首页 > 最新文献

American Economic Review最新文献

英文 中文
Measuring Racial Discrimination in Bail Decisions. 衡量保释决定中的种族歧视。
IF 10.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20201653
David Arnold, Will Dobbie, Peter Hull

We develop new quasi-experimental tools to measure disparate impact, regardless of its source, in the context of bail decisions. We show that omitted variables bias in pretrial release rate comparisons can be purged by using the quasi-random assignment of judges to estimate average pretrial misconduct risk by race. We find that two-thirds of the release rate disparity between white and Black defendants in New York City is due to the disparate impact of release decisions. We then develop a hierarchical marginal treatment effect model to study the drivers of disparate impact, finding evidence of both racial bias and statistical discrimination.

我们开发了新的准实验工具来衡量保释决定背景下的不同影响,无论其来源如何。我们表明,在审前释放率比较中遗漏的变量偏差可以通过使用法官的准随机分配来估计按种族划分的审前不当行为的平均风险来消除。我们发现,纽约市白人和黑人被告释放率差异的三分之二是由于释放决定的不同影响。然后,我们开发了一个分层边际处理效应模型来研究差别化影响的驱动因素,找到种族偏见和统计歧视的证据。
{"title":"Measuring Racial Discrimination in Bail Decisions.","authors":"David Arnold,&nbsp;Will Dobbie,&nbsp;Peter Hull","doi":"10.1257/aer.20201653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20201653","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We develop new quasi-experimental tools to measure disparate impact, regardless of its source, in the context of bail decisions. We show that omitted variables bias in pretrial release rate comparisons can be purged by using the quasi-random assignment of judges to estimate average pretrial misconduct risk by race. We find that two-thirds of the release rate disparity between white and Black defendants in New York City is due to the disparate impact of release decisions. We then develop a hierarchical marginal treatment effect model to study the drivers of disparate impact, finding evidence of both racial bias and statistical discrimination.</p>","PeriodicalId":48472,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Review","volume":"112 9","pages":"2992-3038"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10289801/pdf/nihms-1855624.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9717732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Experimental Cost of Information 实验信息成本
IF 10.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20210879
Tommaso Denti, M. Marinacci, A. Rustichini
We relate two main representations of the cost of acquiring information: a cost that depends on the experiment performed, as in statistical decision theory, and a cost that depends on the distribution of posterior beliefs, as in applications of rational inattention. We show that in many cases of interest, posterior-based costs are inconsistent with a primitive model of costly experimentation. The inconsistency is at the core of known limits to the application of rational inattention in games and, more broadly, in equilibrium analyses where beliefs are endogenous; we show that an experiment-based approach helps to understand and overcome these difficulties. (JEL D82, D83)
我们将获取信息成本的两种主要表现形式联系起来:一种成本取决于所进行的实验,如在统计决策理论中,另一种成本取决于后验信念的分布,如在理性不注意的应用中。我们表明,在许多感兴趣的情况下,基于后验的成本与昂贵实验的原始模型不一致。这种不一致性是在游戏中应用理性注意力不集中的核心限制,更广泛地说,是在信念是内生的平衡分析中;我们表明,基于实验的方法有助于理解和克服这些困难。(凝胶d82, d83)
{"title":"Experimental Cost of Information","authors":"Tommaso Denti, M. Marinacci, A. Rustichini","doi":"10.1257/aer.20210879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20210879","url":null,"abstract":"We relate two main representations of the cost of acquiring information: a cost that depends on the experiment performed, as in statistical decision theory, and a cost that depends on the distribution of posterior beliefs, as in applications of rational inattention. We show that in many cases of interest, posterior-based costs are inconsistent with a primitive model of costly experimentation. The inconsistency is at the core of known limits to the application of rational inattention in games and, more broadly, in equilibrium analyses where beliefs are endogenous; we show that an experiment-based approach helps to understand and overcome these difficulties. (JEL D82, D83)","PeriodicalId":48472,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Review","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79211096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 20
The Impact of Childhood Social Skills and Self-Control Training on Economic and Noneconomic Outcomes: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment Using Administrative Data 儿童社会技能和自我控制训练对经济和非经济结果的影响:来自行政数据的随机实验证据
IF 10.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20200224
Y. Algan, Elizabeth Beasley, S. Côté, Jungwee Park, R. Tremblay, F. Vitaro
A childhood intervention to improve the social skills and self-control of at-risk kindergarten boys in the 1980s had positive impacts over the life course: higher trust and self-control as adolescents; increased social group membership, education, and reduced criminality as young adults; and increased marriage and employment as adults. Using administrative data, we find this intervention increased average yearly employment income by about 20 percent and decreased average yearly social transfers by almost 40 percent. We estimate that $1 invested in this program around age 8 yields about $11 in benefits by age 39, with an internal rate of return of around 17 percent. (JEL I21, I26, I28, J13, J24, J31, Z13)
一项儿童干预对80年代幼儿园高危男孩社会技能和自我控制能力的改善在整个生命历程中具有积极的影响:青少年时期具有更高的信任和自我控制能力;增加社会团体成员,教育和减少犯罪的年轻人;成年人结婚和就业的增加。利用行政数据,我们发现这种干预使平均年就业收入增加了约20%,并使平均年社会转移支付减少了近40%。我们估计,8岁左右在这个项目上投资1美元,到39岁时将获得约11美元的收益,内部回报率约为17%。(j21, j26, j28, j13, j24, j31, z13)
{"title":"The Impact of Childhood Social Skills and Self-Control Training on Economic and Noneconomic Outcomes: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment Using Administrative Data","authors":"Y. Algan, Elizabeth Beasley, S. Côté, Jungwee Park, R. Tremblay, F. Vitaro","doi":"10.1257/aer.20200224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20200224","url":null,"abstract":"A childhood intervention to improve the social skills and self-control of at-risk kindergarten boys in the 1980s had positive impacts over the life course: higher trust and self-control as adolescents; increased social group membership, education, and reduced criminality as young adults; and increased marriage and employment as adults. Using administrative data, we find this intervention increased average yearly employment income by about 20 percent and decreased average yearly social transfers by almost 40 percent. We estimate that $1 invested in this program around age 8 yields about $11 in benefits by age 39, with an internal rate of return of around 17 percent. (JEL I21, I26, I28, J13, J24, J31, Z13)","PeriodicalId":48472,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Review","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91198082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
Capital Gains Taxes and Real Corporate Investment: Evidence from Korea 资本利得税与实体企业投资:来自韩国的证据
IF 10.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20201272
Terry S. Moon
This paper assesses the effects of capital gains taxes on investment in the Republic of Korea (hereafter, Korea), where capital gains tax rates vary at the firm level by firm size. Following a reform in 2014, firms with a tax cut increased investment by 34 log points and issued more equity by 9 cents per dollar of lagged revenue, relative to unaffected firms. Additionally, the effects were larger for firms that appeared more cash constrained or went public after the reform. Taken together, these findings are consistent with the “traditional view” predicting that lower payout taxes spur equity-financed investment by increasing marginal returns on investment. (JEL D25, G31, G32, H25, H32, L25)
本文评估了资本利得税对大韩民国(以下简称韩国)投资的影响,资本利得税税率因公司规模而异。在2014年的改革之后,与未受影响的公司相比,减税的公司增加了34个百分点的投资,每1美元滞后收入发行9美分的股票。此外,对于那些现金短缺或改革后上市的公司,这种影响更大。综上所述,这些发现与“传统观点”一致,即较低的派息税通过提高投资边际回报来刺激股权融资投资。(凝胶d25, g31, g32, h25, h32, l25)
{"title":"Capital Gains Taxes and Real Corporate Investment: Evidence from Korea","authors":"Terry S. Moon","doi":"10.1257/aer.20201272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20201272","url":null,"abstract":"This paper assesses the effects of capital gains taxes on investment in the Republic of Korea (hereafter, Korea), where capital gains tax rates vary at the firm level by firm size. Following a reform in 2014, firms with a tax cut increased investment by 34 log points and issued more equity by 9 cents per dollar of lagged revenue, relative to unaffected firms. Additionally, the effects were larger for firms that appeared more cash constrained or went public after the reform. Taken together, these findings are consistent with the “traditional view” predicting that lower payout taxes spur equity-financed investment by increasing marginal returns on investment. (JEL D25, G31, G32, H25, H32, L25)","PeriodicalId":48472,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Review","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81347373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Market Access and Quality Upgrading: Evidence from Four Field Experiments 市场准入与质量提升:来自四个实地实验的证据
IF 10.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20210122
Tessa Bold, Selene Ghisolfi, F. Nsonzi, J. Svensson
Smallholder farming in many developing countries is characterized by low productivity and low-quality output. Low quality limits the price farmers can command and their potential income. We conduct a series of experiments among maize farmers in Uganda to shed light on the barriers to quality upgrading and to study its potential. We find that the causal return to quality is zero. Providing access to a market where quality is paid a market premium led to an increase in farm productivity and income from farming. Our findings reveal the importance of demand-side constraints in limiting rural income and productivity growth. (JEL C93, L14, L15, L22, O13, Q12, Q13)
许多发展中国家的小农农业的特点是生产率低、产出质量低。低质量限制了农民可以控制的价格和他们的潜在收入。我们在乌干达种植玉米的农民中进行了一系列实验,以揭示质量升级的障碍并研究其潜力。我们发现质量的因果回归为零。提供进入市场的机会,以市场溢价支付质量,从而提高了农业生产力和农业收入。我们的研究结果揭示了需求侧约束在限制农村收入和生产率增长方面的重要性。(jel c93, l14, l15, l22, o13, q12, q13)
{"title":"Market Access and Quality Upgrading: Evidence from Four Field Experiments","authors":"Tessa Bold, Selene Ghisolfi, F. Nsonzi, J. Svensson","doi":"10.1257/aer.20210122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20210122","url":null,"abstract":"Smallholder farming in many developing countries is characterized by low productivity and low-quality output. Low quality limits the price farmers can command and their potential income. We conduct a series of experiments among maize farmers in Uganda to shed light on the barriers to quality upgrading and to study its potential. We find that the causal return to quality is zero. Providing access to a market where quality is paid a market premium led to an increase in farm productivity and income from farming. Our findings reveal the importance of demand-side constraints in limiting rural income and productivity growth. (JEL C93, L14, L15, L22, O13, Q12, Q13)","PeriodicalId":48472,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Review","volume":"137 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89500410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 15
The Economic Effects of Mafia: Firm Level Evidence 黑手党的经济效应:公司层面的证据
IF 10.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20201015
Litterio Mirenda, S. Mocetti, L. Rizzica
We analyze the effects of Mafia infiltration in the legal economy. Combining information from investigative records with panel data on firms’ governance and balance sheets, we build an indicator of infiltration in firms located in an area with no tradition of Mafia. We show that Mafia targets young and less efficient firms and that infiltration generates a significant rise in firms’ revenues, with no proportionate growth in production inputs and a deterioration of the firm’s financial situation leading to market exit. These findings are consistent with a story of predatory behavior in which infiltration is used for money laundering or rent extraction. (JEL D22, G32, G34, K42, L25)
我们分析了黑手党渗透对合法经济的影响。将调查记录信息与公司治理和资产负债表的面板数据相结合,我们建立了一个指标,表明位于没有黑手党传统的地区的公司的渗透情况。我们表明,黑手党的目标是年轻和效率较低的企业,渗透使企业收入显著增加,而生产投入没有成比例的增长,企业财务状况的恶化导致市场退出。这些发现与掠夺性行为的故事是一致的,其中渗透被用来洗钱或榨取租金。(jel d22, g32, g34, k42, l25)
{"title":"The Economic Effects of Mafia: Firm Level Evidence","authors":"Litterio Mirenda, S. Mocetti, L. Rizzica","doi":"10.1257/aer.20201015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20201015","url":null,"abstract":"We analyze the effects of Mafia infiltration in the legal economy. Combining information from investigative records with panel data on firms’ governance and balance sheets, we build an indicator of infiltration in firms located in an area with no tradition of Mafia. We show that Mafia targets young and less efficient firms and that infiltration generates a significant rise in firms’ revenues, with no proportionate growth in production inputs and a deterioration of the firm’s financial situation leading to market exit. These findings are consistent with a story of predatory behavior in which infiltration is used for money laundering or rent extraction. (JEL D22, G32, G34, K42, L25)","PeriodicalId":48472,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Review","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81180196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 15
All Eyes on Them: A Field Experiment on Citizen Oversight and Electoral Integrity 众目睽睽:公民监督与选举诚信的实地实验
IF 10.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20210778
Natalia Garbiras-Díaz, Mateo Montenegro
Can information and communication technologies help citizens monitor their elections? We analyze a large-scale field experiment designed to answer this question in Colombia. We leveraged Facebook advertisements sent to over 4 million potential voters to encourage citizen reporting of electoral irregularities. We also cross-randomized whether candidates were informed about the campaign in a subset of municipalities. Total reports, and evidence-backed ones, experienced a large increase. Across a wide array of measures, electoral irregularities decreased. Finally, the reporting campaign reduced the vote share of candidates dependent on irregularities. This light-touch intervention is more cost-effective than monitoring efforts traditionally used by policymakers. (JEL C93, D12, D72, D83, O17)
信息和通讯技术能帮助公民监督他们的选举吗?为了回答这个问题,我们在哥伦比亚分析了一个大规模的实地实验。我们利用Facebook向400多万潜在选民发送广告,鼓励公民举报选举违规行为。我们还交叉随机化了候选人是否在一个城市的子集中被告知竞选活动。报告总数和有证据支持的报告数量大幅增加。通过一系列广泛的措施,选举违规行为有所减少。最后,报告运动减少了依赖于违规行为的候选人的选票份额。这种轻触式干预比决策者传统上使用的监测措施更具成本效益。(凝胶c93, d12, d72, d83, o17)
{"title":"All Eyes on Them: A Field Experiment on Citizen Oversight and Electoral Integrity","authors":"Natalia Garbiras-Díaz, Mateo Montenegro","doi":"10.1257/aer.20210778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20210778","url":null,"abstract":"Can information and communication technologies help citizens monitor their elections? We analyze a large-scale field experiment designed to answer this question in Colombia. We leveraged Facebook advertisements sent to over 4 million potential voters to encourage citizen reporting of electoral irregularities. We also cross-randomized whether candidates were informed about the campaign in a subset of municipalities. Total reports, and evidence-backed ones, experienced a large increase. Across a wide array of measures, electoral irregularities decreased. Finally, the reporting campaign reduced the vote share of candidates dependent on irregularities. This light-touch intervention is more cost-effective than monitoring efforts traditionally used by policymakers. (JEL C93, D12, D72, D83, O17)","PeriodicalId":48472,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Review","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79628353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Monopsony in the US Labor Market 美国劳动力市场的垄断
IF 10.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20200025
Chen Yeh, Claudia Macaluso, Brad J. Hershbein
This paper quantifies employer market power in US manufacturing and how it has changed over time. Using administrative data, we estimate plant-level markdowns—the ratio between a plant’s marginal revenue product of labor and its wage. We find most manufacturing plants operate in a monopsonistic environment, with an average markdown of 1.53, implying a worker earning only 65 cents on the marginal dollar generated. To investigate long-term trends for the entire sector, we propose a novel, theoretically grounded measure for the aggregate markdown. We find that it decreased between the late 1970s and the early 2000s, but has been sharply increasing since. (JEL J24, J31, J38, J42, L13, L60)
本文量化了美国制造业的雇主市场力量,以及它是如何随时间变化的。利用管理数据,我们估计了工厂层面的降价——工厂劳动力边际收入产品与工资之间的比率。我们发现,大多数制造工厂都是在垄断的环境中运作的,平均降价幅度为1.53,这意味着一名工人在边际产出的1美元中只能赚到65美分。为了研究整个行业的长期趋势,我们提出了一种新颖的、理论上有根据的总降价措施。我们发现,从20世纪70年代末到21世纪初,这一比例有所下降,但此后又急剧上升。(j24, j31, j38, j42, l13, l60)
{"title":"Monopsony in the US Labor Market","authors":"Chen Yeh, Claudia Macaluso, Brad J. Hershbein","doi":"10.1257/aer.20200025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20200025","url":null,"abstract":"This paper quantifies employer market power in US manufacturing and how it has changed over time. Using administrative data, we estimate plant-level markdowns—the ratio between a plant’s marginal revenue product of labor and its wage. We find most manufacturing plants operate in a monopsonistic environment, with an average markdown of 1.53, implying a worker earning only 65 cents on the marginal dollar generated. To investigate long-term trends for the entire sector, we propose a novel, theoretically grounded measure for the aggregate markdown. We find that it decreased between the late 1970s and the early 2000s, but has been sharply increasing since. (JEL J24, J31, J38, J42, L13, L60)","PeriodicalId":48472,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85588207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 51
Development of the horizontal optocollic reflex in juvenile barn owls (Tyto furcata pratincola). 谷仓鸮(Tyto furcata pratincola)幼鸟水平视结膜反射的发育。
IF 1.9 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Epub Date: 2022-06-13 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-022-01555-0
Hermann Wagner, Ina Pappe, Sandra Brill, Hans-Ortwin Nalbach

Adult barn owls and primates possess an almost symmetric monocular rotational horizontal optocollic reflex. In primates, the reflex is initially asymmetric and becomes symmetric with time after birth. The condition in barn owls has not been studied so far. Here, we present data on the development of this reflex in this bird. We tested juvenile barn owls from the time before they open their eyes after hatching to the time they reach adult feather length. Wide-field visual patterns served as stimuli. They were presented at different rotational speeds in binocular and monocular settings. The binocular horizontal optocollic responses of juvenile barn owls were symmetric and adult-like on the first day that the birds responded to the stimulus. The monocular responses showed different rates of development in respect to stimulus velocity and stimulus direction. For velocities up to 20 deg/s, the monocular reflex was also adult-like on the first day that the birds responded to the stimulus. An initially higher asymmetry for 30 deg/s compared to adults disappeared within about two weeks. The development at even higher velocities remained unclear.

成年仓鸮和灵长类动物拥有几乎对称的单眼旋转水平视结膜反射。灵长类动物的反射最初是不对称的,出生后随着时间的推移会变得对称。谷仓鸮的这种情况至今尚未研究过。在此,我们提供了有关这种鸟类这种反射的发育过程的数据。我们测试了谷仓鸮幼鸟从孵化后睁开眼睛到成年羽毛长成的整个过程。刺激物为宽视野视觉图案。这些图案在双目和单目环境下以不同的旋转速度呈现。在对刺激做出反应的第一天,幼年仓鸮的双目水平视结膜反应是对称的,与成年仓鸮相似。单眼反应的发展速度与刺激速度和刺激方向有关。对于速度不超过20度/秒的刺激,幼鸟在对刺激做出反应的第一天,其单眼反射也与成年鸟相似。与成鸟相比,速度为30度/秒的单眼反射最初具有较高的不对称性,但这种不对称性在大约两周内消失。更高速度下的发展仍不清楚。
{"title":"Development of the horizontal optocollic reflex in juvenile barn owls (Tyto furcata pratincola).","authors":"Hermann Wagner, Ina Pappe, Sandra Brill, Hans-Ortwin Nalbach","doi":"10.1007/s00359-022-01555-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00359-022-01555-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adult barn owls and primates possess an almost symmetric monocular rotational horizontal optocollic reflex. In primates, the reflex is initially asymmetric and becomes symmetric with time after birth. The condition in barn owls has not been studied so far. Here, we present data on the development of this reflex in this bird. We tested juvenile barn owls from the time before they open their eyes after hatching to the time they reach adult feather length. Wide-field visual patterns served as stimuli. They were presented at different rotational speeds in binocular and monocular settings. The binocular horizontal optocollic responses of juvenile barn owls were symmetric and adult-like on the first day that the birds responded to the stimulus. The monocular responses showed different rates of development in respect to stimulus velocity and stimulus direction. For velocities up to 20 deg/s, the monocular reflex was also adult-like on the first day that the birds responded to the stimulus. An initially higher asymmetry for 30 deg/s compared to adults disappeared within about two weeks. The development at even higher velocities remained unclear.</p>","PeriodicalId":48472,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Review","volume":"103 1","pages":"479-492"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9250920/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88252239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Spreading Gangs: Exporting US Criminal Capital to El Salvador 蔓延帮派:向萨尔瓦多输出美国犯罪资本
IF 10.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20201540
María Micaela Sviatschi
This paper shows how deportation policies can backfire by disseminating not only ideas between countries but also criminal networks, spreading gangs, in this case, across El Salvador, and spurring migration back to the United States. In 1996, the US Illegal Immigration Responsibility Act increased the number of criminal deportations. In particular, the members of large Salvadoran gangs developed in Los Angeles were sent back to El Salvador. Using variation in criminal deportations over time and across cohorts, combined with geographical variation in US gangs’ location, I find that these deportations led to an increase in homicide rates and gang activity, as well as an increase in gang recruitment and migration of children. (JEL J15, J18, K37, K42, O17)
这篇论文表明,驱逐政策不仅会在国家之间传播思想,还会传播犯罪网络,在这种情况下,在萨尔瓦多各地传播帮派,并刺激移民回到美国,从而产生适得其反的效果。1996年,美国《非法移民责任法案》增加了刑事驱逐的数量。特别是,在洛杉矶发展起来的大型萨尔瓦多帮派的成员被遣返回萨尔瓦多。通过对不同时期和不同群体的犯罪驱逐的变化,结合美国帮派所在地的地理变化,我发现这些驱逐导致了凶杀率和帮派活动的增加,以及帮派招募和儿童移民的增加。(j15, j18, k37, k42, o17)
{"title":"Spreading Gangs: Exporting US Criminal Capital to El Salvador","authors":"María Micaela Sviatschi","doi":"10.1257/aer.20201540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20201540","url":null,"abstract":"This paper shows how deportation policies can backfire by disseminating not only ideas between countries but also criminal networks, spreading gangs, in this case, across El Salvador, and spurring migration back to the United States. In 1996, the US Illegal Immigration Responsibility Act increased the number of criminal deportations. In particular, the members of large Salvadoran gangs developed in Los Angeles were sent back to El Salvador. Using variation in criminal deportations over time and across cohorts, combined with geographical variation in US gangs’ location, I find that these deportations led to an increase in homicide rates and gang activity, as well as an increase in gang recruitment and migration of children. (JEL J15, J18, K37, K42, O17)","PeriodicalId":48472,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Review","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74727971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
期刊
American Economic Review
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1