This study explores how the application of democratic rule in land reform decision-making determines villagers’ political trust towards different levels of the government in China. Analyzing a two-period household survey dataset, we find that in China’s recent Collective Forest Tenure Reform, which has devolved the tenure rights of the village collective-owned forestland to households, democratic decision-making increases trust for town and county cadres. The impact on trust towards village cadres is significant only when democracy involves all villagers in a village. We show two mechanisms that improve villagers’ trust: the “privatization” effect, where democratic decision-making leads to more land devolved to villagers, and the “conflict-resolving” effect, where improved information and cohesion by mass participation helps resolve inter-village land disputes. Heterogeneity analyses show that democratic decision-making has a more pronounced effect in improving trust for villagers with lower income, and those without affiliation with the Chinese Communist Party or village committees.
{"title":"Land reform, emerging grassroots democracy and political trust in China","authors":"Xing Chen , Jintao Xu , Yuanyuan Yi , Andong Zhuge","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106792","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106792","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores how the application of democratic rule in land reform decision-making determines villagers’ political trust towards different levels of the government in China. Analyzing a two-period household survey dataset, we find that in China’s recent Collective Forest Tenure Reform, which has devolved the tenure rights of the village collective-owned forestland to households, democratic decision-making increases trust for town and county cadres. The impact on trust towards village cadres is significant only when democracy involves all villagers in a village. We show two mechanisms that improve villagers’ trust: the “privatization” effect, where democratic decision-making leads to more land devolved to villagers, and the “conflict-resolving” effect, where improved information and cohesion by mass participation helps resolve inter-village land disputes. Heterogeneity analyses show that democratic decision-making has a more pronounced effect in improving trust for villagers with lower income, and those without affiliation with the Chinese Communist Party or village committees.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106792"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106786
Erin Oakley , Joost Vintges , Bassam Abu Hamad , Khadija Mitu , Jennifer Seager , Workneh Yadete , Nicola Jones , Sarah Baird
<div><div>The Covid-19 pandemic has had far-reaching impacts across the globe, with divergent experiences across the life course. Although mortality and morbidity effects have been disproportionately felt among older generations, there is growing recognition that adolescents have also faced multidimensional consequences, fueled by closure of schools and recreational spaces, and widespread disruption to services. While much has been written about the educational and health effects of the pandemic on adolescents, less attention has been given to other aspects of their wellbeing.</div><div>This narrative review therefore summarizes the current evidence on the effects of the pandemic on adolescent wellbeing. We draw on the United Nations (UN) H6 + Technical Working Group on Adolescent Health and Well-being’s conceptualization of adolescent wellbeing (<span><span>Ross et al., 2020</span></span>), focusing on three domains: connectedness, positive values and contribution to society; safety and a supportive environment; and agency and resilience. Drawing on both peer-reviewed and grey literature from high-, middle- and low-income contexts, we focused our search on adolescents (aged 10–19) and Covid-19 pandemic-related effects on wellbeing in these three domains. We also highlight findings related to three groups of adolescents who have often been overlooked in the literature on the impact of the pandemic: adolescent refugees, married adolescents, and adolescents with disabilities.</div><div>We searched using Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus, as well as working paper series at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the World Bank, to identify published and grey literature across the three domains of interest. We restricted the search to articles that presented new, original data, included adolescents (aged 10–19), and were published in English, between January 1, 2020 and April 30, 2022. We expanded the search to make use of the bibliographies uncovered through this review to check for other citations that might meet the search criteria.</div><div>The search yielded 193 articles on adolescent wellbeing in the three domains of interest during the Covid–19 pandemic. Adolescents in high-income countries (HICs) were overrepresented compared to those in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) (126 vs. 60 articles). Furthermore, more articles focused on social connectedness (117 studies) than on adolescent wellbeing in terms of agency and resilience (73 studies) and safety and a supportive environment (61 studies).</div><div>Nearly three years after the Covid-19 pandemic’s onset, the literature on adolescent wellbeing highlights the multiple and intersecting challenges that adolescents faced, especially those living in LMICs. Service disruptions (notably school closures) combined with financial stress, heightened vulnerability to age- and gender-based violence, and social isolation placed unprecedented pressures on young people, taking a toll on
{"title":"Adolescence, Interrupted: A narrative review of the impact of Covid-19 on adolescent wellbeing","authors":"Erin Oakley , Joost Vintges , Bassam Abu Hamad , Khadija Mitu , Jennifer Seager , Workneh Yadete , Nicola Jones , Sarah Baird","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106786","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106786","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Covid-19 pandemic has had far-reaching impacts across the globe, with divergent experiences across the life course. Although mortality and morbidity effects have been disproportionately felt among older generations, there is growing recognition that adolescents have also faced multidimensional consequences, fueled by closure of schools and recreational spaces, and widespread disruption to services. While much has been written about the educational and health effects of the pandemic on adolescents, less attention has been given to other aspects of their wellbeing.</div><div>This narrative review therefore summarizes the current evidence on the effects of the pandemic on adolescent wellbeing. We draw on the United Nations (UN) H6 + Technical Working Group on Adolescent Health and Well-being’s conceptualization of adolescent wellbeing (<span><span>Ross et al., 2020</span></span>), focusing on three domains: connectedness, positive values and contribution to society; safety and a supportive environment; and agency and resilience. Drawing on both peer-reviewed and grey literature from high-, middle- and low-income contexts, we focused our search on adolescents (aged 10–19) and Covid-19 pandemic-related effects on wellbeing in these three domains. We also highlight findings related to three groups of adolescents who have often been overlooked in the literature on the impact of the pandemic: adolescent refugees, married adolescents, and adolescents with disabilities.</div><div>We searched using Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus, as well as working paper series at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the World Bank, to identify published and grey literature across the three domains of interest. We restricted the search to articles that presented new, original data, included adolescents (aged 10–19), and were published in English, between January 1, 2020 and April 30, 2022. We expanded the search to make use of the bibliographies uncovered through this review to check for other citations that might meet the search criteria.</div><div>The search yielded 193 articles on adolescent wellbeing in the three domains of interest during the Covid–19 pandemic. Adolescents in high-income countries (HICs) were overrepresented compared to those in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) (126 vs. 60 articles). Furthermore, more articles focused on social connectedness (117 studies) than on adolescent wellbeing in terms of agency and resilience (73 studies) and safety and a supportive environment (61 studies).</div><div>Nearly three years after the Covid-19 pandemic’s onset, the literature on adolescent wellbeing highlights the multiple and intersecting challenges that adolescents faced, especially those living in LMICs. Service disruptions (notably school closures) combined with financial stress, heightened vulnerability to age- and gender-based violence, and social isolation placed unprecedented pressures on young people, taking a toll on","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106786"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-02DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106795
Eric Lungu , Jeffrey W. Rozelle , Emily Smith-Greenaway
In developing contexts, where formal health services are still expanding, understanding what factors discourage individuals from using health services is critical to advance population health. A long theorized, but rarely investigated, conjecture is that in high-mortality contexts, exposure to death can beget fatalism, or even foster distrust of formal healthcare, locking families into cycles of low use of health services. A counter perspective, however, suggests exposure to death can encourage individuals’ health vigilance, corresponding with their higher use of health services. We test these competing ideas by analyzing the associations between women’s intimate exposure to death in the context of pregnancy and delivery via (1) a sister’s maternal death and (2) an infant child’s neonatal death, and their subsequent use of maternal health services. We focus on the context of Malawi, a setting that features high maternal and infant mortality rates, similar to those observed across much of sub-Saharan Africa, as well as persistent gaps in service use. Specifically, we use Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (2015–16) data to examine if a sister’s maternal death or a child’s neonatal death corresponds with a woman’s odds of attending full antenatal care during a subsequent pregnancy or delivering the pregnancy at a formal health facility. Given the qualitatively distinct nature of losing one’s only or first child, we also assess if the effect of a child’s neonatal death varies by birth order. The results show that maternal and neonate death exposures correspond generally with women’s higher use of maternal health services, challenging the notion that exposure to death fosters fatalism or distrust. Although the results vary in significance, the nuanced findings highlight women’s vigilance in the face of health threats, emphasizing their resilience amid a high burden of familial loss.
{"title":"Fatalism or vigilance? Exposure to infant and maternal deaths and subsequent use of maternal health services in Malawi","authors":"Eric Lungu , Jeffrey W. Rozelle , Emily Smith-Greenaway","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106795","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106795","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In developing contexts, where formal health services are still expanding, understanding what factors discourage individuals from using health services is critical to advance population health. A long theorized, but rarely investigated, conjecture is that in high-mortality contexts, exposure to death can beget fatalism, or even foster distrust of formal healthcare, locking families into cycles of low use of health services. A counter perspective, however, suggests exposure to death can encourage individuals’ health vigilance, corresponding with their higher use of health services. We test these competing ideas by analyzing the associations between women’s intimate exposure to death in the context of pregnancy and delivery via (1) a sister’s maternal death and (2) an infant child’s neonatal death, and their subsequent use of maternal health services. We focus on the context of Malawi, a setting that features high maternal and infant mortality rates, similar to those observed across much of sub-Saharan Africa, as well as persistent gaps in service use. Specifically, we use Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (2015–16) data to examine if a sister’s maternal death or a child’s neonatal death corresponds with a woman’s odds of attending full antenatal care during a subsequent pregnancy or delivering the pregnancy at a formal health facility. Given the qualitatively distinct nature of losing one’s only or first child, we also assess if the effect of a child’s neonatal death varies by birth order. The results show that maternal and neonate death exposures correspond generally with women’s higher use of maternal health services, challenging the notion that exposure to death fosters fatalism or distrust. Although the results vary in significance, the nuanced findings highlight women’s vigilance in the face of health threats, emphasizing their resilience amid a high burden of familial loss.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106795"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106794
Julia Bredtmann , Sebastian Otten
Using data from the European Social Survey 2002–2020, covering immigrants in 23 European countries, this paper investigates the role of natives’ gender norms in the labor market integration of female immigrants. To analyze the role of natives’ gender norms, we exploit intertemporal, interregional, and age-specific variation in female-to-male labor force participation ratios. We find a positive and robust association between immigrant women’s labor supply and the female-to-male labor force participation ratio in their region of residence. No similar association is found among immigrant men. We provide evidence that our finding is due to the cultural assimilation of female immigrants to native women’s gender norms, and not the result of exposure to similar institutions and economic conditions. Based on a gravity model of female immigrants’ regional location choice, we further provide supportive evidence that the association between natives’ gender norms and immigrant women’s labor supply is not driven by a selective location choice of female immigrants.
本文利用 2002-2020 年欧洲社会调查（European Social Survey 2002-2020）中涵盖 23 个欧洲国家移民的数据，研究了本土性别规范在女性移民融入劳动力市场中的作用。为了分析本地人性别规范的作用，我们利用了女性与男性劳动力参与比率的跨时空、跨地区和特定年龄的差异。我们发现，移民妇女的劳动力供给与其居住地区的女性-男性劳动力参与率之间存在着稳健的正相关关系。在男性移民中没有发现类似的关联。我们提供的证据表明，我们的发现是由于女性移民在文化上与本地女性的性别规范同化，而不是由于接触了类似的制度和经济条件。基于女性移民地区位置选择的引力模型，我们进一步提供了支持性证据，证明本地人的性别规范与移民妇女的劳动力供给之间的关联并不是由女性移民的选择性位置选择所驱动的。
{"title":"Natives’ gender norms and the labor market integration of female immigrants","authors":"Julia Bredtmann , Sebastian Otten","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106794","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106794","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using data from the European Social Survey 2002–2020, covering immigrants in 23 European countries, this paper investigates the role of natives’ gender norms in the labor market integration of female immigrants. To analyze the role of natives’ gender norms, we exploit intertemporal, interregional, and age-specific variation in female-to-male labor force participation ratios. We find a positive and robust association between immigrant women’s labor supply and the female-to-male labor force participation ratio in their region of residence. No similar association is found among immigrant men. We provide evidence that our finding is due to the cultural assimilation of female immigrants to native women’s gender norms, and not the result of exposure to similar institutions and economic conditions. Based on a gravity model of female immigrants’ regional location choice, we further provide supportive evidence that the association between natives’ gender norms and immigrant women’s labor supply is not driven by a selective location choice of female immigrants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106794"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-28DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106785
V.A. Maguire-Rajpaul , M. Hirons , V.M. Rajpaul , R.A. Asare , E. Boyd , Y. Malhi , J. Mason , A.C. Morel , K. Norris , C. McDermott
Resilience – broadly understood as withstanding, and adapting to, shocks and risks – has emerged as a central discursive device for converging humanitarian needs with climate change responses. This paper’s human-centred engagement with resilience draws on the case of smallholder farmers engaged in rain-fed cocoa production in Ghana’s Central Region, to systematically unpack how poverty shapes smallholders’ responses to drought, with differing effects on resilience. The surveys, focus groups, and interviews were gathered before, during, and in the aftermath of, a prolonged El Niño-induced drought, facilitating pre-drought and post-drought comparisons of poverty conditions and their interactions with resilience. We centre our analysis on smallholders’ definitions of both poverty and resilience. We consider how co-identified dimensions of poverty interact with three co-identified dimensions or “outcomes“ of resilience: i) meeting critical needs; ii) implementing adaptation; and iii) preparedness for future climate shocks. We find that higher cocoa incomes were not associated with meeting critical needs during a drought, while many other poverty indicators were important across different dimensions of resilience e.g., adequate healthcare access, access to clean drinking water, food security, livelihood diversification, and access to livestock. Thus we advocate that: resilience, like poverty be understood and addressed as multi-dimensional; that resilience be considered in tandem with people’s own livelihood concerns; and that interventions look beyond raising cash crop productivity. Although diversifying income is a common resilience-boosting policy, we found greater livelihood diversification was associated with lower preparedness scores and meeting fewer critical needs in the drought year. Income diversification’s ability to alleviate multiple dimensions of poverty is constrained by financial exclusion, lack of market linkages, and structural poverty barriers such as illiteracy, tenure insecurity, or non-potable water. Thus efforts to address households’ poverty and climate resilience must be holistic and responsive to local contexts.
{"title":"What resilience theory and praxis can learn from multi-dimensional approaches to understanding poverty: A study of Ghanaian cocoa forest landscapes","authors":"V.A. Maguire-Rajpaul , M. Hirons , V.M. Rajpaul , R.A. Asare , E. Boyd , Y. Malhi , J. Mason , A.C. Morel , K. Norris , C. McDermott","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106785","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106785","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Resilience – broadly understood as withstanding, and adapting to, shocks and risks – has emerged as a central discursive device for converging humanitarian needs with climate change responses. This paper’s human-centred engagement with resilience draws on the case of smallholder farmers engaged in rain-fed cocoa production in Ghana’s Central Region, to systematically unpack how poverty shapes smallholders’ responses to drought, with differing effects on resilience. The surveys, focus groups, and interviews were gathered before, during, and in the aftermath of, a prolonged El Niño-induced drought, facilitating pre-drought and post-drought comparisons of poverty conditions and their interactions with resilience. We centre our analysis on smallholders’ definitions of both poverty and resilience. We consider how co-identified dimensions of poverty interact with three co-identified dimensions or “outcomes“ of resilience: i) meeting critical needs; ii) implementing adaptation; and iii) preparedness for future climate shocks. We find that higher cocoa incomes were <em>not</em> associated with meeting critical needs during a drought, while many other poverty indicators were important across different dimensions of resilience e.g., adequate healthcare access, access to clean drinking water, food security, livelihood diversification, and access to livestock. Thus we advocate that: resilience, like poverty be understood and addressed as multi-dimensional; that resilience be considered in tandem with people’s own livelihood concerns; and that interventions look beyond raising cash crop productivity. Although diversifying income is a common resilience-boosting policy, we found greater livelihood diversification was associated with <em>lower</em> preparedness scores and meeting <em>fewer</em> critical needs in the drought year. Income diversification’s ability to alleviate multiple dimensions of poverty is constrained by financial exclusion, lack of market linkages, and structural poverty barriers such as illiteracy, tenure insecurity, or non-potable water. Thus efforts to address households’ poverty and climate resilience must be holistic and responsive to local contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106785"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Social protection may be regarded as the conduit for governments to end poverty (SDG1) and in turn maintain civil order/peace. However, how social protection is conceptualized alongside poverty ideology (who/what causes it and whose responsibility it is to relieve it) can negatively impact the development of social protection programs to the extent that they do not meet the social and economic needs of beneficiaries/end-users. Underpinning these views are social and political dynamics that reflect a wide range of sometimes opposing interests and social divisions. Thus, social protection inadvertently risks becoming a conduit to conflict rather than peace. In this paper we report on a living policy lab (LPL) we developed in Cairo (Egypt) to help mitigate this risk. The aim of the LPL was to facilitate dialogue between various stakeholders to support collaboration towards policy-making. First, we present an in-depth review of extant literature, discussing the viability of a ‘living policy lab’ approach to social policy making in MENA countries such as Egypt that are susceptible to conflict. Using Egypt as our focus, we critically outline its evolution of non-targeted to targeted programs and initiatives to alleviate poverty, arguing that they have been reactive and piecemeal rather than thought through (except for the universal health insurance system). We then examine findings from a project in Egypt involving a series of interrelated living policy labs (2018–2019) on social protection reform that involved a range of social actors. The aim was to explore whether, as a design process, the approach might offer an alternative shared power model that facilitates agreed policy priorities and in so doing mediates peace. In this way, we add to the scholarship on social protection by considering to what extent new approaches to policy making in contexts of conflict can support more sustainable and peace-promoting social protection interventions. We end the paper by providing recommendations in terms of research, policy and practice particularly in relation to future possibilities for consultative design theory.
{"title":"Living policy Labs: A case study of collaborative dialogue about social protection to alleviate grievances and facilitate peaceful outcomes in Egypt","authors":"Rachel Forrester-Jones , Rana Jawad , Chahir Zaki , Gihan Ismail","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106790","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106790","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Social protection may be regarded as the conduit for governments to end poverty (SDG1) and in turn maintain civil order/peace. However, how social protection<!--> <!-->is conceptualized alongside poverty ideology (who/what causes it and whose responsibility it is to relieve it) can negatively impact the development of social protection programs to the extent that they do not meet the social and economic needs of beneficiaries/end-users. Underpinning these views are social and political dynamics that reflect a wide range of sometimes opposing interests and social divisions. Thus, social protection inadvertently risks becoming a conduit to conflict rather than peace. In this paper we report on a living policy lab (LPL) we developed in Cairo (Egypt) to help mitigate this risk. The aim of the LPL was to facilitate dialogue between various stakeholders to support collaboration towards policy-making. First, we present an in-depth review of extant literature, discussing the viability of a ‘living policy lab’ approach to social policy making in MENA countries such as Egypt that are susceptible to conflict. Using Egypt as our focus, we critically outline its evolution of non-targeted to targeted programs and initiatives to alleviate poverty, arguing that they have been reactive and piecemeal rather than thought through (except for the universal health insurance system). We then examine findings from a project in Egypt involving a series of interrelated living policy labs (2018–2019) on social protection reform that involved a range of social actors. The aim was to explore whether, as a design process, the approach might offer an alternative shared power model that facilitates agreed policy priorities and in so doing mediates peace. In this way, we add to the scholarship on social protection by considering to what extent new approaches to policy making in contexts of conflict can support more sustainable and peace-promoting social protection interventions. We end the paper by providing recommendations in terms of research, policy and practice particularly in relation to<!--> <!-->future possibilities for consultative design theory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106790"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142322778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-20DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106781
Harold Alderman , Daniel O. Gilligan , Melissa Hidrobo , Jessica Leight , Michael Mulford , Heleene Tambet
Graduation model interventions seek to address multiple barriers constraining households’ exit from poverty, however, few explicitly target restrictive gender norms. Using a randomized controlled trial design, combined with three rounds of data, we investigate the impacts on gender equitable attitudes and behaviors of a graduation program that seeks to address multiple constraints for those in poverty and improve restrictive gender norms in Ethiopia. We find that at 1-year follow-up all treatment arms lead to improvements in men’s gender equitable attitudes and their engagement in household domestic tasks as reported by both men and women; but at 3-year follow-up, impacts are only sustained in the treatment arms that introduced men’s engagement groups after the 1-year follow-up survey to further promote improvements in equitable gender norms.
{"title":"Men can cook: Effectiveness of a men’s engagement intervention to change attitudes and behaviors in rural Ethiopia","authors":"Harold Alderman , Daniel O. Gilligan , Melissa Hidrobo , Jessica Leight , Michael Mulford , Heleene Tambet","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106781","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Graduation model interventions seek to address multiple barriers constraining households’ exit from poverty, however, few explicitly target restrictive gender norms. Using a randomized controlled trial design, combined with three rounds of data, we investigate the impacts on gender equitable attitudes and behaviors of a graduation program that seeks to address multiple constraints for those in poverty and improve restrictive gender norms in Ethiopia. We find that at 1-year follow-up all treatment arms lead to improvements in men’s gender equitable attitudes and their engagement in household domestic tasks as reported by both men and women; but at 3-year follow-up, impacts are only sustained in the treatment arms that introduced men’s engagement groups after the 1-year follow-up survey to further promote improvements in equitable gender norms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106781"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X24002511/pdfft?md5=b2d1c9b1c662cf95ab44534b2a4941b7&pid=1-s2.0-S0305750X24002511-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142271925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106761
Gavin Hilson , Tim Laing , Abigail Hilson , Alex Arnall , Salvador Mondlane
This paper examines the linkages between subsistence farming and artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) – low-tech, labor-intensive mineral extraction and processing – in sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on the case of Mozambique. While the body of literature on this subject is burgeoning, it is comprised mostly of conceptual pieces and country case studies that rely heavily on qualitative data. Focusing on Manica Province, long an epicentre of small-scale gold mining activity in Mozambique, the paper showcases the value of including complementary quantitative data in analyses of ASM-farming linkages in rural sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, quantitative data that provide detail on the demographical composition of communities engaged in both ASM and agriculture, and which shed light on the spending patterns of households involved, could go a long way toward enriching dialogues on this subject, and, in the process, yield more effective (and, indeed, representative) rural development and poverty alleviation strategies in the region. The data gathered in Manica Province provide a more nuanced picture of how the ages and educational levels of household heads, and the sizes of their families, shape views on ASM and agriculture in gold-rich sections of Mozambique. Studies exploring the linkages between ASM and agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa that feature both qualitative and quantitative data provide greater clarity on the role each activity could play in tackling some of the region’s broader development challenges, including food insecurity and (building) community resilience.
{"title":"How Does Small-Scale Mining Stabilize Rural Livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa? The Case of Mozambique","authors":"Gavin Hilson , Tim Laing , Abigail Hilson , Alex Arnall , Salvador Mondlane","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106761","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106761","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper examines the linkages between subsistence farming and artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) – low-tech, labor-intensive mineral extraction and processing – in sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on the case of Mozambique. While the body of literature on this subject is burgeoning, it is comprised mostly of conceptual pieces and country case studies that rely heavily on qualitative data. Focusing on Manica Province, long an epicentre of small-scale gold mining activity in Mozambique, the paper showcases the value of including complementary quantitative data in analyses of ASM-farming linkages in rural sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, quantitative data that provide detail on the demographical composition of communities engaged in both ASM and agriculture, and which shed light on the spending patterns of households involved, could go a long way toward enriching dialogues on this subject, and, in the process, yield more effective (and, indeed, representative) rural development and poverty alleviation strategies in the region. The data gathered in Manica Province provide a more nuanced picture of how the ages and educational levels of household heads, and the sizes of their families, shape views on ASM and agriculture in gold-rich sections of Mozambique. Studies exploring the linkages between ASM and agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa that feature <em>both</em> qualitative and quantitative data provide greater clarity on the role each activity could play in tackling some of the region’s broader development challenges, including food insecurity and (building) community resilience.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106761"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X24002316/pdfft?md5=e1021b81b23bbb04dce9b05281ad21d6&pid=1-s2.0-S0305750X24002316-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142271924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106774
Jessica Hagen-Zanker , Jørgen Carling , Nicolás Caso , Marcela G. Rubio
In this article we ask which societal circumstances and individual characteristics make people wish to migrate to another country. Drawing on a large-scale survey conducted in 25 communities in ten countries across Asia, Africa and the Middle East, we conduct multi-level regression analysis, allowing us to assess the effects of diverse individual and community-level determinants on international migration aspirations. This multi-level design has delivered two insights in particular. First, determinants at the individual and community level both contribute to forming migration aspirations. Second, the analysis at the community level shows that individual-level factors are far from consistent in determining who has migration aspirations and who does not. We conclude that such multi-level analysis holds much potential for generating greater understanding of how migration processes work.
{"title":"The multi-level determinants of international migration aspirations in 25 communities in Africa, Asia and the Middle East","authors":"Jessica Hagen-Zanker , Jørgen Carling , Nicolás Caso , Marcela G. Rubio","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106774","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106774","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this article we ask which societal circumstances and individual characteristics make people wish to migrate to another country. Drawing on a large-scale survey conducted in 25 communities in ten countries across Asia, Africa and the Middle East, we conduct multi-level regression analysis, allowing us to assess the effects of diverse individual and community-level determinants on international migration aspirations. This multi-level design has delivered two insights in particular. First, determinants at the individual and community level both contribute to forming migration aspirations. Second, the analysis at the community level shows that individual-level factors are far from consistent in determining who has migration aspirations and who does not. We conclude that such multi-level analysis holds much potential for generating greater understanding of how migration processes work.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106774"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X24002444/pdfft?md5=388c10069df38abb0f8880c6240aa741&pid=1-s2.0-S0305750X24002444-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142239805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106782
Anna Fabry , Miet Maertens
Labor mobility is essential for structural transformation and economic growth. We investigate the heterogenous welfare effects of temporary labor mobility to different geographical and sectoral destinations in Peru, using nationwide panel-data (2017–2019) from 5,276 rural households. Estimated welfare gains are positive for labor mobility to rural, peri-urban and urban destinations, and decrease along the income distribution. Labor mobility to the non-farm food sector has lower welfare gains than mobility to agricultural or non-agrifood sectors. Our findings underline the importance of looking beyond rural–urban mobility in research and policies, as mobility to rural and agricultural destinations improves rural welfare.
{"title":"Temporary labor mobility to various geographical and sectoral destinations improves rural incomes − Insights from Peru","authors":"Anna Fabry , Miet Maertens","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106782","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106782","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Labor mobility is essential for structural transformation and economic growth. We investigate the heterogenous welfare effects of temporary labor mobility to different geographical and sectoral destinations in Peru, using nationwide panel-data (2017–2019) from 5,276 rural households. Estimated welfare gains are positive for labor mobility to rural, peri-urban and urban destinations, and decrease along the income distribution. Labor mobility to the non-farm food sector has lower welfare gains than mobility to agricultural or non-agrifood sectors. Our findings underline the importance of looking beyond rural–urban mobility in research and policies, as mobility to rural and agricultural destinations improves rural welfare.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106782"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142239807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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