不足。为了取得可持续的成果，迫切需要采取公平和公平的方法，优先考虑社区权利。

引用次数: 0

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