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A dual-logic-in-memory device is demonstrated through a single bidirectional polarization-integrated 2D ferroelectric field-effect transistor.

In the process of photocatalytic synthesis of ammonia, the kinetics of carrier separation and transport, adsorption of nitrogen, and activation of the NN triple bond are key factors that directly affect the efficiency of converting nitrogen to ammonia. Here, we report a new strategy for anchoring MXene quantum dots (MXene QDs) onto the surface of ZnIn₂S₄ by forming TiS bonds, which provide a channel for the rapid separation and transport of charge carriers and effectively extend the lifespan of photogenerated carriers. The unique charge distribution caused by the sulfurization of the MXene QDs further enhances the performance of the photocatalysts for the adsorption and activation of nitrogen. The photocatalytic ammonia synthesis efficiency of MXene QDs–ZnIn₂S₄ can reach up to 360.5 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹. Density functional theory calculations, various in situ techniques, and ultrafast spectroscopy are used to characterize the successful construction of TiS bonds and the dynamic nature of excited state charge carriers in MXene QDs–ZnIn₂S₄, as well as their impact on nitrogen adsorption activation and photocatalytic ammonia synthesis efficiency. This study provides a new example of how to improve nitrogen adsorption and activation in photocatalytic material systems and enhance charge carrier dynamics to achieve efficient photocatalytic nitrogen conversion.

Due to their unique photoelectric properties, nontoxic tin-based perovskites are emerging candidates for efficient near-infrared LEDs. However, the facile oxidation of Sn²⁺ and the rapid crystallization rate of tin-based perovskites result in suboptimal film quality, leading to inferior efficiencies of tin-based perovskite light-emitting diodes (Pero-LEDs). In this study, we investigate the influence of commonly used solvents on the quality of the CsSnI₃ films. Remarkably, DMSO exhibits a stronger interaction with SnI₂, forming a stable intermediate phase of SnI₂·3DMSO. This intermediate effectively inhibits the oxidation of Sn²⁺ and slows down the crystallization rate, bringing in lower defect state density and higher photoluminescence quantum yield of the prepared perovskite films. Consequently, the corresponding Pero-LEDs achieve a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 5.6%, among the most efficient near-infrared Pero-LEDs. In addition, the device processes ultra-low efficiency roll-off and high reproducibility. Our research underscores the crucial role of solvent-perovskite coordination in determining film quality. These findings offer valuable guidance for screening solvents to prepare highly efficient and stable tin-based perovskites.

Optoelectronic logic gates have emerged as one of the key candidates for the creation of next generation logic devices. However, current optoelectronic logic gates can provide only one or two logic gates, severely limiting their applications. Here we report a self-powered and mechanically flexible device based on a BaTiO₃ ferroelectric film to produce multi-modal logic gates. By exploiting the photo-induced photovoltaic and pyroelectric effects of a Schottky junction which is created between BaTiO₃ and LaNiO₃, the device is able to provide five different optoelectronic logic gates, which can be operated using input lasers of different wavelength (405 or 785 nm). The mode of operation of the logic gate can be switched by controlling the wavelength and intensity of the input laser, where the switching process is both lossless and reversible. A logic gate array was designed to conduct the five logic operations, with 100% accuracy, thereby providing application potential for the Internet of Things, big data, and secure solutions for data processing and transmission.

Over the last decade, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have drawn extensive attention owing to their high power conversion efficiency (single junction: 26.1%, perovskite/silicon tandem: 33.9%) and low fabrication cost. However, the short lifespan of PSCs with initial efficiency still blocks their practical applications. This operational instability may originate from the intrinsic and extrinsic degradation of materials or devices. Although the lifetime of PSCs has been prolonged through component, crystal, defect, interface, encapsulation engineering, and so on, the systematic analysis of failure regularity for PSCs from the perspective of materials and devices against multiple operating stressors is indispensable. In this review, we start with elaboration of the predominant degradation pathways and mechanism for PSCs under working stressors. Then the strategies for improving long-term durability with respect to fundamental materials, interface designs, and device encapsulation have been summarized. Meanwhile, the key results have been discussed to understand the limitation of assessing PSCs stability, and the potential applications in indoor photovoltaics and wearable electronics are demonstrated. Finally, promising proposals, encompassing material processing, film formation, interface strengthening, structure designing, and device encapsulation, are provided to improve the operational stability of PSCs and promote their commercialization.

Organic solar cells (OSCs) have emerged as a promising solution for sustainable energy production, offering advantages such as a low carbon footprint, short energy payback period, and compatibility with eco-solvents. However, the use of hazardous solvents continues to dominate the best-performing OSCs, mainly because of the challenges of controlling phase separation and domain crystallinity in eco-solvents. In this study, we combined the solvent vapor treatment of CS₂ and thermal annealing to precisely control the phase separation and domain crystallinity in PM6:M-Cl and PM6:O-Cl systems processed with the eco-solvent o-xylene. This method resulted in a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.4%, which is among the highest values reported for sustainable binary OSCs. Furthermore, the fabrication techniques were transferred from spin coating in a nitrogen environment to blade printing in ambient air, retaining a PCE of 16.0%, showing its potential for high-throughput and scalable production. In addition, a comparative analysis of OSCs processed with hazardous and green solvents was conducted to reveal the differences in phase aggregation. This work not only underscores the significance of sustainability in OSCs but also lays the groundwork for unlocking the full potential of open-air-printable sustainable OSCs for commercialization.

Magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs) have promising applications because of their high theoretical capacity and the natural abundance of magnesium Mg. However, the kinetic performance and cyclic stability of cathode materials are limited by the strong interactions between Mg ions and the crystal lattice. Here, we demonstrate the unique Mg²⁺-ion storage mechanism of a hierarchical accordion-like vanadium oxide/carbon heterointerface (V₂O₃@C), where the V₂O₃ crystalline structure is reconstructed into a MgV₃O₇∙H₂O phase through an anodic hydration reaction upon first cycle, for the improved kinetic and cyclic performances. As verified by in situ/ex situ spectroscopic and electrochemical analyses, the fast charge transfer kinetics of the V₂O₃@C cathode were due to the crystal-reconstruction and chemically coupled heterointerface. The V₂O₃@C demonstrated an ultrahigh rate capacity of 130.4 mAh g⁻¹ at 50 000 mA g⁻¹ and 1000 cycles, achieving a Coulombic efficiency of 99.6%. The high capacity of 381.0 mA h g⁻¹ can be attributed to the reversible Mg²⁺-ion intercalation mechanism observed in the MgV₃O₇∙H₂O phase using a 0.3 M Mg(TFSI)₂/ACN(H₂O) electrolyte. Additionally, within the voltage range of 2.25 V versus Mg/Mg²⁺, the V₂O₃@C exhibited a capacity of 245.1 mAh g⁻¹ when evaluated with magnesium metal in a 0.3 M Mg(TFSI)₂ + 0.25 M MgCl₂/DME electrolyte. These research findings have important implications for understanding the relationship between the Mg-ion storage mechanism and reconstructed crystal phase of vanadium oxides as well as the heterointerface reconstruction for the rational design of MIB cathode materials.

Natural polyphenol-functionalized liquid metal to dissipate CPU interfacial heat for efficient thermal management systems

Universal van der Waals integrated metal electrode approach drives integrated circuit advanced process development

The pursuit of designing superconductors with high T_c has been a long-standing endeavor. However, the widespread incorporation of doping in high T_c superconductors significantly impacts electronic structure, intricately influencing T_c. The complex interplay between the structural composition and material performance presents a formidable challenge in superconductor design. Based on a novel generative model, diffusion model, and doping adaptive representation: three-channel matrix, we have designed a high T_c superconductors inverse design model called Supercon-Diffusion. It has achieved remarkable success in accurately generating chemical formulas for doped high T_c superconductors. Supercon-Diffusion is capable of generating superconductors that exhibit high T_c and excels at identifying the optimal doping ratios that yield the peak T_c. The doping effectiveness (55%) and electrical neutrality (55%) of the generated doped superconductors exceed those of traditional GAN models by more than tenfold. Density of state calculations on the structures further confirm the validity of the generated superconductors. Additionally, we have proposed 200 potential high T_c superconductors that have not been documented yet. This groundbreaking contribution effectively reduces the search space for high T_c superconductors. Moreover, it successfully establishes a bridge between the interrelated aspects of composition, structure, and property in superconductors, providing a novel solution for designing other doped materials.