World Development最新文献_第7页

Barriers or catalysts? Traditional institutions and social mobility in rural India 屏障还是催化剂？传统制度和印度农村的社会流动性

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107302

Vegard Iversen , Anustup Kundu , Rahul Lahoti , Kunal Sen

We examine how village-level social group dominance affects the educational and occupational mobility of minority and other social groups in rural India across multiple generations. Theoretically, we distinguish between upper caste and own group dominance and examine the mechanisms underpinning inequality in mobility outcomes. We find inequality in upward educational mobility to have significantly narrowed over time. Scheduled Castes (SCs) have higher educational mobility in upper caste and own dominated villages, while Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Muslims perform worse in own dominated villages. In contrast, for occupational mobility, we find that Muslims used to be on par with upper castes but have experienced setbacks in the recent generation. There is no evidence of other minority groups catching up with upper castes while SCs and STs are particularly disadvantaged. SCs, once more, perform better in their own dominated villages. Exploring mechanisms that explain the relationships between land dominance regimes and intergenerational mobility, we find notable inequalities in the provision of a wide range of public goods with Muslim and ST dominated villages being particularly disadvantaged. We find location in unfavorable agroecological zones, village infrastructure, and social cohesion to be pathways through which upper caste and own group dominance affect the educational and occupational mobility of minority groups. Our findings suggest that traditional institutions can be both a barrier to or catalyst for social mobility, depending on the social identity of the dominant group in the village.

我们研究了村庄层面的社会群体优势如何影响印度农村几代少数民族和其他社会群体的教育和职业流动性。从理论上讲，我们区分了上层种姓和自己的群体优势，并研究了流动性结果不平等的基础机制。我们发现，随着时间的推移，向上教育流动的不平等显著缩小。在册种姓（SCs）在高种姓和自己主导的村庄有更高的教育流动性，而在册部落（st）和穆斯林在自己主导的村庄表现更差。相比之下，在职业流动性方面，我们发现穆斯林曾经与上层种姓平等，但在最近一代经历了挫折。没有证据表明其他少数群体赶上了高种姓，而南种姓和南种姓尤其处于不利地位。再一次，SCs在他们自己主导的村庄里表现得更好。在探索解释土地支配制度与代际流动之间关系的机制时，我们发现在提供广泛的公共产品方面存在显著的不平等，穆斯林和ST主导的村庄尤其处于不利地位。我们发现，不利的农业生态区、村庄基础设施和社会凝聚力是上层种姓和自身群体优势影响少数群体教育和职业流动的途径。我们的研究结果表明，传统制度既可以成为社会流动的障碍，也可以成为社会流动的催化剂，这取决于村庄中占主导地位群体的社会身份。

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引用次数: 0

Citizen science, mobile technology, and environmental justice in Africa: rights-based legal pathways for community empowerment 非洲的公民科学、移动技术和环境正义：社区赋权的基于权利的法律途径

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107254

Philippa Osim Inyang

This paper critically examines the legal potential of citizen science, enhanced by mobile technology, as a tool for advancing environmental justice and enforcing the right to a healthy environment in Africa. In light of widespread environmental degradation and weak regulatory capacity, it explores how citizen-generated environmental data can bridge accountability gaps in both formal governance systems and judicial processes. Drawing on African communitarian traditions, international environmental law, and comparative jurisprudence, including landmark cases from the US and Europe, it interrogates the evidentiary and procedural barriers that currently undermine the admissibility of citizen data in legal forums. The paper argues for comprehensive legal reform encompassing constitutional interpretation, legislative innovation, regulatory clarity and judicial openness to non-traditional evidence. By integrating citizen science into the legal architecture of environmental governance, African states can democratise environmental monitoring, empower marginalised communities and strengthen compliance with environmental obligations. The study contributes to emerging interdisciplinary discourse at the intersection of environmental law, human rights and digital technology in the Global South.

本文批判性地考察了公民科学在移动技术的推动下，作为促进非洲环境正义和落实健康环境权的工具所具有的法律潜力。鉴于普遍存在的环境退化和监管能力薄弱，本报告探讨了公民产生的环境数据如何能够弥合正式治理体系和司法程序中的问责差距。借鉴非洲社群主义传统、国际环境法和比较法学，包括来自美国和欧洲的具有里程碑意义的案例，它质疑了目前在法律论坛上破坏公民数据可采性的证据和程序障碍。本文主张进行全面的法律改革，包括宪法解释、立法创新、监管清晰度和对非传统证据的司法开放。通过将公民科学纳入环境治理的法律架构，非洲国家可以使环境监测民主化，赋予边缘化社区权力，并加强对环境义务的遵守。该研究为全球南方国家环境法、人权和数字技术交叉领域新兴的跨学科话语做出了贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Clientelist politics in Nigeria: Core voters, control and compliance 尼日利亚的庇护主义政治：核心选民、控制与服从

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107281

Diane Zovighian

Clientelism is a defining feature of electoral politics in Nigeria, where political parties prioritize clientelist transfers to core supporters over transfers to swing voters or public goods appeals. What sustains these clientelist partisan pacts? Why are core voters more intensively targeted by clientelist transfers? Drawing on original survey data and key informant interviews, this article shows that core voters possess attributes that make them especially attractive to clientelist parties seeking to reduce defection risks. First, they are more deeply embedded in social networks on which parties can rely to gather information on their preferences and electoral behavior. Second, they are more likely to rely on their networks for voting advice or information. Third, they are more likely to perceive that the party can monitor their votes. And finally, they are more likely to comply with the clientelist bargain. This makes them in effect a safer bet for clientelist investments. In that context, clientelist targeting leads parties to sustain a core-support group of reliable votes delivery, rather than expand distributive promises to non-core voters. The findings highlight the impotance of voter-level attributes – particularly social network embeddedness – in shaping clientelist targeting and sustaining clientelist partisan pacts.

裙带主义是尼日利亚选举政治的一个显著特征，政党优先考虑裙带主义对核心支持者的转移，而不是对摇摆选民或公共产品诉求的转移。是什么支撑着这些庇护主义党派协议？为什么核心选民更容易成为客户转移的目标？根据原始调查数据和关键线人访谈，本文表明，核心选民拥有的属性使他们对寻求降低叛逃风险的客户主义政党特别有吸引力。首先，他们更深入地融入社交网络，政党可以依靠社交网络收集有关他们的偏好和选举行为的信息。其次，他们更有可能依赖自己的关系网来获得投票建议或信息。第三，他们更有可能认为该党可以监督他们的投票。最后，他们更有可能遵守客户协议。这实际上使它们成为客户投资的更安全的赌注。在这种情况下，以客户为目标使政党维持一个可靠的投票交付的核心支持群体，而不是扩大对非核心选民的分配承诺。研究结果强调了选民层面属性——尤其是社会网络嵌入性——在塑造客户目标和维持客户党派协议方面的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Power and its discontents: The long road to systemic change in the aid sector 权力及其不满：援助领域系统性变革的漫漫长路

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107259

Nicola Banks , Badru Bukenya , Willem Elbers , Innocent Kamya , Emmanuel Kumi , Lau Schulpen , Gijs van Selm , Margit van Wessel , Thomas Yeboah

Power inequalities between Northern and Southern NGOs have historically plagued development cooperation. A growing momentum towards localisation, locally-led development, and shift the power is indicative of widespread efforts to respond to these inequalities. Drawing upon new survey data, we explore the nature of specific actions taken by a sample of NNGOs and SNGOs to address these power inequalities and analyse the extent to which these equalize power. We find that organisations in our sample are taking important steps toward reconfiguring traditional power dynamics and fostering more collaborative and accountable relationships between Northern and Southern actors. Yet a deeper analysis of these raises questions around whether actions are deep enough to rebalance or upturn unequal relationships and contribute to broader systems change. We find that innovations within the aid system are making incremental improvements without fundamentally shifting where decision-making power and financial power lie. Significant to scholars and practitioners alike, these findings underscore the need for more substantive and systemic changes to achieve genuine equity in development cooperation.

北方和南方非政府组织之间的权力不平等历来困扰着发展合作。地方化、地方主导的发展和权力转移的势头日益增强，表明了应对这些不平等的广泛努力。根据新的调查数据，我们探讨了非政府组织和非政府组织为解决这些权力不平等而采取的具体行动的性质，并分析了这些权力平等的程度。我们发现，我们样本中的组织正在采取重要步骤，重新配置传统的权力动态，并在北方和南方参与者之间培养更多的协作和负责任的关系。然而，对这些问题进行更深入的分析会提出这样的问题：这些行动是否足够深入，能够重新平衡或扭转不平等关系，并促进更广泛的制度变革。我们发现，援助系统内的创新正在取得渐进式的改进，而没有从根本上改变决策权和财政权力的位置。这些发现对学者和实践者都具有重要意义，它们强调需要进行更实质性和系统性的变革，以实现发展合作的真正公平。

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引用次数: 0

50 Years of World Development 世界发展五十年

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107305

Eduardo Araral , Serik Orazgaliyev

Since its launch in 1973, World Development (WD) has both reflected and challenged prevailing development paradigms. We provide the first longitudinal, replicable portrait of WD’s intellectual landscape and its influence on global development discourse. Leveraging correlated topic modelling (CTM) and bibliometrics, this study maps the journal’s full research archive (8,711 articles) from 1973 to 2022. We identify five major thematic waves—from basic–needs economics to climate–resilient sustainability—trace their co–evolution with the World Development Report (WDR), and spotlight how WD scholarship often anticipates WDR agendas by two to five years. Region–specific analyses reveal distinctive research trajectories for China, India, Africa and Latin America, while authorship data show a six–fold rise in women’s representation. We conclude with a research agenda for the next decade emphasizing the importance of keeping WD’s core intellectual history in development economics even as it diversifies into development studies.

《世界发展》自1973年问世以来，既反映了主流发展模式，也对其提出了挑战。我们提供了第一幅纵向的、可复制的WD知识景观及其对全球发展话语的影响的肖像。利用相关主题模型（CTM）和文献计量学，本研究绘制了该期刊从1973年到2022年的完整研究档案（8,711篇文章）。我们确定了五大主题浪潮——从基本需求经济学到气候适应型可持续性——追溯了它们与《世界发展报告》的共同演变，并重点介绍了《世界发展报告》奖学金如何往往提前两到五年预测《世界发展报告》议程。特定地区的分析揭示了中国、印度、非洲和拉丁美洲不同的研究轨迹，而作者数据显示，女性代表人数增加了6倍。最后，我们提出了一个未来十年的研究议程，强调在发展经济学中保持世行核心思想史的重要性，即使它在发展研究中多样化。

引用次数: 0

Friends or foes? The insurgent’s dilemma of seeking legitimacy while keeping secrets 朋友还是敌人？叛军在寻求合法性的同时又要保守秘密

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107258

Enrique Escalante

Why do some rebel groups seek legitimacy more than others? This article develops a theory to explain that the variation among insurgencies will depend on a trade-off insurgents confront between the interest to obtain legitimacy and the exposure to vulnerability. Inclusive insurgencies disclose information to seek legitimacy, allowing rebels to gain popular support, secure resources, and broader collaboration with non-combatants, thereby enhancing operational efficiency. In contrast, exclusive insurgencies, often emerging from radical factions, emphasize secrecy to protect the insurgency from existential threats, as their leaders are more easily targeted, leaks are relatively costlier, and disclosure increases the risk of detection. Faced with this trade-off and constrained by the likelihood of splintering, insurgencies unleash violent and non-violent actions. The theory is supported by an analysis of Peru’s 1980–2000 insurgencies: the Shining Path and the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement.

为什么一些反叛组织比其他组织更寻求合法性？本文发展了一种理论来解释叛乱之间的差异将取决于叛乱分子在获得合法性的利益和暴露于脆弱性之间面临的权衡。包容性叛乱披露信息以寻求合法性，使叛乱分子获得民众支持，获得资源，并与非战斗人员进行更广泛的合作，从而提高作战效率。相比之下，排他性的叛乱往往来自激进派系，他们强调保密，以保护叛乱活动免受生存威胁，因为他们的领导人更容易成为攻击目标，泄密的成本相对较高，而且披露会增加被发现的风险。面对这种权衡，并受到分裂可能性的限制，叛乱分子采取了暴力和非暴力行动。这一理论得到了对秘鲁1980-2000年叛乱的分析的支持：光辉道路和图帕克·阿马鲁革命运动。

引用次数: 0

Economic convergence, intragenerational economic mobility, and inequality in a native Amazonian small-scale society of Indigenous People in Bolivia 经济趋同、代际经济流动和玻利维亚土著亚马逊小规模社会的不平等

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107237

Ricardo Godoy , Jonathan Bauchet , Victoria Reyes-García , Eduardo A. Undurraga

Adult intragenerational mobility reflects society’s ability to reward effort and tame society-wide inequality. In developed economies, mobility is modest and correlates negatively with economic inequality. Little is known quantitatively from direct observations about long-term intragenerational mobility in small-scale societies of the Global South. To assess the external validity of findings about patterns of intragenerational mobility from developed economies, we use a yearly survey panel dataset (2002–2010) of adults from a society of native Amazonians (Tsimane’) in Bolivia practicing farming, fishing, hunting, and plant gathering. We estimate (a) convergence rates (or the speed of catch up) of adults in the bottom quintile to the rest of the population sample, (b) mobility defined as the change in quintile rank in economic outcomes between 2002 and 2010, and (c) the associations of economic mobility in rank between 2002 and 2010 with society-wide economic inequality in 2010, measured with the Gini coefficient. Outcomes included flows (income, barter) and wealth measured with the value of livestock, locally produced goods, and commercial goods. We found unambiguous evidence of convergence (those at the bottom were fast approaching the rest) and considerable evidence of both upward and downward mobility among women and men across all outcomes. Mobility and economic inequality correlated negatively. We did not observe the modest economic mobility typical of developed economies, but we found pockets of immobility at the top and an inverse relation between upward mobility and inequality.

成年人的代际流动反映了社会奖励努力和缓和社会不平等的能力。在发达经济体，流动性不大，与经济不平等呈负相关。从对全球南方小规模社会的长期代际流动的直接观察中，我们在数量上知之甚少。为了评估发达经济体代际流动模式研究结果的外部有效性，我们使用了一个年度调查面板数据集（2002-2010），该数据集来自玻利维亚的土著亚马逊人（Tsimane’）社会，从事农业、渔业、狩猎和植物采集。我们估计(a)底层五分位数的成年人与其他人口样本的趋同率（或追赶速度），(b)流动性定义为2002年至2010年间经济成果的五分位数排名变化，以及(c) 2002年至2010年间排名的经济流动性与2010年全社会经济不平等的关联，用基尼系数来衡量。结果包括流量（收入、物物交换）和以牲畜、当地生产的商品和商业商品的价值衡量的财富。我们发现了明确的趋同证据（最底层的人正在迅速接近其余的人），以及大量证据表明，在所有结果中，女性和男性都存在向上和向下的流动性。流动性和经济不平等负相关。我们没有观察到发达经济体典型的适度经济流动性，但我们发现了上层的一些不流动性，以及向上流动性与不平等之间的反比关系。

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引用次数: 0

Can corporate good deeds reduce environmental injustice? Evidence from China 企业的善行能减少环境不公吗？来自中国的证据

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107265

Chunxiao Wang , Yu Hao

This study explores the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in enhancing environmental justice. We argue that CSR helps mitigate environmental injustice, a responsibility stemming from ethical considerations faced by corporations. Furthermore, building on previous studies that identify income disparity as the key factor contributing to environmental injustice, we find that regional economic growth, poverty alleviation among the rural poor, and the enhancement of political power are the primary channels through which CSR influences environmental justice. An analysis of Chinese listed companies provides evidence supporting our view, revealing a more pronounced mitigating effect of CSR on environmental injustice in non-state-owned, environmentally friendly, and large-scale firms. Notably, this contribution of CSR to environmental justice is more evident in the economically developed eastern region of China, which boasts a high level of marketization and a favorable business environment. This highlights the substantive role of CSR in environmental justice. By incorporating CSR into environmental justice studies, our research makes a meaningful theoretical advancement in understanding corporate ethical responsibilities and offers practical implications.

本研究探讨企业社会责任（CSR）在促进环境正义中的作用。我们认为，企业社会责任有助于减轻环境不公正，这是一种源于企业面临的道德考虑的责任。此外，在以往研究认为收入差距是导致环境不公正的关键因素的基础上，我们发现区域经济增长、农村贫困人口的脱贫和政治权力的增强是企业社会责任影响环境正义的主要渠道。对中国上市公司的分析提供了支持我们观点的证据，表明非国有企业、环境友好型企业和大型企业的企业社会责任对环境不公平的缓解作用更为明显。值得注意的是，企业社会责任对环境正义的贡献在中国经济发达的东部地区更为明显，该地区具有较高的市场化程度和良好的商业环境。这凸显了企业社会责任在环境正义中的实质性作用。通过将企业社会责任纳入环境正义研究，我们的研究在理解企业伦理责任方面取得了有意义的理论进步，并具有现实意义。

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引用次数: 0

Identification of earnings dynamics using rotating samples over short periods: the case of Chile 短期内使用轮换样本识别盈余动态：智利的案例

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107253

Carlos Madeira

Due to high informality and sparse longitudinal data, empirical studies often ignore labor income dynamics in developing economies, where earnings inequality is highest and social insurance is weakest. I propose a dynamic earnings process with two distinct shocks: unemployment spells and the wages of workers who stay employed. This income process can be estimated from employment surveys with a rotating sample design, which are available for several countries. Applying this procedure to Chilean data, I show that wage volatility and unemployment rates are highly heterogeneous across workers. Unemployment spells are the most important source of earnings risk for workers.

由于高度的非正式性和稀疏的纵向数据，实证研究往往忽略了发展中经济体的劳动收入动态，而发展中经济体的收入不平等程度最高，社会保险最薄弱。我提出了一个动态的收入过程，其中有两个不同的冲击：失业期和保持就业的工人的工资。这一收入过程可以通过轮换抽样设计的就业调查来估计，这种调查可用于若干国家。将这一过程应用到智利的数据中，我发现工资波动和失业率在工人之间是高度异质的。失业期是工人收入风险的最重要来源。

引用次数: 0

Gender, race and their interplay with economic status: intersectionality and asymmetric jeopardies in Brazilian education 性别、种族及其与经济地位的相互作用：巴西教育中的交叉性和不对称危害

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107232

Sunil Mitra Kumar , Lucio Esposito , Adrián Villaseñor , Sandra Macedo

A large body of research has illustrated how inequalities in educational achievements globally are rooted in a range of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. However, the sources of educational disadvantages are too often considered in isolation, without addressing how they interplay with one another. Building upon the intersectionality and multiple jeopardy frameworks, in this paper we employ a sequential mixed-methods approach to analyse the role played by economic status, gender and race in shaping education attainment in Brazilian high-stakes secondary education exams. Our specific focus is on how economic status, conceptualised as comprising an absolute and a relative facet, interplays with gender and race. Our quantitative analysis reveals that the two components of economic status interplay symmetrically with gender but asymmetrically with race. Gender attainment gaps shrink with higher absolute and relative status. Race attainment gaps also shrink with higher absolute status, but they expand with higher relative status. We use the insights obtained from the literature as well as from our qualitative interviews to situate and explain these findings. Our work improves the understanding of the multifaceted disadvantage experienced by students from underprivileged households in Brazil, highlighting how economic inequality and discrimination hinder educational attainment and jeopardise social mobility.

大量研究表明，全球教育成就的不平等是如何植根于一系列人口和社会经济特征的。然而，教育劣势的根源往往被孤立地考虑，而没有处理它们如何相互作用。在交叉性和多重危险框架的基础上，在本文中，我们采用顺序混合方法来分析经济地位、性别和种族在巴西高风险中学教育考试中塑造教育成就方面所起的作用。我们的重点是经济地位，概念上包括绝对和相对的方面，如何与性别和种族相互作用。我们的定量分析表明，经济地位的两个组成部分与性别的相互作用是对称的，而与种族的相互作用是不对称的。性别成就差距随着绝对地位和相对地位的提高而缩小。种族成就差距也随着绝对地位的提高而缩小，但随着相对地位的提高而扩大。我们使用从文献中获得的见解以及我们的定性访谈来定位和解释这些发现。我们的工作提高了对巴西贫困家庭学生所经历的多方面劣势的理解，突出了经济不平等和歧视如何阻碍教育成就并危及社会流动性。

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引用次数: 0