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Multigenerational Impacts of Childhood Access to the Safety Net: Early Life Exposure to Medicaid and the Next Generation's Health. 儿童时期获得安全网的多代影响:早期医疗补助与下一代健康》。
IF 10.7 1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20210937
Chloe N East, Sarah Miller, Marianne Page, Laura R Wherry

We examine multi-generational impacts of positive in utero health interventions using a new research design that exploits sharp increases in prenatal Medicaid eligibility that occurred in some states. Our analyses are based on U.S. Vital Statistics Natality files, which enables linkages between individuals' early life Medicaid exposure and the next generation's health at birth. We find evidence that the health benefits associated with treated generations' early life program exposure extend to later offspring. Our results suggest that the returns on early life health investments may be substantively underestimated.

我们采用一种新的研究设计,利用某些州产前医疗补助资格的急剧增加,研究了积极的子宫内健康干预措施对多代人的影响。我们的分析以美国生命统计出生档案为基础,该档案可将个人早期医疗补助暴露与下一代出生时的健康状况联系起来。我们发现有证据表明,早年接受医疗补助计划治疗的几代人的健康受益会延伸到后来的后代。我们的结果表明,早期医疗投资的回报可能被严重低估。
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引用次数: 0
Conflict and Intergroup Trade: Evidence from the 2014 Russia-Ukraine Crisis 冲突与集团间贸易:来自2014年俄乌危机的证据
IF 10.7 1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20191701
V. Korovkin, Alexey Makarin
Does armed conflict reduce trade, even in noncombat areas, through the destruction of intergroup social capital? We analyze Ukrainian trade transactions before and after the 2014 Russia-Ukraine conflict. In a difference-in-differences framework, we find that Ukrainian firms from districts with fewer ethnic Russians experienced a deeper decline in trade with Russia. This decline is economically signifi-cant, persistent, and can be explained by erosion of intergroup trust. Affected Ukrainian firms suffered a decrease in performance and diverted trade to other countries. Our results suggest that, through social effects, conflict can be economically damaging even away from combat areas. (JEL D74, F14, F51, J15, P31, P33, Z13)
武装冲突是否会通过破坏群体间社会资本而减少贸易,甚至在非战斗地区?我们分析了2014年俄乌冲突前后的乌克兰贸易交易。在差异中的差异框架中,我们发现来自俄罗斯族人较少地区的乌克兰公司与俄罗斯的贸易下降幅度更大。这种下降在经济上是显著的、持续的,可以用群体间信任的侵蚀来解释。受影响的乌克兰公司业绩下降,并将贸易转移到其他国家。我们的研究结果表明,即使远离战区,冲突也会通过社会效应对经济造成损害。(jl d74, f14, f51, j15, p31, p33, z13)
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引用次数: 30
Unobserved-Offers Bargaining Unobserved-Offers讨价还价
IF 10.7 1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20211524
A. Wolitzky
I study ultimatum bargaining with imperfectly observed offers. Imperfectly observed offers must be rejected with positive probability, even when the players’ preferences are common knowledge. Noisier observations imply a greater risk of rejection. In repeated ultimatum bargaining, the responding party can obtain a positive payoff if his signal of the opponent’s offer is also observed by the opponent herself, but not if his signal is private. In alternating-offers bargaining, a player is better off when her own offers are observed more precisely and her opponent’s offers are observed less precisely. Possible applications include international relations, regulation, principal-agency, and product quality provision. (JEL C73, C78, D82)
我研究最后通牒议价与不完全遵守的报价。即使玩家的偏好是常识,不完全观察到的提议也必须以正概率被拒绝。嘈杂的观察意味着被拒绝的风险更大。在重复最后通牒议价中,如果对方的出价信号也被对方观察到,则应答方可以获得正收益,但如果对方的出价信号是私有的,则不能获得正收益。在交替条件的讨价还价中,当一方的条件被更精确地观察到而对方的条件被更不精确地观察到时,一方的情况会更好。可能的应用包括国际关系、监管、委托代理和产品质量提供。(凝胶c73, c78, d82)
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引用次数: 2
Dynamic Amnesty Programs 动态大赦计划
IF 10.7 1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20211428
Samuel Kapon
A regulator faces a stream of agents engaged in crimes with stochastic returns. The regulator designs an amnesty program, committing to a time path of punishments for criminals who report their crimes. In an optimal program, time variation in the returns from crime can generate time variation in the generosity of amnesty. I construct an optimal time path and show that it exhibits amnesty cycles. Amnesty becomes increasingly generous over time until it hits a bound, after which the cycle resets. Agents engaged in high return crime report at the end of each cycle, while agents engaged in low return crime report always. (JEL D82, D86, K42)
监管者面对的是一系列从事随机收益犯罪的代理人。监管机构设计了一项大赦计划,承诺对举报犯罪的罪犯进行惩罚。在最优方案中,犯罪收益的时间变化会导致特赦慷慨度的时间变化。我构造了一个最优时间路径,并证明它具有特赦周期。随着时间的推移,大赦会变得越来越慷慨,直到达到一个界限,之后循环重新开始。在每个周期结束时,从事高回报犯罪的代理人报告犯罪,而从事低回报犯罪的代理人总是报告犯罪。(凝胶d82, d86, k42)
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引用次数: 5
Human Capital Depreciation and Returns to Experience 人力资本折旧与经验回报
IF 10.7 1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20201571
Michael Dinerstein, Rigissa Megalokonomou, Constantine Yannelis
Human capital can depreciate if skills are unused. But estimating human capital depreciation is challenging, as worker skills are difficult to measure and less productive workers are more likely to spend time in nonemployment. We overcome these challenges with new administrative data on teachers’ assignments and their students’ outcomes, and quasi-random variation from the teacher assignment process in Greece. We find significant losses to output, as a one-year increase in time without formal employment lowers students’ test scores by 0.05 standard deviations. Using a simple production model, we estimate a skill depreciation rate of 4.3 percent and experience returns of 6.8 percent. (JEL I21, J24, J45, J64, J65)
如果技能未被使用,人力资本就会贬值。但估计人力资本折旧具有挑战性,因为工人技能难以衡量,而且生产率较低的工人更有可能花时间失业。我们利用有关教师作业和学生成绩的新行政数据,以及希腊教师作业过程的准随机变化,克服了这些挑战。我们发现产出的显著损失,因为一年没有正式就业的时间增加会使学生的考试成绩降低0.05个标准差。使用一个简单的生产模型,我们估计技能折旧率为4.3%,经验回报率为6.8%。(j21, j24, j45, j64, j65)
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引用次数: 5
Job Search and Hiring with Limited Information about Workseekers’ Skills 关于求职者技能信息有限的求职和招聘
IF 10.7 1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20200961
Eliana Carranza, R. Garlick, K. Orkin, Neil A. Rankin
We assess South African workseekers’ skills and disseminate the assessment results to explore how limited information affects firm and workseeker behavior. Giving workseekers assessment results that they can credibly share with firms increases workseekers’ employment and earnings and better aligns their skills, beliefs and search strategies. Giving workseekers assessment results that they cannot easily share with firms has similar effects on beliefs and search, but smaller effects on employment and earnings. Giving assessment results only to firms shifts interview decisions. These findings show that getting credible skill information to the right agents can improve outcomes in the labor market. (JEL J22, J23, J24, J31, J41, J64, O15)
我们评估了南非求职者的技能,并传播评估结果,以探索有限的信息如何影响公司和求职者的行为。向求职者提供他们可以可靠地与公司分享的评估结果,可以增加求职者的就业和收入,并更好地调整他们的技能、信念和求职策略。给求职者提供他们无法轻易与公司分享的评估结果,对他们的信念和求职有类似的影响,但对就业和收入的影响较小。只向公司提供评估结果会改变面试决定。这些发现表明,向正确的代理人提供可靠的技能信息可以改善劳动力市场的结果。(j22, j23, j24, j31, j41, j64, j15)
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引用次数: 13
Persistent Polarizing Effects of Persuasion: Experimental Evidence from Turkey 说服的持续极化效应:来自土耳其的实验证据
IF 10.7 1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20201892
C. Baysan
I evaluate randomly varied neighborhood exposure to information campaigns regarding either executive performance, or increases in executive power, prior to a Turkish referendum on weakening checks and balances on the executive. The campaigns increased voter polarization over the referendum, and subsequently changed party affiliation in national and local elections over the next two years, leading to partisan polarization. My results suggest that, when voters disagree on whether increasing executive power is a good policy, more information can increase voter polarization. Finally, I conclude that because potential polarization is often ignored, the impact of information campaigns on civil society is underestimated. (JEL D72, D83, O17)
在土耳其就削弱行政权力的制衡进行全民公决之前,我随机评估了不同社区对行政绩效或行政权力增加的信息宣传活动的曝光情况。这些运动在全民公决中加剧了选民的两极分化,随后在接下来的两年里,在全国和地方选举中改变了党派关系,导致党派分化。我的研究结果表明,当选民不同意增加行政权力是否是一项好政策时,更多的信息会增加选民的两极分化。最后,我的结论是,由于潜在的两极分化往往被忽视,信息运动对公民社会的影响被低估了。(jel d72, d83, d17)
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引用次数: 3
Persistent Overconfidence and Biased Memory: Evidence from Managers 持续过度自信和偏见记忆:来自管理者的证据
IF 10.7 1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20190668
David Huffman, Collin Raymond, J. Shvets
A long-standing puzzle is how overconfidence can persist in settings characterized by repeated feedback. This paper studies managers who participate repeatedly in a high-powered tournament incentive system, learning relative performance each time. Using reduced form and structural methods we find that (i) managers make over-confident predictions about future performance; (ii) managers have overly positive memories of past performance; (iii) the two phenomena are linked at an individual level. Our results are consistent with models of motivated beliefs in which individuals are motivated to distort memories of feedback and preserve unrealistic expectations. (JEL D82, D83, J33, L25, L81, M52, M54)
一个长期存在的难题是,过度自信是如何在以反复反馈为特征的环境中持续存在的。本文研究了多次参与高强度赛事激励系统,每次学习相对绩效的管理者。通过简化形式和结构方法,我们发现(1)管理者对未来绩效的预测过于自信;(2)管理者对过去业绩的记忆过于正面;(iii)这两种现象在个人层面上有联系。我们的研究结果与动机信念模型是一致的,在这种模型中,个体被动机扭曲对反馈的记忆,并保持不切实际的期望。(jel d82, d83, j33, l25, l81, m52, m54)
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引用次数: 43
Posterior Separable Cost of Information 后验可分离信息代价
IF 10.7 1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20211252
Tommaso Denti
We provide testable conditions under which the cost of acquiring information is given by the expected reduction of a measure of uncertainty (e.g., entropy). The assumption, under the name of posterior separability, is nearly universal in the literature of rational inattention; yet, a testable characterization has been lacking. In applications to experimental data, we indicate situations in which posterior separability is—and is not—a compelling assumption for the cost of information; we propose a generalization to address some of its shortcomings. We also show how to identify and estimate nonparametrically the cost of information from observable choice behavior. (JEL C91, D11, D12, D81, D91)
我们提供了可测试的条件,在这些条件下,获取信息的成本是由不确定性度量(例如,熵)的预期减少给出的。在后可分性的名义下的假设,在理性不注意的文献中几乎是普遍的;然而,缺乏可测试的特征描述。在实验数据的应用中,我们指出了后验可分性是(也不是)信息成本的一个令人信服的假设的情况;我们提出一个概括来解决它的一些缺点。我们还展示了如何从可观察的选择行为中识别和估计信息的非参数成本。(凝胶c91, d11, d12, d81, d91)
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引用次数: 34
Credit, Attention, and Externalities in the Adoption of Energy Efficient Technologies by Low-Income Households 低收入家庭采用节能技术的信贷、关注和外部性
IF 10.7 1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20210766
Susanna Berkouwer, Joshua T. Dean
We study an energy efficient charcoal cookstove in an experiment with 1,000 households in Nairobi. We estimate a 39 percent reduction in charcoal spending, which matches engineering estimates, generating a 295 percent annual return. Despite fuel savings of $237 over the stove’s two-year lifespan—and $295 in emissions reductions—households are only willing to pay $12. Drawing attention to energy savings does not increase demand. However, a loan more than doubles willingness to pay: credit constraints prevent adoption of privately optimal technologies. Energy efficient technologies could drive sustainable development by slowing greenhouse emissions while saving households money. (JEL D12, D91, G51, O12, O13, O32, Q54)
我们在内罗毕对1000户家庭进行了实验,研究了一种节能木炭炉灶。我们估计减少39%的木炭支出,这与工程估计相符,产生295%的年回报。尽管在炉子的两年寿命中节省了237美元的燃料,减少了295美元的排放量,但家庭只愿意支付12美元。关注节能并不会增加需求。然而,一笔贷款会使支付意愿增加一倍以上:信贷限制阻碍了私人最优技术的采用。节能技术可以在减少温室气体排放的同时为家庭节省资金,从而推动可持续发展。(jel d12, d91, g51, o12, o13, o32, q54)
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引用次数: 28
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American Economic Review
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