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Vegetation dynamics in the Early–Middle Pennsylvanian coal swamps of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais Coalfield, France 法国北加莱煤田早-中宾夕法尼亚煤沼泽的植被动态
IF 1.7 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.palwor.2023.04.005
Azucena Molina-Solís , Christopher J. Cleal , Eliott Capel , Borja Cascales-Miñana

During recent years, different studies have focused on characterising plant diversities in the Carboniferous environments of the Variscan Foreland. One of these areas, the Nord-Pas-de-Calais Coalfield, has a Namurian–Westphalian sequence that has historically yielded abundant evidence of vegetation change, but to date, little attention has been paid to its macrofloral diversity dynamics. Here we show, for the first time, a comprehensive characterisation of the diversity changes and macroevolutionary patterns from this coalfield. The results show evidence of low levels of species richness during the Namurian, followed by an exponential diversification at the base of Westphalian. Duckmantian–Bolsovian species diversity continues to progressively increase, suggesting relatively stable conditions at that time. Maximum species richness is observed at the mid-Bolsovian followed by a major depletion during the Asturian. Overall, this pattern is quite similar to that seen in other parts of the Variscan Foreland. However, we see Nord-Pas-de-Calais vegetation diversified earlier than those in the British parts, probably because the dynamics of marine incursions and lacustrine conditions delayed its development in the latter areas. Furthermore, we also see the Asturian decline of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais coal swamp occurred later than in other basins, such as in the Pennines, Ruhr, and South Wales. This scenario suggests that the collapse of this biome was probably caused by increased sediment influx and reduced subsidence, resulting from the northwards migration of the Variscan Mountains. This further supports other studies in Europe advocating that climate change was at most only a subsidiary factor in the collapse of the Pennsylvanian coal swamp biomes.

近年来,不同的研究都侧重于描述瓦里斯坎前陆石炭纪环境中的植物多样性特征。其中一个地区--北加莱海峡煤田(Nord-Pas-de-Calais Coalfield)的纳穆尔-西弗勒(Namurian-Westphalian)序列在历史上提供了大量植被变化的证据,但迄今为止,人们很少关注其宏观植物多样性动态。在这里,我们首次展示了该煤田多样性变化和宏观进化模式的综合特征。研究结果表明,纳木耳期的物种丰富度较低,随后在威斯特伐利亚期底部出现了指数式的多样化。鸭芒纪-波尔索夫纪的物种多样性继续逐步增加,表明当时的条件相对稳定。在波尔索瓦纪中期,物种丰富度达到最高值,随后在阿斯图里亚纪出现了物种严重减少的现象。总体而言,这一模式与瓦里斯坎前陆其他地区的模式十分相似。不过,我们看到北加莱海峡植被的多样化早于英国部分地区,这可能是因为海洋入侵的动态和湖泊条件延迟了后者地区植被的发展。此外,我们还看到北加莱海峡煤炭沼泽的阿斯图里亚斯衰退期晚于其他盆地,如宾夕法尼亚、鲁尔和南威尔士。这种情况表明,这一生物群落的崩溃可能是由于瓦里斯坎山脉向北迁移导致沉积物流入量增加和沉降量减少造成的。这进一步支持了欧洲其他研究的观点,即气候变化最多只是宾夕法尼亚煤沼生物群落崩溃的一个次要因素。
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引用次数: 0
New fossils reveal the Paleogene establishment of relict Craigia (Malvaceae) in its extant range 新化石揭示了锦葵科(Malvaceae)遗迹在其现存范围内的古近纪建立
IF 1.7 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.palwor.2023.04.002
Jia Li , Shi-Tao Zhang , Xue-Yan Li , Cong-Li Xu , Yuan Zhu , Ruo-Han Zuo , Lin-Bo Jia

Whether East Asian relict plants have recently taken refuge in their extant ranges or have long been inhabitants in those areas remains uncertain due to insufficient fossil records. Here, we report well-preserved new fossil fruit valves of an East Asian relict genus, Craigia, from the late Eocene of Southwest China, in its extant geographic range. The front projection of these fruit valves has a vertical crease in the middle and pinnate veins, whereas their back projection possesses a stout vascular bundle in the middle separating two flask-shaped locules. Morphological comparisons suggest the placement of these fruit valves within the fossil species, C. oregonensis. Based on recent fossil records, Craigia possibly originated in the high latitudes of Northeast Asia during the Paleocene. It migrated to Southwest China by passing through Central Asia and Tibet when the climate in these areas was warm and wet during the early Paleogene. Our finding of Craigia fruit valves in Southwest China suggests that the genus arrived in and has inhabited its extant geographical range, at least since ∼34 million years ago (late Eocene).

由于化石记录不足,东亚孑遗植物是最近才在其现存分布区避难还是长期居住在这些地区仍不确定。在此,我们报告了一种保存完好的东亚孑遗植物--裂果属(Craigia)的新果瓣化石,该化石产于中国西南晚始新世,在其现存地理范围内。这些果瓣的正面突起中间有一条垂直的折痕和羽状脉,而背面突起中间有一条粗壮的维管束,将两个瓶形的子房分隔开来。形态学比较表明,这些果瓣属于化石物种 C. oregonensis。根据最近的化石记录,Craigia 可能起源于古新世时期的东北亚高纬度地区。当中亚和西藏在古新世早期气候温暖潮湿时,它通过这些地区迁移到中国西南地区。我们在中国西南地区发现的克雷吉亚果瓣(Craigia fruit valves)表明,至少在距今3400万年前(始新世晚期),克雷吉亚果瓣(Craigia fruit valves)就已经来到并栖息在现存的地理范围内。
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引用次数: 0
A reappraisal of the lost suids from the Late Miocene of Gravitelli (Sicily, Italy) and paleobiogeographical implications 对Gravitelli(意大利西西里岛)中新世晚期丢失的suids的重新评估及其古生物地理学意义
IF 1.7 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.palwor.2023.02.001
Alessio Iannucci

The long-lost mammal fauna from Gravitelli (Messina, Sicily, Italy) represents one of the most important records for investigating faunal dynamics during the Late Miocene of the Mediterranean, although it is unfortunately only known from descriptions carried out in the early 1900s, as the original collection was lost during the Messina Earthquake of 1908. Gravitelli suids have been referred to Propotamochoerus sp. after the redescription of the casts of two specimens that survived to the present day. However, there is further material that has not been considered, which makes that of Gravitelli one of the most abundant samples of Late Miocene suids from Italy, with a minimum number of four individuals represented. A reappraisal of all Gravitelli suids allows to ascribe them to Propotamochoerus provincialis (Suinae, Dicoryphochoerini), following a comparison with related Late Miocene to Pliocene species from Eurasia. Moreover, the re-examination of the geological setting of the locality reveals that the mammal fauna of Gravitelli occurred well below the pre-evaporitic deposits of the Tripoli Formation, whose base is dated in Sicily at ∼7 Ma. Therefore, Gravitelli fauna either dates to the late Tortonian or, at most, to the earliest pre-evaporitic Messinian, corresponding to MN 11 or MN 12 in terms of mammal biochronology. This implies that the occurrence of P. provincialis at Gravitelli is the earliest in Italy and that emerged land masses connected Sicily with the European mainland earlier than 7 Ma. Available dates support a diachronous dispersal of Propotamochoerus in western Europe during the Turolian, being first known from the Balkans ∼8.3 Ma, then from Gravitelli prior to 7 Ma, and then from the Iberian Peninsula since ∼6.2 Ma. A similar pattern is known for Mesopithecus (Cercopithecidae). Although often discussed in light of its potential significance for Afro-Eurasian dispersals, only a fraction of the mammal fauna of Gravitelli has been reconsidered systematically. Notwithstanding the necessity of such dedicated studies, the faunal elements identified so far have an almost entirely European character and no species is shared with Cessaniti (Calabria), despite the two faunas have often been considered part of a paleobioprovince documenting a connection between southern Italy and northern Africa. At Gravitelli, the only species of African origin is the endemic hippo Hexaprotodon? siculus, but the extensive fossil record of insular hippopotamids testifies to their ability to colonize islands even in the absence of land bridges. Gravitelli hippos are nonetheless noteworthy, as the revised age of the site implies that they represent the earliest hippopotamids known outside Africa.

格拉维泰利(意大利西西里岛墨西拿)失落已久的哺乳动物动物群是研究地中海晚中新世动物动态的最重要记录之一,但遗憾的是,由于原始采集物在 1908 年墨西拿地震中遗失,人们只能通过 20 世纪早期的描述来了解该动物群。Gravitelli 麂在对两只存活至今的标本进行重新描述后,被归类为 Propotamochoerus sp.。然而,还有更多的材料未被考虑,这使得格拉维特利的样本成为意大利晚中新世麂类最丰富的样本之一,至少有四个个体具有代表性。通过与欧亚大陆晚中新世至上新世的相关物种进行比较,对所有 Gravitelli 麂的重新评估使我们可以将其归类为省氏麂(Propotamochoerus provincialis,麂科,Dicoryphochoerini)。此外,对该地区地质环境的重新研究表明,格拉维泰利的哺乳动物群发生在的黎波里地层的前蒸发沉积层之下,而西西里岛的地层基底年代为 7 Ma。因此,格拉维泰利动物群要么可以追溯到托尔托尼晚期,要么最多可以追溯到最早的梅西尼前蒸发沉积,从哺乳动物生物年代学的角度来看,相当于MN 11或MN 12。这意味着在格拉维泰利出现的P.provincialis是意大利最早的,而且早在7Ma之前就出现了连接西西里岛和欧洲大陆的陆块。现有的数据支持Propotamochoerus在图罗利安时期在西欧的非同步扩散,最早出现在巴尔干半岛,时间为8.3 Ma∼,然后在7 Ma之前出现在Gravitelli,然后从6.2 Ma∼开始出现在伊比利亚半岛。类似的模式也出现在Mesopithecus (Cercopithecidae)身上。尽管人们经常讨论格拉维特利哺乳动物群对非洲-欧亚大陆扩散的潜在意义,但只有一小部分哺乳动物群得到了系统的研究。尽管有必要进行此类专门研究,但迄今为止发现的动物群几乎完全具有欧洲特征,没有一个物种与塞萨尼提(卡拉布里亚)共享,尽管这两个动物群经常被认为是古生物区的一部分,记录了意大利南部与非洲北部之间的联系。在格拉维泰利,唯一源自非洲的物种是当地特有的河马 Hexaprotodon? siculus,但海岛河马的大量化石记录证明,即使在没有陆地桥梁的情况下,它们也有能力在岛屿上定居。尽管如此,格拉维特利河马还是值得注意的,因为该遗址的修正年龄意味着它们代表了非洲以外已知最早的河马。
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引用次数: 0
High-diversity larger foraminiferal assemblages calibrated with calcareous nannoplankton biozones in the aftermath of EECO (Collio, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, northeastern Italy) EECO后高多样性大型有孔虫组合与钙质纳米浮游生物带校准(科利奥,弗鲁利-威尼斯朱利亚,意大利东北部)
IF 1.7 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.palwor.2023.01.013
Andrea Benedetti , Cesare Andrea Papazzoni , Francesca Bosellini , Luca Giusberti , Eliana Fornaciari

The Eocene of Collio (easternmost Friuli-Venezia Giulia, northeastern Italy) contains rich larger foraminiferal assemblages mainly dominated by nummulitids of genera Nummulites and Assilina. Herein, we document, by typological and biometric approaches, upper Ypresian to lower Lutetian taxa, dated by an integrated biostratigraphy combining the Shallow Benthic Zones (SBZ) with the nannofossil biozones. A total of seven species of Alveolina, 12 species of Assilina and 33 of Nummulites are described (in Appendix A), some of them left in open nomenclature. The larger foraminiferal assemblages indicate that all the collected samples are assignable to SBZ12 and SBZ13 and their high diversity suggests high resilience of these shallow-water taxa after the Early Eocene Climate Optimum warming event. The occurrence of the calcareous nannofossil Blackites inflatus together with Alveolina violae Nummulites friulanus, N. campesinus, N. quasilaevigatus, Assilina maior maior and A. cuvillieri, typical SBZ12 markers, suggests that SBZ12 extends at least to the basal Lutetian, thus the SBZ12/13 boundary occurs in the lowermost Lutetian instead of at the Ypresian/Lutetian transition.

科利奥(意大利东北部弗留利-威尼斯朱利亚省最东端)始新世包含丰富的大型有孔虫集合体,主要以Nummulites和Assilina属的有孔虫为主。在这里,我们通过类型学和生物计量学方法记录了上伊普雷期至下卢特泰期的类群,并通过浅海底带(SBZ)与化石生物带相结合的综合生物地层学进行了年代测定。共描述了 7 个 Alveolina 种类、12 个 Assilina 种类和 33 个 Nummulites 种类(见附录 A),其中一些种类的命名尚未确定。较大的有孔虫集合体表明,所有采集到的样本都可归入 SBZ12 和 SBZ13,其较高的多样性表明这些浅水类群在早始新世气候最适变暖事件后具有较强的恢复能力。钙质化石 Blackites inflatus 与 Alveolina violae Nummulites friulanus、N. campesinus、N. quasilaevigatus、Assilina maior maior 和 A. cuvillieri(典型的 SBZ12 标记)一起出现,表明 SBZ12 至少延伸到了下部的卢特陶统,因此 SBZ12/13 边界出现在最下部的卢特陶统,而不是在伊普雷先/卢特陶过渡带。
{"title":"High-diversity larger foraminiferal assemblages calibrated with calcareous nannoplankton biozones in the aftermath of EECO (Collio, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, northeastern Italy)","authors":"Andrea Benedetti ,&nbsp;Cesare Andrea Papazzoni ,&nbsp;Francesca Bosellini ,&nbsp;Luca Giusberti ,&nbsp;Eliana Fornaciari","doi":"10.1016/j.palwor.2023.01.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.palwor.2023.01.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Eocene of Collio (easternmost Friuli-Venezia Giulia, northeastern Italy) contains rich larger foraminiferal assemblages mainly dominated by nummulitids of genera <em>Nummulites</em> and <em>Assilina</em>. Herein, we document, by typological and biometric approaches, upper Ypresian to lower Lutetian taxa, dated by an integrated biostratigraphy combining the Shallow Benthic Zones (SBZ) with the nannofossil biozones. A total of seven species of <em>Alveolina</em>, 12 species of <em>Assilina</em> and 33 of <em>Nummulites</em> are described (in <span>Appendix A</span>), some of them left in open nomenclature. The larger foraminiferal assemblages indicate that all the collected samples are assignable to SBZ12 and SBZ13 and their high diversity suggests high resilience of these shallow-water taxa after the Early Eocene Climate Optimum warming event. The occurrence of the calcareous nannofossil <em>Blackites inflatus</em> together with <em>Alveolina violae Nummulites friulanus</em>, <em>N</em>. <em>campesinus</em>, <em>N</em>. <em>quasilaevigatus</em>, <em>Assilina maior maior</em> and <em>A</em>. <em>cuvillieri</em>, typical SBZ12 markers, suggests that SBZ12 extends at least to the basal Lutetian, thus the SBZ12/13 boundary occurs in the lowermost Lutetian instead of at the Ypresian/Lutetian transition.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48708,"journal":{"name":"Palaeoworld","volume":"33 2","pages":"Pages 492-503"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871174X23000136/pdfft?md5=1941e420729e1e0cd814064ed846f866&pid=1-s2.0-S1871174X23000136-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45932036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The extinct osteoarthritic lagomorphs (Prolagus sardus) from Sardinia (Italy) reveal further evidence of life history evolution in insular domains 来自撒丁岛(意大利)的已灭绝的骨关节炎lagomorphs(Prolagus sardus)揭示了岛域生活史进化的进一步证据
IF 1.7 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.palwor.2023.03.004
Blanca Moncunill-Solé , Boaz Arzi , Barbro Filliquist , Natalia Vapniarsky , Regina Zavodovskaya , Chiara Angelone

The study of past pathologies by means of quantitative reports is an underexplored approach to deal with the biology and ecology of extinct taxa. In the present study, we assessed the prevalence rate of primary osteoarthritis in a large sample of Prolagus sardus (Mammalia, Lagomorpha) from Medusa Cave (also known as Grotta Dragonara, Sardinia, Italy; Late Pleistocene) to shed light on the evolutionary history of small mammals under isolation regimes. The hip and knee joints of 246 femora were examined grossly, microscopically, and using advanced radiology, recording essential biological features such as age or weight. We noted that 27.7% of skeletally mature sample had degenerative disorder of the joints, with higher frequency in adults (p-value < 0.05), regardless of their body mass (p-value > 0.05). Histologically, affected joints displayed changes in subchondral plate potentially reflecting adaptive modeling. Our analysis revealed ageing (the extended lifespan) as the main driver of this prevalence rate, whereas mechanical factors (caused by a particular lifestyle) were considered of significantly lesser importance. Our results provide additional empirical support to the analytical framework of life history theory from a new perspective, according to which, under low extrinsic mortality regimes, selection should favor slow-strategies (extended lifespan) in small-sized mammals.

通过定量报告来研究过去的病理变化,是研究已灭绝类群的生物学和生态学的一种尚未充分开发的方法。在本研究中,我们评估了来自梅杜萨洞穴(又称 Grotta Dragonara,撒丁岛,意大利;晚更新世)的大量沙丁鱼(哺乳纲,Lagomorpha)样本中原发性骨关节炎的患病率,以揭示隔离制度下小型哺乳动物的进化史。我们对 246 个股骨的髋关节和膝关节进行了大体、显微和先进的放射学检查,并记录了年龄或体重等基本生物特征。我们注意到,27.7%的骨骼成熟样本患有关节退行性病变,其中成年人的发病率更高(p 值为 0.05),与体重无关(p 值为 0.05)。从组织学角度看,受影响关节的软骨下骨板发生了变化,这可能反映了适应性建模。我们的分析表明,老龄化(寿命延长)是这一发病率的主要驱动因素,而机械因素(由特定生活方式引起)的重要性则明显较低。我们的研究结果从一个新的角度为生命史理论的分析框架提供了更多的实证支持,根据该理论,在低外在死亡率制度下,选择应该有利于小型哺乳动物的缓慢策略(延长寿命)。
{"title":"The extinct osteoarthritic lagomorphs (Prolagus sardus) from Sardinia (Italy) reveal further evidence of life history evolution in insular domains","authors":"Blanca Moncunill-Solé ,&nbsp;Boaz Arzi ,&nbsp;Barbro Filliquist ,&nbsp;Natalia Vapniarsky ,&nbsp;Regina Zavodovskaya ,&nbsp;Chiara Angelone","doi":"10.1016/j.palwor.2023.03.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.palwor.2023.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The study of past pathologies by means of quantitative reports is an underexplored approach to deal with the biology and ecology of extinct taxa. In the present study, we assessed the prevalence rate of primary osteoarthritis in a large sample of <em>Prolagus sardus</em> (Mammalia, Lagomorpha) from Medusa Cave (also known as Grotta Dragonara, Sardinia, Italy; Late Pleistocene) to shed light on the evolutionary history of small mammals under isolation regimes. The hip and knee joints of 246 femora were examined grossly, microscopically, and using advanced radiology, recording essential biological features such as age or weight. We noted that 27.7% of skeletally mature sample had degenerative disorder of the joints, with higher frequency in adults (p-value &lt; 0.05), regardless of their body mass (p-value &gt; 0.05). Histologically, affected joints displayed changes in subchondral plate potentially reflecting adaptive modeling. Our analysis revealed ageing (the extended lifespan) as the main driver of this prevalence rate, whereas mechanical factors (caused by a particular lifestyle) were considered of significantly lesser importance. Our results provide additional empirical support to the analytical framework of life history theory from a new perspective, according to which, under low extrinsic mortality regimes, selection should favor slow-strategies (extended lifespan) in small-sized mammals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48708,"journal":{"name":"Palaeoworld","volume":"33 2","pages":"Pages 504-516"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871174X23000264/pdfft?md5=2e7d16aa79f11e8f8f838c968c98de3b&pid=1-s2.0-S1871174X23000264-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45896502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pastillus aethiopicus n. sp. (Coleoptera: Cybocephalidae), a new fossil beetle from Miocene Ethiopian amber and a taxonomic key to the species of Pastillus Endrödy-Younga 埃塞俄比亚棘足棘虫(鞘翅目:棘足棘虫科):中新世埃塞俄比亚琥珀中发现的一种新甲虫化石和棘足棘虫Endrödy-Younga的分类关键
IF 1.7 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.palwor.2023.04.004
Trevor Randall Smith , Karol Szawaryn

We describe a new species of Cybocephalidae (Coleoptera) from Ethiopian Miocene amber, Pastillus aethiopicus n. sp. This is the second beetle species discovered in that fossiliferous amber deposit. It is the fourth species described in the extant genus Pastillus Endrödy-Younga and the first fossil species discovered. Pastillus is reviewed, the species diagnosed, listed, keyed, and distribution data recorded. Additionally, checklists of fossil Cybocephalidae, and African Cybocephalidae fauna are provided.

这是埃塞俄比亚中新世琥珀中发现的第二个甲虫物种。这是现存 Pastillus Endrödy-Younga 属中描述的第四个物种,也是发现的第一个化石物种。本文对 Pastillus 进行了综述,对该物种进行了诊断、列表、键控,并记录了其分布数据。此外,还提供了鲤形目化石和非洲鲤形目动物群的清单。
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引用次数: 0
Convergent evolution of encrusting calcareous tubeworms 包壳石灰质管虫的聚合进化
IF 1.7 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.palwor.2023.04.001
Olev Vinn , Manfred Jäger , Jakub Słowiński , Michał Zatoń

In the present paper we trace the patterns of convergent evolution of encrusting calcareous polychaetes and tentaculitoids with respect to the morphology and function of their tubes. Both clades have morphologically similar tubes. Six of the eight basic morphotypes of encrusting tubeworms occur both in calcareous polychaetes and in tentaculitoids. All six encrusting tentaculitoid tubeworm morphotypes distinguished have analogues among serpulid and sabellid polychaetes. Both tentaculitoids and polychaetes with calcareous tubes have a similar plesiomorphic morphotype, which is characterized by substrate parallel, irregular growth away from the initial point of encrustation. Dominance of similarities in the order of evolution of morphotypes in the calcareous tubeworms indicates that despite genetic differences, ecological similarities (suspension feeding) and similarities in the tube material (calcareous), as well as body plan (worm-like) had a strong control over the evolution of calcareous tubeworms. The calcareous tubeworm life modes likely appeared in the order of increasing dependence on the type of substrate. In general, possible antipredatory strategies (spines, keels, cryptic and endobiotic mode of life) of calcareous tubeworms are evolutionarily old. The plesiomorphic general hard substrate encrusters are evolutionarily the most successful and have the longest stratigraphic range both in tube-dwelling polychaetes and tentaculitoids. Innovations, such as attachment of the tube by basal projections were developed in some microconchid tentaculitoids but not in calcareous polychaetes; budding tubes occur in both taxa, however, in microconchid tentaculitoids it was a brief evolutionary event, whereas in polychaetes such pseudocolonies have a long stratigraphic range. The ability to live in brackish and fresh waters by some tentaculitoids and tube-dwelling polychaetes seems not to be associated with any particular tube morphotype.

在本文中,我们追溯了包壳钙质多毛类和触手类在其管的形态和功能方面的趋同进化模式。这两个支系都有形态相似的管道。在钙质多毛类和触手纲中都出现了八种基本形态的包壳管虫,其中六种都出现在钙质多毛类和触手纲中。所有六种不同的触手管虫形态在蛇形多毛类和剑形多毛类中都有相似之处。具有钙质管的触手纲和多毛类都有类似的多形形态,其特点是基质平行、不规则地从最初的结壳点向外生长。在钙管虫的形态进化顺序中,相似性占主导地位,这表明尽管存在遗传差异,但生态相似性(悬浮取食)、管材料相似性(钙质)以及体型相似性(蠕虫状)对钙管虫的进化具有很强的控制作用。钙质管虫的生活模式可能是按照对基质类型的依赖程度依次递增的顺序出现的。总的来说,钙质管虫可能的反捕食策略(刺、龙骨、隐居和内生生活方式)在进化过程中是古老的。在管栖多毛类和触手类中,多形性的一般硬底质食茧虫在进化过程中最为成功,其地层范围也最长。一些创新,如通过基部突起附着管子,在一些微壳触手类中得到了发展,但在钙质多毛类中却没有;出芽管子在这两个类群中都有出现,但在微壳触手类中这只是一个短暂的进化过程,而在多毛类中,这种假结晶体的地层范围很长。一些触手类和管栖多毛类动物在咸水和淡水中生活的能力似乎与任何特定的管形态无关。
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引用次数: 0
A Keichousaurus-bearing regurgitalite from the Middle Triassic Xingyi Fauna, Dingxiao of Xingyi City, Guizhou, South China 贵州兴义市鼎霄中三叠世兴义动物群中的一种含有反流化石的基周龙
IF 1.7 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.palwor.2023.03.009
Xiao-Jun Ye, Zuo-Yu Sun, Ming-Tao Yao

Bromalites (coprolites, regurgitalites and consumulites) are trace fossils that preserve valuable information on their producers’ diet and feeding behaviors. Here, we report a compact skeletal mass from the Middle Triassic Xingyi Fauna of Dingxiao, Xingyi City, Guizhou Province, South China through multiple analytical methods. Using micro-CT scans, we provide 3D reconstruction of two vertebral arches, four coracoids, three ribs of three kinds, four humeri including one male and three female ones, five scapulae including two right one and three left ones of different sizes, which are inferred to be from at least three individuals of Keichousaurus hui. Bone aggregates of multiple individuals, associated with less gastric etching on bone surfaces and the absence of a phosphatic and organic matrix surrounding the bones as revealed by microstructural and chemical analysis respectively, suggest that this bone mass is a regurgitalite rather than a coprolite. The vertebrate fossils reported from the regurgitalite-bearing strata suggest that the best candidate for the potential producer of the regurgitalite are the near-shore sauropterygians Nothosaurus or Lariosaurus. The discovery of a Keichousaurus-bearing regurgitalite shed new insights on the feeding behaviors of Middle Triassic marine reptiles and the paleoecology of the Xingyi Fauna.

溴石(桡足石、反刍石和纤毛石)是一种痕量化石,保存了有关其生产者饮食和摄食行为的宝贵信息。在这里,我们通过多种分析方法报告了来自中国南方贵州省兴义市顶效中三叠世兴义动物群的一个紧凑的骨骼块。利用显微CT扫描技术,我们提供了两个椎弓、四个齿冠、三种肋骨、四个肱骨(包括一个雄性和三个雌性)、五个肩胛骨(包括两个右肩胛骨和三个不同大小的左肩胛骨)的三维重建,推断这些骨骼至少来自三个个体的基周龙(Keichousaurus hui)。多个个体的骨骼聚集在一起,骨骼表面的胃蚀刻较少,而且骨骼周围没有磷化基质和有机基质(分别由显微结构和化学分析揭示),这表明这些骨块是反刍岩而不是共生岩。据报告,含雷吉拉特岩的地层中的脊椎动物化石表明,雷吉拉特岩的潜在生产者的最佳候选者是近岸的长尾龙类--诺特龙(Nothosaurus)或拉里龙(Lariosaurus)。含有基周龙的雷公石的发现为中三叠世海洋爬行动物的摄食行为和兴义动物群的古生态学提供了新的视角。
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引用次数: 0
An Ordovician (Whiterockian) marine community from Sonora, Mexico: Paleoecology and paleobiogeographic affinity with North America and Argentina 墨西哥索诺拉的奥陶纪(白垩纪)海洋群落:古生态学以及与北美和阿根廷的古生物地理亲缘关系
IF 1.7 3区 地球科学 Q2 PALEONTOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.palwor.2024.03.007
A Lower and Middle Ordovician sequence, containing an abundant biota of cyanobacteria, bryozoans, brachiopods, gastropods, cephalopods, trilobites, and echinoderms, is exposed at Rancho Las Norias in the central part of the state of Sonora, Mexico. This sequence that consists of wackestone, packstone, and grainstone is deposited in a shallow water marine environment within the photic zone, as indicated by the presence of cyanobacteria such as Nuia sibirica. A paleoecological study was performed on one fossiliferous level S1 at the middle part of the sequence in this study, where 113 individuals of 11 taxa were analyzed, which allows to reconstruct the paleocommunity structure of this calcareous layer. The paleocommunity consists mainly of brachiopods, gastropods, and trilobites. The applied paleoecological indices (Dominance and Evenness of Simpson, Diversity of Shannon-Weaver, Diversity of Menhinick, and Total Richness of Chao) indicate a benthic marine community constituted mainly by sessile-suspension feeders, and brachiopods (Orthidiella cf. O. longwelli) are the dominant forms. A Jaccard Similarity Index was also applied, where a similarity of ∼100% was obtained between Canada and Mexico, ∼80% between the USA and Mexico, and ∼50% between Argentina and Mexico, thus confirming the Ordovician paleogeographic affinity of these localities with Laurentia. The Ordovician of northwestern Mexico corresponds to the southernmost deposits of the North American craton and is an essential link in understanding the relationship between North and South America.
在墨西哥索诺拉州中部的 Rancho Las Norias,出露了一个中下奥陶统的岩层,其中含有丰富的生物群,包括蓝藻、双壳类、腕足类、腹足类、头足类、三叶虫和棘皮动物。该地层由瓦克石、包石和纹理石组成,沉积于光照区内的浅水海洋环境中,蓝藻(如 Nuia sibirica)的存在表明了这一点。本研究对该层序中段的一个化石层 S1 进行了古生态学研究,分析了 11 个类群的 113 个个体,从而重建了该钙质层的古群落结构。古群落主要由腕足动物、腹足类和三叶虫组成。应用的古生态指数(辛普森指数的优势度和均匀度、香农-韦弗指数的多样性、门希尼克指数的多样性和赵氏指数的总丰富度)表明,底栖海洋群落主要由无柄悬浮取食动物构成,腕足动物(Orthidiella cf. O. longwelli)是主要形式。此外,还应用了 Jaccard 相似性指数,加拿大与墨西哥之间的相似性为 100%,美国与墨西哥之间的相似性为 80%,阿根廷与墨西哥之间的相似性为 50%,从而证实了这些地方与劳伦西亚的奥陶纪古地理亲缘关系。墨西哥西北部的奥陶纪相当于北美克拉通最南端的沉积,是了解南北美洲关系的重要环节。
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引用次数: 0
Brachiopods from the Serpukhovian Tonka Formation of Carlin Canyon, Elko, Nevada (USA): Systematics and biostratigraphy 来自美国内华达州埃尔科卡林峡谷塞普霍维亚通卡地层的腕足类:系统学和生物地层学
IF 1.7 3区 地球科学 Q2 PALEONTOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.palwor.2024.03.006
Systematic study of a brachiopod assemblage from the Upper Mississippian Tonka Formation in Carlin Canyon, Elko, Nevada, USA, led to the recognition of 13 species, representing 12 genera and seven orders: ?Antiquatonia sp., Flexaria sp., ?Marginatia sp., Echinoconchus sp. of the Productida, ?Orthotetes sp. of the Orthotetida, Rhipidomella sp., Schizophoria sp. of the Orthida, Cleiothyridina cf. sublamellosa Hall, 1858, Composita sulcata Weller, 1914 of the Athyridida, Anthracospirifer shawi shawi Gordon, 1975, Anthracospirifer aff. A. shawi of the Spiriferida, Punctospirifer sp. of the Spiriferinida, and Girtyella indianensis Girty, 1909 of the Terebratulida, with the addition of one undetermined linoproductid and one genus and possibly two undetermined species of the Delthyridina. The assemblage shares affinities with upper Chesterian (middle Serpukhovian) Carlinia phillipsi and C. amsdeniana associations from western North American units, though the presence of Composita sulcata makes it also close to uppermost Chesterian faunas (Rhipidomella nevadensis and Composita popsiensis zones, upper Serpukhovian). The recorded faunal association, in terms of composition at the genus-level, is characteristic of brachiopod Unit 16 of Carter (1990a). Unit 16 spans the middle Chesterian (Gnathodus bilineatus conodont Zone) to upper Chesterian (Rachistognathus muricatus conodont Zone), corresponding to the upper Visean–Serpukhovian interval. A monospecific Vogegnathus postcampbelli conodont assemblage from the same locality confirms a late Chesterian (Serpukhovian) age of the fauna.
通过对美国内华达州埃尔科卡林峡谷上密西西比统通卡地层中的腕足类群进行系统研究,发现了 13 个物种,分别代表 12 个属和 7 个目:产品目中的 Antiquatonia sp.、Flexaria sp.、Marginatia sp.、Echinoconchus sp.、Orthetida 的 Orthotetes sp.、Rhipidomella sp.、Schizophoria sp、的 Echinoconchus sp.,直翅目的 Orthotetes sp.,直翅目的 Rhipidomella sp.、Schizophoria sp.,甲壳纲的 Cleiothyridina cf. sublamellosa Hall, 1858, Composita sulcata Weller, 1914,螺旋纲的 Anthracospirifer shawi shawi Gordon, 1975, Anthracospirifer aff.和 Terebratulida 的 Girtyella indianensis Girty, 1909,以及 Delthyridina 的一个未确定的线虫属和一个属,可能还有两个未确定的种。该动物群与北美西部的上切斯特期(Serpukhovian 中期)Carlinia phillipsi 和 C. amsdeniana 动物群有亲缘关系,但 Composita sulcata 的出现使其也接近于上切斯特期动物群(Rhipidomella nevadensis 和 Composita popsiensis 区,Serpukhovian 上期)。从属一级的组成来看,所记录的动物群关联是卡特(1990a)的腕足动物单元 16 的特征。第 16 单元横跨中切斯特期(Gnathodus bilineatus 锥齿轮区)至上切斯特期(Rachistognathus muricatus 锥齿轮区),相当于上维西期-上塞普霍夫期。同一地点出土的一个单特异性的 Vogegnathus postcampbelli 锥齿动物群证实了该动物群的晚切斯特期(Serpukhovian)时代。
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Palaeoworld
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