Pub Date : 2023-02-04DOI: 10.1186/s40517-023-00246-6
M. Torne, I. Jiménez-Munt, A. M. Negredo, J. Fullea, J. Vergés, I. Marzán, J. Alcalde, E. Gómez-Rivas, C. García de la Noceda
Renewable energy sources are key to achieve the transition toward clean energy system. Among them, the geothermal energy has a production whose effectiveness requires sufficient understanding of the temperature distribution and fluid circulation at depth, as well as of the lithological and petrophysical properties of the crust. The focus of this paper is twofold: first, we summarize the main advances in the development of new methodologies and numerical codes to characterize the properties of the thermal lithosphere in terms of its, temperature, density and composition; second, based on the compilation of available thermal modelling results, we present the depth of the thermal Lithosphere–Asthenosphere Boundary (LAB) of the Iberian Peninsula and the temperature distribution at crustal depths of 5, 10, and 20 km, in addition to at Moho level. At 5 km depth, the temperature is above 110 °C with local anomalies (> 130 °C) located in the Iberian Massif and Cenozoic volcanic provinces. A similar pattern is observed at 10 and 20 km depth, where temperatures are above 190 °C and 350 °C, respectively. At 20 km depth, anomalies above > 500 °C, delineate the SE and NE Cenozoic volcanic provinces. At Moho depths, temperature ranges from 450 to 800 °C with hot regions mainly located along the Iberian Massif and the SE and NE volcanic provinces. The compiled results do not show any lithospheric anomaly that could give rise to high temperatures at shallow depths, but they do show an acceptable exploitation potential at intermediate depths. With regard to the direct use of district and greenhouse heating and for industrial processes, the potential is great throughout the Peninsula, the main challenges being the availability of groundwater and drilling costs.
{"title":"Advances in the modeling of the Iberian thermal lithosphere and perspectives on deep geothermal studies","authors":"M. Torne, I. Jiménez-Munt, A. M. Negredo, J. Fullea, J. Vergés, I. Marzán, J. Alcalde, E. Gómez-Rivas, C. García de la Noceda","doi":"10.1186/s40517-023-00246-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-023-00246-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Renewable energy sources are key to achieve the transition toward clean energy system. Among them, the geothermal energy has a production whose effectiveness requires sufficient understanding of the temperature distribution and fluid circulation at depth, as well as of the lithological and petrophysical properties of the crust. The focus of this paper is twofold: first, we summarize the main advances in the development of new methodologies and numerical codes to characterize the properties of the thermal lithosphere in terms of its, temperature, density and composition; second, based on the compilation of available thermal modelling results, we present the depth of the thermal Lithosphere–Asthenosphere Boundary (LAB) of the Iberian Peninsula and the temperature distribution at crustal depths of 5, 10, and 20 km, in addition to at Moho level. At 5 km depth, the temperature is above 110 °C with local anomalies (> 130 °C) located in the Iberian Massif and Cenozoic volcanic provinces. A similar pattern is observed at 10 and 20 km depth, where temperatures are above 190 °C and 350 °C, respectively. At 20 km depth, anomalies above > 500 °C, delineate the SE and NE Cenozoic volcanic provinces. At Moho depths, temperature ranges from 450 to 800 °C with hot regions mainly located along the Iberian Massif and the SE and NE volcanic provinces. The compiled results do not show any lithospheric anomaly that could give rise to high temperatures at shallow depths, but they do show an acceptable exploitation potential at intermediate depths. With regard to the direct use of district and greenhouse heating and for industrial processes, the potential is great throughout the Peninsula, the main challenges being the availability of groundwater and drilling costs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://geothermal-energy-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40517-023-00246-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4160290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-27DOI: 10.1186/s40517-023-00245-7
Nora Koltzer, Judith Bott, Kristian Bär, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth
One key aspect in the energy transition is to use the deep geothermal energy stored in sedimentary basins as well as in igneous and metamorphic basement rocks. To estimate the variability of deep geothermal potentials across different geological domains as encountered in the Federal State of Hesse (Germany), it is necessary to understand the driving processes of fluid flow and heat transport affecting subsurface temperature variations. In this study, we quantify the stored energy in a set of geological units in the subsurface of Hesse with the method of “heat in place” (HIP, sensu Muffler and Cataldi in Geothermics 7:53–89, 1978)—HIP is one proxy for the geothermal potential of these units controlled by their temperature configuration as derived from a series of coupled 3D thermo-hydraulic numerical models. We show how conductive, advective and convective heat transport mechanisms influence the thermal field and thereby the HIP calculations. The heterogeneous geology of the subsurface of Hesse ranges from locally outcropping Paleozoic basement rocks to up to 3.8 km thick Cenozoic, porous sedimentary deposits in the tectonically active northern Upper Rhine Graben. The HIP was quantified for five sedimentary layers (Cenozoic, Muschelkalk, Buntsandstein, Zechstein, Rotliegend) as well as for the underlying basement. We present a set of maps allowing to identify geothermally prospective subregions of Hesse based on the laterally varying thermal energy stored within the units. HIP is predicted to be highest in the area of the northern Upper Rhine Graben in the Cenozoic unit with up to 700 GJ (text {m}^{-2}) and in the Rotliegend with up to 617 GJ (text {m}^{-2}). The calculations account for the variable thicknesses and temperatures of the layers, density and heat capacity of the solid and fluid parts of the rocks as well as porosity.
能源转换的一个关键方面是利用沉积盆地以及火成岩和变质基底岩中储存的深层地热能。为了估计德国黑森州不同地质域深部地温势的变化,有必要了解影响地下温度变化的流体流动和热输运驱动过程。在这项研究中,我们用“就地热”(heat In place)的方法量化了Hesse地下一组地质单元的储存能量(HIP, sensu Muffler和Cataldi,《地热学》7:53 - 89,1978)-HIP是这些单元的地热潜力的一个代表,这些单元由一系列耦合的三维热水力数值模型得到的温度配置控制。我们展示了传导、平流和对流热传输机制如何影响热场,从而影响HIP计算。黑森地下地质不均匀,既有局部露头的古生代基底岩,也有构造活跃的上莱茵地堑北部3.8 km厚的新生代多孔沉积。对5个沉积层(新生代、Muschelkalk、Buntsandstein、Zechstein、Rotliegend)以及下伏基底进行了HIP定量分析。我们提出了一组地图,允许根据储存在单位内的横向变化的热能来识别黑森州的地热远景分区。预计新生代单元上莱茵地陷北部地区HIP最高,可达700 GJ (text {m}^{-2}), Rotliegend地区最高,可达617 GJ (text {m}^{-2})。这些计算考虑了地层厚度和温度的变化、岩石固体和流体部分的密度和热容以及孔隙度。
{"title":"How temperatures derived from fluid flow and heat transport models impact predictions of deep geothermal potentials: the “heat in place” method applied to Hesse (Germany)","authors":"Nora Koltzer, Judith Bott, Kristian Bär, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth","doi":"10.1186/s40517-023-00245-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-023-00245-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>One key aspect in the energy transition is to use the deep geothermal energy stored in sedimentary basins as well as in igneous and metamorphic basement rocks. To estimate the variability of deep geothermal potentials across different geological domains as encountered in the Federal State of Hesse (Germany), it is necessary to understand the driving processes of fluid flow and heat transport affecting subsurface temperature variations. In this study, we quantify the stored energy in a set of geological units in the subsurface of Hesse with the method of “heat in place” (HIP, sensu Muffler and Cataldi in Geothermics 7:53–89, 1978)—HIP is one proxy for the geothermal potential of these units controlled by their temperature configuration as derived from a series of coupled 3D thermo-hydraulic numerical models. We show how conductive, advective and convective heat transport mechanisms influence the thermal field and thereby the HIP calculations. The heterogeneous geology of the subsurface of Hesse ranges from locally outcropping Paleozoic basement rocks to up to 3.8 km thick Cenozoic, porous sedimentary deposits in the tectonically active northern Upper Rhine Graben. The HIP was quantified for five sedimentary layers (Cenozoic, Muschelkalk, Buntsandstein, Zechstein, Rotliegend) as well as for the underlying basement. We present a set of maps allowing to identify geothermally prospective subregions of Hesse based on the laterally varying thermal energy stored within the units. HIP is predicted to be highest in the area of the northern Upper Rhine Graben in the Cenozoic unit with up to 700 GJ <span>(text {m}^{-2})</span> and in the Rotliegend with up to 617 GJ <span>(text {m}^{-2})</span>. The calculations account for the variable thicknesses and temperatures of the layers, density and heat capacity of the solid and fluid parts of the rocks as well as porosity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://geothermal-energy-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40517-023-00245-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5045087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-06DOI: 10.1186/s40517-022-00242-2
Ben Norden, Klaus Bauer, Charlotte M. Krawczyk
The Groß Schönebeck site in the North German Basin serves as research platform to study the geothermal potential of deeply buried Permian reservoir rocks and the technical feasibility of heat extraction. The structural setting of the site was investigated in more detail by a newly acquired 3D-seismic survey to improve the former conceptual model that was based on several old 2D seismic lines. The new data allow a revision of the geological interpretation, enabling the setup of a new reservoir model and providing base information for a possible further site development of Permo-Carboniferous targets. The 3D seismic allows for the first time a consistent geological interpretation and model parameterization of the well-studied geothermal site. Main reflector horizons and the corresponding stratigraphic units were mapped and the structural pattern of the subsurface presented in the 8 km × 8 km × 4 km large seismic volume. Attribute analysis revealed some fracture and fault patterns in the upper Zechstein and post-Permian units, while formerly hypothesized large offset faults are not present in the Rotliegend reservoir. However, a well-established graben-like structure at the top of the Zechstein succession is most likely related to broken anhydritic brittle intra-salt layers of some meter of thickness. Most reflectors above the salt show a rather undisturbed pattern. The main reservoir sandstone of the Dethlingen Formation (Rotliegend) was mapped and characterized. The base of the underlying Permo-Carboniferous volcanic rock sequence and hence its thickness could not be depicted reliably from the geophysical data. Based on the seismic data and the available reconnaissance drilling, logging, and laboratory data of the Groß Schönebeck research site, the thickness and distribution of the sedimentary Rotliegend (with emphasis of the sandy reservoir section) and of the volcanic rock sequence was modelled and stochastically parameterized with petrophysical properties guided by seismic facies pattern correlation, providing a more realistic reservoir description. Properties include total and effective porosity, permeability, bulk density, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and specific heat capacity. The data and interpretation constitute the basis for a better understanding of the thermo and hydromechanical processes at the site and for future measures. Further site development could include a deepening of one well to provide evidence on the volcanic rock sequence and consider deviated wells into favourable zones and the design of a fracture-dominated utilization approach.
德国北部盆地的Groß Schönebeck站点是研究深埋二叠系储层岩石地热潜力和热提取技术可行性的研究平台。通过新获得的3d地震调查,对场地的结构设置进行了更详细的调查,以改进以前基于几条旧的2D地震线的概念模型。新数据允许对地质解释进行修订,从而建立新的储层模型,并为二叠-石炭系目标的进一步现场开发提供基础信息。三维地震技术首次对研究充分的地热区进行了一致的地质解释和模型参数化。在8 km × 8 km × 4 km大地震体范围内,绘制了主要反射层位和相应的地层单元,给出了地下构造格局。属性分析揭示了上Zechstein和后二叠纪单元的一些裂缝和断层模式,而以前假设的大偏移断层在Rotliegend储层中不存在。然而,在Zechstein序列的顶部,一个完善的地堑状结构很可能与几米厚的破碎的无水脆性盐内层有关。盐层以上的大多数反射器显示出一种相当不受干扰的模式。对Dethlingen组(Rotliegend)主要储层砂岩进行了圈定和表征。下伏二叠-石炭系火山岩层序的基底及其厚度不能由地球物理资料可靠地描绘出来。基于Groß Schönebeck研究点的地震资料和现有的钻探、测井、实验室资料,在地震相模式对比的指导下,对沉积Rotliegend(以砂质储层剖面为重点)和火山岩层序的厚度和分布进行了建模,并进行了岩石物性的随机参数化,提供了更真实的储层描述。性能包括总孔隙度和有效孔隙度、渗透率、体积密度、导热系数、热扩散系数和比热容。这些数据和解释为更好地了解现场的热力和流体力学过程以及未来的措施奠定了基础。进一步的现场开发可能包括加深一口井,以提供有关火山岩层序的证据,并考虑将斜井纳入有利区域,以及设计以裂缝为主导的利用方法。
{"title":"From pilot knowledge via integrated reservoir characterization to utilization perspectives of deep geothermal reservoirs: the 3D model of Groß Schönebeck (North German Basin)","authors":"Ben Norden, Klaus Bauer, Charlotte M. Krawczyk","doi":"10.1186/s40517-022-00242-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-022-00242-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Groß Schönebeck site in the North German Basin serves as research platform to study the geothermal potential of deeply buried Permian reservoir rocks and the technical feasibility of heat extraction. The structural setting of the site was investigated in more detail by a newly acquired 3D-seismic survey to improve the former conceptual model that was based on several old 2D seismic lines. The new data allow a revision of the geological interpretation, enabling the setup of a new reservoir model and providing base information for a possible further site development of Permo-Carboniferous targets. The 3D seismic allows for the first time a consistent geological interpretation and model parameterization of the well-studied geothermal site. Main reflector horizons and the corresponding stratigraphic units were mapped and the structural pattern of the subsurface presented in the 8 km × 8 km × 4 km large seismic volume. Attribute analysis revealed some fracture and fault patterns in the upper Zechstein and post-Permian units, while formerly hypothesized large offset faults are not present in the Rotliegend reservoir. However, a well-established graben-like structure at the top of the Zechstein succession is most likely related to broken anhydritic brittle intra-salt layers of some meter of thickness. Most reflectors above the salt show a rather undisturbed pattern. The main reservoir sandstone of the Dethlingen Formation (Rotliegend) was mapped and characterized. The base of the underlying Permo-Carboniferous volcanic rock sequence and hence its thickness could not be depicted reliably from the geophysical data. Based on the seismic data and the available reconnaissance drilling, logging, and laboratory data of the Groß Schönebeck research site, the thickness and distribution of the sedimentary Rotliegend (with emphasis of the sandy reservoir section) and of the volcanic rock sequence was modelled and stochastically parameterized with petrophysical properties guided by seismic facies pattern correlation, providing a more realistic reservoir description. Properties include total and effective porosity, permeability, bulk density, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and specific heat capacity. The data and interpretation constitute the basis for a better understanding of the thermo and hydromechanical processes at the site and for future measures. Further site development could include a deepening of one well to provide evidence on the volcanic rock sequence and consider deviated wells into favourable zones and the design of a fracture-dominated utilization approach.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://geothermal-energy-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40517-022-00242-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4253544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.1186/s40517-022-00243-1
Margaux Goupil, Michael J. Heap, Patrick Baud
The successful exploitation of geothermal reservoirs relies upon the understanding of fluid circulation in the subsurface. However, large-scale fluid flow modelling often assumes that the permeability of the layers of rock within the model are isotropic. We present here a laboratory study in which we assessed the permeability anisotropy of seven Buntsandstein sandstone cores taken from the geothermal reservoir at Soultz-sous-Forêts (France) in the Upper Rhine Graben. The porosity and permeability of our samples, cored parallel and perpendicular to bedding, ranged from 5.2 to 16.3% and from 2.48 × 10−18 to 7.66 × 10−14 m2, respectively. Our data show that permeability anisotropy can be up to four orders of magnitude in sandstones from the Buntsandstein, and that permeability anisotropy increases as a function of increasing porosity. Quantitative microstructural analysis combined with permeability modelling shows that the permeability anisotropy is the result of fine-grained and low-permeability laminations that are parallel or sub-parallel to bedding. We suggest, based on our data, that permeability anisotropy should be considered in future fluid flow modelling at geothermal sites within the Upper Rhine Graben.
{"title":"Permeability anisotropy in sandstones from the Soultz-sous-Forêts geothermal reservoir (France): implications for large-scale fluid flow modelling","authors":"Margaux Goupil, Michael J. Heap, Patrick Baud","doi":"10.1186/s40517-022-00243-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-022-00243-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The successful exploitation of geothermal reservoirs relies upon the understanding of fluid circulation in the subsurface. However, large-scale fluid flow modelling often assumes that the permeability of the layers of rock within the model are isotropic. We present here a laboratory study in which we assessed the permeability anisotropy of seven Buntsandstein sandstone cores taken from the geothermal reservoir at Soultz-sous-Forêts (France) in the Upper Rhine Graben. The porosity and permeability of our samples, cored parallel and perpendicular to bedding, ranged from 5.2 to 16.3% and from 2.48 × 10<sup>−18</sup> to 7.66 × 10<sup>−14</sup> m<sup>2</sup>, respectively. Our data show that permeability anisotropy can be up to four orders of magnitude in sandstones from the Buntsandstein, and that permeability anisotropy increases as a function of increasing porosity. Quantitative microstructural analysis combined with permeability modelling shows that the permeability anisotropy is the result of fine-grained and low-permeability laminations that are parallel or sub-parallel to bedding. We suggest, based on our data, that permeability anisotropy should be considered in future fluid flow modelling at geothermal sites within the Upper Rhine Graben.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://geothermal-energy-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40517-022-00243-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46903595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-19DOI: 10.1186/s40517-022-00239-x
Simon Freitag, Jop Klaver, Iulian S. Malai, Norbert Klitzsch, Janos L. Urai, Harald Stollhofen, Wolfgang Bauer, Joyce Schmatz
Tight carbonate rocks are important hydrocarbon and potential geothermal reservoirs, for example, in CO2-Enhanced Geothermal Systems. We report a study of outcrop samples of tectonically undeformed tight carbonates from the upper Jurassic “Malm ß” formation in Southern Germany near the town of Simmelsdorf (38 km NE of Nuremberg) to understand bulk petrophysical properties in relation to microstructure and to compare models for permeability prediction in these samples. We applied Archimedes isopropanol immersion, Helium pycnometry, mercury injection, gamma density core logging, and gas permeability measurements, combined with microstructural investigations and liquid metal injection (LMI-BIB-SEM). In addition, ultrasonic velocity was measured to allow geomechanical comparison of stratigraphically equivalent rocks in the South German Molasse Basin (SGMB). Results show only small variations, showing that the formation is rather homogeneous with bulk porosities below 5% and argon permeabilities around 1.4E−17 m2. The presence of stylolites in some of the samples has neither a significant effect on porosity nor permeability. Pores are of submicron size with pore throats around 10 nm and connected as shown by Mercury injection and Liquid Metal injection. Samples have high dynamic Young’s Modulus of 73 ± 5 GPa as expected for lithified and diagenetically overmature limestones. Moreover, no trends in properties were observable toward the faults at meter scale, suggesting that faulting was post-diagenetic and that the matrix permeabilities were too low for intensive post-diagenetic fluid–rock interaction. Petrophysical properties are very close to those measured in the SGMB, illustrating the widespread homogeneity of these rocks and justifying the quarry as a reasonable reservoir analog. Permeability prediction models, such as the percolation theory-based Katz-Thompson Model, Poiseuille-based models, like the Winland, the Dastidar, the capillary tube, and the Kozeny-Carman Models, as well as several empirical models, namely, the Bohnsack, the Saki, and the GPPT Models, were applied. It is shown that the capillary tube Model and the Saki Model are best suited for permeability predictions from BIB-SEM and mercury injection capillary pressure results, respectively, providing a method to estimate permeability in the subsurface from drill cuttings. Matrix permeability is primarily controlled by the pore (throat) diameters rather than by the effective porosity.
{"title":"Petrophysical characterization, BIB-SEM imaging, and permeability models of tight carbonates from the Upper Jurassic (Malm ß), SE Germany","authors":"Simon Freitag, Jop Klaver, Iulian S. Malai, Norbert Klitzsch, Janos L. Urai, Harald Stollhofen, Wolfgang Bauer, Joyce Schmatz","doi":"10.1186/s40517-022-00239-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-022-00239-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tight carbonate rocks are important hydrocarbon and potential geothermal reservoirs, for example, in CO<sub>2</sub>-Enhanced Geothermal Systems. We report a study of outcrop samples of tectonically undeformed tight carbonates from the upper Jurassic “Malm ß” formation in Southern Germany near the town of Simmelsdorf (38 km NE of Nuremberg) to understand bulk petrophysical properties in relation to microstructure and to compare models for permeability prediction in these samples. We applied Archimedes isopropanol immersion, Helium pycnometry, mercury injection, gamma density core logging, and gas permeability measurements, combined with microstructural investigations and liquid metal injection (LMI-BIB-SEM). In addition, ultrasonic velocity was measured to allow geomechanical comparison of stratigraphically equivalent rocks in the South German Molasse Basin (SGMB). Results show only small variations, showing that the formation is rather homogeneous with bulk porosities below 5% and argon permeabilities around 1.4E−17 m<sup>2</sup>. The presence of stylolites in some of the samples has neither a significant effect on porosity nor permeability. Pores are of submicron size with pore throats around 10 nm and connected as shown by Mercury injection and Liquid Metal injection. Samples have high dynamic Young’s Modulus of 73 ± 5 GPa as expected for lithified and diagenetically overmature limestones. Moreover, no trends in properties were observable toward the faults at meter scale, suggesting that faulting was post-diagenetic and that the matrix permeabilities were too low for intensive post-diagenetic fluid–rock interaction. Petrophysical properties are very close to those measured in the SGMB, illustrating the widespread homogeneity of these rocks and justifying the quarry as a reasonable reservoir analog. Permeability prediction models, such as the percolation theory-based Katz-Thompson Model, Poiseuille-based models, like the Winland, the Dastidar, the capillary tube, and the Kozeny-Carman Models, as well as several empirical models, namely, the Bohnsack, the Saki, and the GPPT Models, were applied. It is shown that the capillary tube Model and the Saki Model are best suited for permeability predictions from BIB-SEM and mercury injection capillary pressure results, respectively, providing a method to estimate permeability in the subsurface from drill cuttings. Matrix permeability is primarily controlled by the pore (throat) diameters rather than by the effective porosity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://geothermal-energy-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40517-022-00239-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43966453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-17DOI: 10.1186/s40517-022-00241-3
Daffa Arrofi, Israa S. Abu-Mahfouz, Sinatrya Diko Prayudi
Indonesia has high geothermal potential comprising 40% of the world’s potential geothermal energy, volcanic and non-volcanic systems. Volcanic systems have witnessed more exploration activities for geothermal resources compared to non-volcanic systems. A high potential non-volcanic system in Indonesia is located in the northern part of Konawe, Southeast Sulawesi. Previous research had identified surface temperature anomaly (high temperature) and some surface manifestations for this area, specifically in the northeast part of Wawolesea. However, the source of surface manifestations and permeable zones as an implication of a good reservoir are still unknown. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the permeable zones and geothermal potential in the non-volcanic geothermal system of north Wawolesea by applying lineaments analysis and the fault fracture density (FFD) method. A total of 1694 major and minor lineaments were manually delineated using ArcGIS based on Digital Elevation Model Nasional (DEMNAS). FFD map and rose diagrams displayed the orientation of all lineaments and structures with the major lineaments trending NNE–SSW, whereas the minor lineaments showed irregular distribution and orientation. Field measurements also show the same azimuth orientation for the mapped fractures. Five zones were characterized by high FFD values (2.81–4.54 km/km2). One of the extensively fractured zones (Zone C) is located between Meluhu and Lembo, covering an area of around 19.39 km2. This area is interpreted to be highly permeable and suggestive of a recharge area that contributes to surface manifestation in the Wawolesea. Therefore, the area between Meluhu and Lembo in the northern part of Konawe shows high geothermal potential due to its planar morphology and high FFD values. This study allows an improved understanding of how fracture geometry, distribution and density control the permeability in geothermal reservoirs.
{"title":"Investigating high permeable zones in non-volcanic geothermal systems using lineament analysis and fault fracture density (FFD): northern Konawe Regency, Indonesia","authors":"Daffa Arrofi, Israa S. Abu-Mahfouz, Sinatrya Diko Prayudi","doi":"10.1186/s40517-022-00241-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-022-00241-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Indonesia has high geothermal potential comprising 40% of the world’s potential geothermal energy, volcanic and non-volcanic systems. Volcanic systems have witnessed more exploration activities for geothermal resources compared to non-volcanic systems. A high potential non-volcanic system in Indonesia is located in the northern part of Konawe, Southeast Sulawesi. Previous research had identified surface temperature anomaly (high temperature) and some surface manifestations for this area, specifically in the northeast part of Wawolesea. However, the source of surface manifestations and permeable zones as an implication of a good reservoir are still unknown. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the permeable zones and geothermal potential in the non-volcanic geothermal system of north Wawolesea by applying lineaments analysis and the fault fracture density (FFD) method. A total of 1694 major and minor lineaments were manually delineated using ArcGIS based on Digital Elevation Model Nasional (DEMNAS). FFD map and rose diagrams displayed the orientation of all lineaments and structures with the major lineaments trending NNE–SSW, whereas the minor lineaments showed irregular distribution and orientation. Field measurements also show the same azimuth orientation for the mapped fractures. Five zones were characterized by high FFD values (2.81–4.54 km/km<sup>2</sup>). One of the extensively fractured zones (Zone C) is located between Meluhu and Lembo, covering an area of around 19.39 km<sup>2</sup>. This area is interpreted to be highly permeable and suggestive of a recharge area that contributes to surface manifestation in the Wawolesea. Therefore, the area between Meluhu and Lembo in the northern part of Konawe shows high geothermal potential due to its planar morphology and high FFD values. This study allows an improved understanding of how fracture geometry, distribution and density control the permeability in geothermal reservoirs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://geothermal-energy-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40517-022-00241-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42662200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-12DOI: 10.1186/s40517-022-00240-4
Hakim Saibi, Mohamed Amrouche, Joseph Batir, Amir Gabr, Abdel-Rahman Fowler
There are two low-enthalpy geothermal systems along the eastern border of the United Arab Emirates: Ain Khatt (Khatt City, Ras Al Khaimah Emirate) and Green Mubazzarah–Ain Faidha (GMAF) (Al-Ain City, Abu Dhabi Emirate). The hot springs are likely to be meteoric waters fed through deep-seated faults that intersect the geothermal reservoirs at 2.6–3.8 km depth. Gravity and magnetic data were analyzed by gradient (horizontal derivative “HD”, and improved normalized horizontal tilt angle “INH”), and separately 3D modeled to image the subsurface structure of the two UAE geothermal systems. Bouguer anomalies in GMAF and Ain Khatt range from − 14.2 to 8.09 mGal and − 169.3 to − 122.2 mGal, respectively. Magnetic intensities in GMAF and Ain Khatt vary from 39,327 to 44,718 nT and 43,650 to 44,653 nT, respectively. The UAE hot springs (GMAF and Ain Khatt) are located in mainly high HD and INH regions, which reflect significant discontinuities in the basement rock, such as faults or lithological contacts. A joint inversion of magnetic and gravity data, through Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling, was performed to explore and interpret the 3D density and magnetic susceptibility variations. Results show that the hot springs in both geothermal systems are associated with intersecting geological contacts and fault zones. The Green-Mubazzarah–Ain Faidha hot springs may be connected at depth.
{"title":"Magnetic and gravity modeling and subsurface structure of two geothermal fields in the UAE","authors":"Hakim Saibi, Mohamed Amrouche, Joseph Batir, Amir Gabr, Abdel-Rahman Fowler","doi":"10.1186/s40517-022-00240-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-022-00240-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There are two low-enthalpy geothermal systems along the eastern border of the United Arab Emirates: Ain Khatt (Khatt City, Ras Al Khaimah Emirate) and Green Mubazzarah–Ain Faidha (GMAF) (Al-Ain City, Abu Dhabi Emirate). The hot springs are likely to be meteoric waters fed through deep-seated faults that intersect the geothermal reservoirs at 2.6–3.8 km depth. Gravity and magnetic data were analyzed by gradient (horizontal derivative “HD”, and improved normalized horizontal tilt angle “INH”), and separately 3D modeled to image the subsurface structure of the two UAE geothermal systems. Bouguer anomalies in GMAF and Ain Khatt range from − 14.2 to 8.09 mGal and − 169.3 to − 122.2 mGal, respectively. Magnetic intensities in GMAF and Ain Khatt vary from 39,327 to 44,718 nT and 43,650 to 44,653 nT, respectively. The UAE hot springs (GMAF and Ain Khatt) are located in mainly high HD and INH regions, which reflect significant discontinuities in the basement rock, such as faults or lithological contacts. A joint inversion of magnetic and gravity data, through Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling, was performed to explore and interpret the 3D density and magnetic susceptibility variations. Results show that the hot springs in both geothermal systems are associated with intersecting geological contacts and fault zones. The Green-Mubazzarah–Ain Faidha hot springs may be connected at depth.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://geothermal-energy-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40517-022-00240-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49323037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-19DOI: 10.1186/s40517-022-00235-1
Philipp Wolpert, Thomas Aigner, Daniel Bendias, Kilian Beichel, Kai Zosseder
The Upper Jurassic carbonates are the prime target for deep geothermal exploration in the Molasse basin, South Germany. The carbonates have a thickness of over 500m (1640 ft) and consist of two major facies: (1) bedded marly limestone and (2) massive limestone and dolostone. The massive limestone facies is composed of sponge-microbial biohermal buildups It is considered the main geothermal reservoir facies. Only this facies type may be (1) karstified, (2) dolomitized, and/or (3) faulted and fractured, and therefore can yield very high flow rates of >100 l/sec = 26 gps. The main data source used in this study is the 3D seismic survey of the Freiham geothermal field in the western part of Munich/Germany. Blended in were cutting logs to describe the lithology from 2 wells and borehole image logs from the two geothermal wells. Lithologies derived from these wells were upscaled in support of the seismic interpretation. The study presents an integrated workflow of 3D seismic attribute analysis to analyze the distribution and quantification of reservoir facies (massive limestone) versus non-reservoir facies (bedded marly limestone) per time slice. The attribute “sum of magnitude” is mapped for 9-time slices based on the vertical resolution of the Freiham 3D cube. The seismic facies interpretation is compared with upscaled borehole image facies associations of two geothermal wells. BHI log data is calibrated with an interpretation of the depositional environment based on cutting analysis Reservoir geometries were derived from an outcrop analog study to better understand the 3D seismic facies interpretation and to construct the conceptual depositional model of the Upper Jurassic carbonates. This technique is commonly used in hydrocarbon exploration but is not yet adapted to geothermal projects, which are often based on little data, smaller company sizes, tight budgets, and limited access to specialized geomodelling software and experience. The approach of using 3D seismic attribute analysis presented in this study provides a quantitative subsurface model of geothermal reservoir facies in the Freiham geothermal field. It is quick and straightforward and can easily be applied in the exploration workflow for similar fields and reservoirs.
上侏罗统碳酸盐岩是德国南部Molasse盆地深部地热勘探的主要目标。碳酸盐岩厚度超过500米(1640英尺),由两种主要相组成:(1)层状泥灰岩和(2)块状灰岩和白云岩。块状灰岩相由海绵-微生物生物热沉积组成,被认为是主要的地热储层相。只有这种相类型可能是(1)岩溶化,(2)白云化,和/或(3)断裂和破裂,因此可以产生非常高的流量,100升/秒= 26 gps。本研究使用的主要数据来源是德国慕尼黑西部Freiham地热田的三维地震调查。混合了描述2口井岩性的切割测井和2口地热井的钻孔成像测井。为了支持地震解释,这些井的岩性得到了升级。该研究提出了一套三维地震属性分析的集成工作流程,用于分析储层相(块状灰岩)与非储层相(层状灰岩)在每个时间片上的分布和量化。属性“sum of magnitude”基于Freiham 3D立方体的垂直分辨率映射为9次切片。将地震相解释与两口地热井的放大成像相组合进行了比较。为了更好地理解三维地震相解释,并构建上侏罗统碳酸盐岩的概念沉积模型,通过露头模拟研究得出了储层几何形状。该技术通常用于油气勘探,但尚未适用于地热项目,因为地热项目通常基于很少的数据,公司规模较小,预算紧张,并且无法获得专业的地质建模软件和经验。本文提出的三维地震属性分析方法为Freiham地热田地热储层相提供了定量的地下模型。该方法快速、简便,可应用于类似油田和油藏的勘探工作流程中。
{"title":"A novel workflow for geothermal exploration: 3D seismic interpretation of biohermal buildups (Upper Jurassic, Molasse Basin, Germany)","authors":"Philipp Wolpert, Thomas Aigner, Daniel Bendias, Kilian Beichel, Kai Zosseder","doi":"10.1186/s40517-022-00235-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-022-00235-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Upper Jurassic carbonates are the prime target for deep geothermal exploration in the Molasse basin, South Germany. The carbonates have a thickness of over 500m (1640 ft) and consist of two major facies: (1) bedded marly limestone and (2) massive limestone and dolostone. The massive limestone facies is composed of sponge-microbial biohermal buildups It is considered the main geothermal reservoir facies. Only this facies type may be (1) karstified, (2) dolomitized, and/or (3) faulted and fractured, and therefore can yield very high flow rates of >100 l/sec = 26 gps. The main data source used in this study is the 3D seismic survey of the Freiham geothermal field in the western part of Munich/Germany. Blended in were cutting logs to describe the lithology from 2 wells and borehole image logs from the two geothermal wells. Lithologies derived from these wells were upscaled in support of the seismic interpretation. The study presents an integrated workflow of 3D seismic attribute analysis to analyze the distribution and quantification of reservoir facies (massive limestone) versus non-reservoir facies (bedded marly limestone) per time slice. The attribute “sum of magnitude” is mapped for 9-time slices based on the vertical resolution of the Freiham 3D cube. The seismic facies interpretation is compared with upscaled borehole image facies associations of two geothermal wells. BHI log data is calibrated with an interpretation of the depositional environment based on cutting analysis Reservoir geometries were derived from an outcrop analog study to better understand the 3D seismic facies interpretation and to construct the conceptual depositional model of the Upper Jurassic carbonates. This technique is commonly used in hydrocarbon exploration but is not yet adapted to geothermal projects, which are often based on little data, smaller company sizes, tight budgets, and limited access to specialized geomodelling software and experience. The approach of using 3D seismic attribute analysis presented in this study provides a quantitative subsurface model of geothermal reservoir facies in the Freiham geothermal field. It is quick and straightforward and can easily be applied in the exploration workflow for similar fields and reservoirs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://geothermal-energy-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40517-022-00235-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41897881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-16DOI: 10.1186/s40517-022-00238-y
Julie Maury, Virginie Hamm, Annick Loschetter, Thomas Le Guenan
This paper presents the development of a tool to perform risk assessment for deep geothermal projects. The tool is aimed at project developers to help them present their project to local authority, decision-makers and financers so they can highlight how they take into account risks and consider mitigation measures to minimize them. The main criteria for this tool are the simplicity of use, the quality of presentation and flexibility. It is based on results from the H2020 GEORISK project that identified risks that apply to geothermal projects and proposed insurance schemes all over Europe. A characteristic of this tool is that it considers all the categories of risks that a project may face, including geological, technical, environmental risks as well as risks related to the social, economic and political contexts. The tool can be customized: selection of risks in a list that can be completed, adaptable rating scheme for risk analysis, possibility to choose the best display for results depending on the user needs. Two case applications are presented, one in the Paris Basin considering a doublet targeting the Upper Trias, a geological layer that presents some technical challenges; and one in the Upper Rhine graben targeting a fault zone, where the risk of induced seismicity must be carefully considered. A posteriori risk assessment highlights the main issues with these types of projects, and the comparison between the two cases emphasizes the flexibility of the tool, as well as, the different ways to present the results depending on the objective of the analyses.
{"title":"Development of a risk assessment tool for deep geothermal projects: example of application in the Paris Basin and Upper Rhine graben","authors":"Julie Maury, Virginie Hamm, Annick Loschetter, Thomas Le Guenan","doi":"10.1186/s40517-022-00238-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-022-00238-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents the development of a tool to perform risk assessment for deep geothermal projects. The tool is aimed at project developers to help them present their project to local authority, decision-makers and financers so they can highlight how they take into account risks and consider mitigation measures to minimize them. The main criteria for this tool are the simplicity of use, the quality of presentation and flexibility. It is based on results from the H2020 GEORISK project that identified risks that apply to geothermal projects and proposed insurance schemes all over Europe. A characteristic of this tool is that it considers all the categories of risks that a project may face, including geological, technical, environmental risks as well as risks related to the social, economic and political contexts. The tool can be customized: selection of risks in a list that can be completed, adaptable rating scheme for risk analysis, possibility to choose the best display for results depending on the user needs. Two case applications are presented, one in the Paris Basin considering a doublet targeting the Upper Trias, a geological layer that presents some technical challenges; and one in the Upper Rhine graben targeting a fault zone, where the risk of induced seismicity must be carefully considered. A posteriori risk assessment highlights the main issues with these types of projects, and the comparison between the two cases emphasizes the flexibility of the tool, as well as, the different ways to present the results depending on the objective of the analyses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://geothermal-energy-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40517-022-00238-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48305616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}