Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.22541/au.169997607.74880920/v1
Jenna Kohles, Rachel A Page, Martin Wikelski, Dina Dechmann
Food distribution and availability fundamentally shape foraging. Yet spatiotemporal distribution of mobile prey and its proximate effects on animals have rarely been assessed. The neotropical bat, Noctilio albiventris, forages on aquatic swarming insects which peak just one to two hours after dusk. We matched seasonal insect distribution at high spatiotemporal resolution to the foraging behavior of adult female bats. Surprisingly, insect abundance was lower in the wet season, and insect patches dispersed more rapidly. Correspondingly, bats emerged 45% earlier, foraged over 40% longer, and flew almost twice as far compared to the dry season. Wet season bats also spent less time at each patch, suggesting that patches, though the same size, were less dense and depleted more rapidly. Our results highlight the tight link between foraging and sharp seasonal shifts in the spatial unpredictability and temporal ephemerality of resources, shedding light on behavioral adaptations and plasticity in response to resource fluctuation.
{"title":"Severe seasonal shifts in tropical insect ephemerality drive bat foraging effort","authors":"Jenna Kohles, Rachel A Page, Martin Wikelski, Dina Dechmann","doi":"10.22541/au.169997607.74880920/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.169997607.74880920/v1","url":null,"abstract":"Food distribution and availability fundamentally shape foraging. Yet spatiotemporal distribution of mobile prey and its proximate effects on animals have rarely been assessed. The neotropical bat, Noctilio albiventris, forages on aquatic swarming insects which peak just one to two hours after dusk. We matched seasonal insect distribution at high spatiotemporal resolution to the foraging behavior of adult female bats. Surprisingly, insect abundance was lower in the wet season, and insect patches dispersed more rapidly. Correspondingly, bats emerged 45% earlier, foraged over 40% longer, and flew almost twice as far compared to the dry season. Wet season bats also spent less time at each patch, suggesting that patches, though the same size, were less dense and depleted more rapidly. Our results highlight the tight link between foraging and sharp seasonal shifts in the spatial unpredictability and temporal ephemerality of resources, shedding light on behavioral adaptations and plasticity in response to resource fluctuation.","PeriodicalId":487619,"journal":{"name":"Authorea (Authorea)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134901191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.22541/au.169996551.18080998/v1
Marius Somveille, Christen Bossu, Matthew DeSaix, Kristen Ruegg
Tracking climatic conditions throughout the year is often assumed to be an adaptive behavior underlying seasonal migration patterns in animal populations. In this study, we investigate this hypothesis using genetic markers data to map migratory connectivity for 22 genetically distinct bird populations across 6 species. We found that the variation in seasonal climate tracking at a continental scale is more likely a consequence, rather than an underlying driver, of migratory connectivity, which is itself largely shaped by energy efficiency – i.e. optimizing the balance between accessing available resources and the cost of movement. However, our results also suggest that regional-scale seasonal precipitation tracking affects migration destinations, thus revealing a potential scale-dependency of ecological processes driving migration. Our results have implications for the conservation of migratory species under climate change, as populations that track climate seasonally are potentially at higher risk if they adapt to a narrow range of climatic conditions.
{"title":"Broad-scale seasonal climate tracking is a consequence, not a driver, of avian migratory connectivity","authors":"Marius Somveille, Christen Bossu, Matthew DeSaix, Kristen Ruegg","doi":"10.22541/au.169996551.18080998/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.169996551.18080998/v1","url":null,"abstract":"Tracking climatic conditions throughout the year is often assumed to be an adaptive behavior underlying seasonal migration patterns in animal populations. In this study, we investigate this hypothesis using genetic markers data to map migratory connectivity for 22 genetically distinct bird populations across 6 species. We found that the variation in seasonal climate tracking at a continental scale is more likely a consequence, rather than an underlying driver, of migratory connectivity, which is itself largely shaped by energy efficiency – i.e. optimizing the balance between accessing available resources and the cost of movement. However, our results also suggest that regional-scale seasonal precipitation tracking affects migration destinations, thus revealing a potential scale-dependency of ecological processes driving migration. Our results have implications for the conservation of migratory species under climate change, as populations that track climate seasonally are potentially at higher risk if they adapt to a narrow range of climatic conditions.","PeriodicalId":487619,"journal":{"name":"Authorea (Authorea)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134901884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Island habitats are natural laboratories that offer unique opportunities to study speciation mechanisms. Recent work indicates that both anagenetic and cladogenetic speciation processes, driven by allopatric and sympatric modes, contribute to island species diversity. However, clear evidence of local adaptation of endemic plant species on islands requires in-depth studies, which are scarce. This study underscores the importance of local adaptation in maintaining species entity by examining how adaptive introgression, hybridization, and local adaptation contribute to genetic variation in island species. Specifically, multilocus genome scanning of 51 nuclear genes was used to investigate the evolutionary relationships of the Scutellaria species complex on Taiwan Island and assess the role of in situ diversification in generating high endemism and genetic diversity. Recurrent interspecies introgressions were detected by phylogenetic networks and ABBA-BABA-based analysis, suggesting ongoing or recent speciation processes. Approximate Bayesian computation identified hybrid speciation in S. taiwanensis and S. hsiehii, with evidence of hybridization between more than two parental species. Genotype-environment association studies revealed that the influence of climate, particularly precipitation- and temperature-related factors, contributed to adaptive genetic divergence between species. Additionally, adaptive introgressions related to environmental pressures that may have facilitated the colonization of new island habitats were identified. This research illustrates how hybridization, introgression, and adaptation shaped the evolutionary histories and divergence of this island-endemic plant species complex and sheds light on the multifaceted mechanisms of speciation on semi-isolated islands.
{"title":"The Role of In Situ Diversification in Island Endemism: Adaptive Introgression in Scutellaria in Taiwan","authors":"Pei-Wei Sun, Jui-Tse Chang, Min-Xin Luo, Chien-Ti Chao, Fang Du, Pei-Chun Liao","doi":"10.22541/au.169996523.30850088/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.169996523.30850088/v1","url":null,"abstract":"Island habitats are natural laboratories that offer unique opportunities to study speciation mechanisms. Recent work indicates that both anagenetic and cladogenetic speciation processes, driven by allopatric and sympatric modes, contribute to island species diversity. However, clear evidence of local adaptation of endemic plant species on islands requires in-depth studies, which are scarce. This study underscores the importance of local adaptation in maintaining species entity by examining how adaptive introgression, hybridization, and local adaptation contribute to genetic variation in island species. Specifically, multilocus genome scanning of 51 nuclear genes was used to investigate the evolutionary relationships of the Scutellaria species complex on Taiwan Island and assess the role of in situ diversification in generating high endemism and genetic diversity. Recurrent interspecies introgressions were detected by phylogenetic networks and ABBA-BABA-based analysis, suggesting ongoing or recent speciation processes. Approximate Bayesian computation identified hybrid speciation in S. taiwanensis and S. hsiehii, with evidence of hybridization between more than two parental species. Genotype-environment association studies revealed that the influence of climate, particularly precipitation- and temperature-related factors, contributed to adaptive genetic divergence between species. Additionally, adaptive introgressions related to environmental pressures that may have facilitated the colonization of new island habitats were identified. This research illustrates how hybridization, introgression, and adaptation shaped the evolutionary histories and divergence of this island-endemic plant species complex and sheds light on the multifaceted mechanisms of speciation on semi-isolated islands.","PeriodicalId":487619,"journal":{"name":"Authorea (Authorea)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134902660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.22541/au.169997587.78163160/v1
Yuan Ji, Zhenyu Wang, Hongtao Wang, Yuping Li, Yao Liu, He Yige, Qian Liu, Zichuan Chen, Jun Lin
Aims/Introduction: Phage display method is a crucial tool to find novel clinically valuable diabetes-associated autoantigens, and identify known autoantigen epitopes that are associated with diabetes; could providing scientific support and guidance for the artificial construction and synthesis of type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) novel biomarkers. Materials and Methods: The phage display system was used for “bio-panning” of T1DM serum. Following by the sequencing of the phage DNAs, the homologous sequences of the above fusion heptapeptide were further investigated by BLAST to track the origin of the polypeptide sequences. The antibody spectrum revealed new T1DM-associated epitopes and antibodies. Results: A total of 1200 phage DNA were sequenced and 9 conserved polypeptide sequences were collected. It was confirmed that the zinc transporter and islet amyloid protease were among them.The conserved polypeptide sequence 8 and another three distinctive polypeptide sequences derived from Proteus were discovered. Furthermore, we expressed recombinant proteins with homologous polypeptide sequences for the human islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) polypeptide precursor human zinc transporter 8 (ZNT8). Through clinical sample detection for the serum from T1DM (n=100) and T2DM (n=200) patients, results demonstrate the importance and relevance of these polypeptides in the recognition and classification of various forms of diabetes. Conclusion： Human pancreatic and concurrent bacterial-derived protein antigens and their epitopes were identified in this research by phage display system, which is crucial for distinguishing different types of diabetes.
{"title":"Screening of diabetes-associated autoantigens and serum antibody profiles by phage display system","authors":"Yuan Ji, Zhenyu Wang, Hongtao Wang, Yuping Li, Yao Liu, He Yige, Qian Liu, Zichuan Chen, Jun Lin","doi":"10.22541/au.169997587.78163160/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.169997587.78163160/v1","url":null,"abstract":"Aims/Introduction: Phage display method is a crucial tool to find novel clinically valuable diabetes-associated autoantigens, and identify known autoantigen epitopes that are associated with diabetes; could providing scientific support and guidance for the artificial construction and synthesis of type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) novel biomarkers. Materials and Methods: The phage display system was used for “bio-panning” of T1DM serum. Following by the sequencing of the phage DNAs, the homologous sequences of the above fusion heptapeptide were further investigated by BLAST to track the origin of the polypeptide sequences. The antibody spectrum revealed new T1DM-associated epitopes and antibodies. Results: A total of 1200 phage DNA were sequenced and 9 conserved polypeptide sequences were collected. It was confirmed that the zinc transporter and islet amyloid protease were among them.The conserved polypeptide sequence 8 and another three distinctive polypeptide sequences derived from Proteus were discovered. Furthermore, we expressed recombinant proteins with homologous polypeptide sequences for the human islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) polypeptide precursor human zinc transporter 8 (ZNT8). Through clinical sample detection for the serum from T1DM (n=100) and T2DM (n=200) patients, results demonstrate the importance and relevance of these polypeptides in the recognition and classification of various forms of diabetes. Conclusion： Human pancreatic and concurrent bacterial-derived protein antigens and their epitopes were identified in this research by phage display system, which is crucial for distinguishing different types of diabetes.","PeriodicalId":487619,"journal":{"name":"Authorea (Authorea)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134991291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.22541/essoar.170000395.52860395/v1
Sujata Bogati, Joshua Carpenter, Ellen Woods, Jinha Jung, Diane R Wang
{"title":"Examining Root System Variability in Soybean Using Imaging Technologies","authors":"Sujata Bogati, Joshua Carpenter, Ellen Woods, Jinha Jung, Diane R Wang","doi":"10.22541/essoar.170000395.52860395/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.170000395.52860395/v1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":487619,"journal":{"name":"Authorea (Authorea)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134953764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.22541/essoar.170000365.56355118/v1
Mark J. Engebretson, Sean A. Gaffaney, Jesus A. Ochoa, Andrei Runov, James M. Weygand, Yukitoshi (Toshi) Nishimura, Michael D. Hartinger, Vyatcheslav A. Pilipenko, Mark B. Moldwin, Martin Connors, Ian Mann, Zhonghua Xu, Juan V Rodriguez
Dipolarizing flux bundles (DFBs) have been suggested to transport energy and momentum from regions of reconnection in the magnetotail to the high latitude ionosphere, where they can generate localized ionospheric currents that can produce large nighttime geomagnetic disturbances (GMDs). In this study we identified DFBs observed in the midnight sector from ~7 to ~10 RE by THEMIS A, D, and E during days in 2015-2017 whose northern hemisphere magnetic footpoints mapped to regions near Hudson Bay, Canada, and have compared them to GMDs observed by ground magnetometers. We found six days during which one or more of these DFBs coincided within ± 3 min with ≥ 6 nT/s GMDs observed by latitudinally closely spaced ground-based magnetometers located near those footpoints. Spherical elementary current systems (SECS) maps and all-sky imager data provided further characterization of two events, showing short-lived localized intense upward currents, auroral intensifications and/or streamers, and vortical perturbations of a westward electrojet. On all but one of these days the coincident DFB – GMD pairs occurred during intervals of high-speed solar wind streams but low values of SYM/H. In some events, in which the DFBs were observed closer to Earth and with lower Earthward velocities, the GMDs occurred slightly earlier than the DFBs, suggesting that braking had begun before the time of the DFB observation. This study is the first to connect spacecraft observations of DFBs in the magnetotail to intense (>6 nT/s) GMDs on the ground, and the results suggest DFBs could be an important driver of GICs.
{"title":"Signatures of Dipolarizing Flux Bundles in the Nightside Auroral Zone","authors":"Mark J. Engebretson, Sean A. Gaffaney, Jesus A. Ochoa, Andrei Runov, James M. Weygand, Yukitoshi (Toshi) Nishimura, Michael D. Hartinger, Vyatcheslav A. Pilipenko, Mark B. Moldwin, Martin Connors, Ian Mann, Zhonghua Xu, Juan V Rodriguez","doi":"10.22541/essoar.170000365.56355118/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.170000365.56355118/v1","url":null,"abstract":"Dipolarizing flux bundles (DFBs) have been suggested to transport energy and momentum from regions of reconnection in the magnetotail to the high latitude ionosphere, where they can generate localized ionospheric currents that can produce large nighttime geomagnetic disturbances (GMDs). In this study we identified DFBs observed in the midnight sector from ~7 to ~10 RE by THEMIS A, D, and E during days in 2015-2017 whose northern hemisphere magnetic footpoints mapped to regions near Hudson Bay, Canada, and have compared them to GMDs observed by ground magnetometers. We found six days during which one or more of these DFBs coincided within ± 3 min with ≥ 6 nT/s GMDs observed by latitudinally closely spaced ground-based magnetometers located near those footpoints. Spherical elementary current systems (SECS) maps and all-sky imager data provided further characterization of two events, showing short-lived localized intense upward currents, auroral intensifications and/or streamers, and vortical perturbations of a westward electrojet. On all but one of these days the coincident DFB – GMD pairs occurred during intervals of high-speed solar wind streams but low values of SYM/H. In some events, in which the DFBs were observed closer to Earth and with lower Earthward velocities, the GMDs occurred slightly earlier than the DFBs, suggesting that braking had begun before the time of the DFB observation. This study is the first to connect spacecraft observations of DFBs in the magnetotail to intense (>6 nT/s) GMDs on the ground, and the results suggest DFBs could be an important driver of GICs.","PeriodicalId":487619,"journal":{"name":"Authorea (Authorea)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134953890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ground Pi-2 pulsations comprise superpositions of various modal components of shear and fast Alfven waves, field line resonance, and plasmaspheric resonances. These complex waveforms, hard to resolve with Fourier transforms are successfully characterized by wavelet techniques. Wavelet detection employs decomposition and reconstruction modes to characterize time-frequency components. Hence, suitable for the examination of the locality and complexity of natural signal patterns. The current study presents the automatic detection of Pi-2 pulsations using Daubechies and Morlet wavelet transforms. In the study, distinct Pi-2 events from CPMN stations along 210${^circ}$ magnetic meridian were detected. Global Pi-2 pulsations with harmonious H oscillations and discrete D bays in the sub-aurora zone suggest a common source with diverse tunneling paths. Scalograms of Pi-2 undulations of the frequency band of 6.7-22 mHz were observed despite different kinds of Pi-2s. Auroral Pi-2s were highly localized in local time with clear H and D bays, implying magnetospheric-ionospheric current couplings. Latitudinal and longitudinal Pi-2 propagations are exemplified by 180${^circ}$ phase-shift (polarization) in EWA and group delay in the mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere. Overall, Pi-2 wave power from high to low latitudes declined with peak amplitudes of 15 nT to less than 1 nT, respectively. Finally, external influences from sea currents causing signal attenuation due to the station’s proximity to the sea were also identified. To conclude, the accuracy and efficiency of wavelet analysis with no computation hassle render it a valuable tool for the study of space events in the magnetospheric community.
{"title":"Wavelet Analysis for Automatic Detection of Pi-2 Pulsations during Substorm Onset Along the 210$^{circ}$ Magnetic Meridian","authors":"stephen Owino Omondi, Akimasa Yoshikawa, Teiji Uozumi, Yuki Obana, Moe Hayashi, Ayman Mohamed Mahrous","doi":"10.22541/essoar.170000392.22424750/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.170000392.22424750/v1","url":null,"abstract":"Ground Pi-2 pulsations comprise superpositions of various modal components of shear and fast Alfven waves, field line resonance, and plasmaspheric resonances. These complex waveforms, hard to resolve with Fourier transforms are successfully characterized by wavelet techniques. Wavelet detection employs decomposition and reconstruction modes to characterize time-frequency components. Hence, suitable for the examination of the locality and complexity of natural signal patterns. The current study presents the automatic detection of Pi-2 pulsations using Daubechies and Morlet wavelet transforms. In the study, distinct Pi-2 events from CPMN stations along 210${^circ}$ magnetic meridian were detected. Global Pi-2 pulsations with harmonious H oscillations and discrete D bays in the sub-aurora zone suggest a common source with diverse tunneling paths. Scalograms of Pi-2 undulations of the frequency band of 6.7-22 mHz were observed despite different kinds of Pi-2s. Auroral Pi-2s were highly localized in local time with clear H and D bays, implying magnetospheric-ionospheric current couplings. Latitudinal and longitudinal Pi-2 propagations are exemplified by 180${^circ}$ phase-shift (polarization) in EWA and group delay in the mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere. Overall, Pi-2 wave power from high to low latitudes declined with peak amplitudes of 15 nT to less than 1 nT, respectively. Finally, external influences from sea currents causing signal attenuation due to the station’s proximity to the sea were also identified. To conclude, the accuracy and efficiency of wavelet analysis with no computation hassle render it a valuable tool for the study of space events in the magnetospheric community.","PeriodicalId":487619,"journal":{"name":"Authorea (Authorea)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134954193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.22541/essoar.170000336.60993943/v1
Xu Xiang
{"title":"Pathway study and systematic evaluation of microRNAs involved in anthracycline- induced cardiotoxicity in breast cancer patients","authors":"Xu Xiang","doi":"10.22541/essoar.170000336.60993943/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.170000336.60993943/v1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":487619,"journal":{"name":"Authorea (Authorea)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134954365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.22541/essoar.170000016.66293056/v1
William J Longley
A fundamental problem in turbulence is understanding how energy cascades across multiple scales. In this paper, a new weak turbulence theory is developed to explain how energy can be transferred from Langmuir and Upper-Hybrid waves (~10 MHz frequencies, 20-cm wavelengths) to ion-acoustic waves (~kHz frequencies, 3-meter wavelengths). A kinetic approach is used where the electrostatic Boltzmann equations are Fourier-Laplace transformed, and the nonlinear term is retained. A unique feature of this approach is the ability to calculate power spectra at low frequencies, for any wavelength or angle to the magnetic field. The results of this theory explain how 150-km echoes are generated in the ionosphere. First, peaks in the suprathermal electron velocity distribution drive a bump-on-tail like instability. This instability excites the Upper-Hybrid mode, and the nonlinear mode coupling theory shows that the instability generates a ~10 dB enhancement of the ion-acoustic mode: matching the observed enhancement in 150-km echoes.
{"title":"The generation of 150 km echoes through nonlinear wave mode coupling","authors":"William J Longley","doi":"10.22541/essoar.170000016.66293056/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.170000016.66293056/v1","url":null,"abstract":"A fundamental problem in turbulence is understanding how energy cascades across multiple scales. In this paper, a new weak turbulence theory is developed to explain how energy can be transferred from Langmuir and Upper-Hybrid waves (~10 MHz frequencies, 20-cm wavelengths) to ion-acoustic waves (~kHz frequencies, 3-meter wavelengths). A kinetic approach is used where the electrostatic Boltzmann equations are Fourier-Laplace transformed, and the nonlinear term is retained. A unique feature of this approach is the ability to calculate power spectra at low frequencies, for any wavelength or angle to the magnetic field. The results of this theory explain how 150-km echoes are generated in the ionosphere. First, peaks in the suprathermal electron velocity distribution drive a bump-on-tail like instability. This instability excites the Upper-Hybrid mode, and the nonlinear mode coupling theory shows that the instability generates a ~10 dB enhancement of the ion-acoustic mode: matching the observed enhancement in 150-km echoes.","PeriodicalId":487619,"journal":{"name":"Authorea (Authorea)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134954405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.22541/au.169995134.41042376/v1
Yan Zhou, Kun Li, David Adelson
Gastrointestinal mucositis (GIM) continues to be a significant issue in the management of abdominal cancer radiation treatments and chemotherapy, causing significant patient discomfort and therapy interruption or even cessation. This review will first focus on radiotherapy induced GIM, providing an understanding of its clinical landscape. Subsequently, the etiology of GIM will be reviewed, highlighting diverse contributing factors. The cellular and tissue damages and associated molecular responses in GIM will be summarised in the context of the underlying complex biological processes. Finally, available drugs and pharmaceutical therapies will be evaluated, underscoring their insufficiency, and highlighting the need for further research and innovation. This review will emphasize the urgent need for improved pharmacologic therapeutics for GIM, which is a key research priority in oncology.
{"title":"An unmet need for pharmacology: treatments for radiation induced gastrointestinal mucositis.","authors":"Yan Zhou, Kun Li, David Adelson","doi":"10.22541/au.169995134.41042376/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.169995134.41042376/v1","url":null,"abstract":"Gastrointestinal mucositis (GIM) continues to be a significant issue in the management of abdominal cancer radiation treatments and chemotherapy, causing significant patient discomfort and therapy interruption or even cessation. This review will first focus on radiotherapy induced GIM, providing an understanding of its clinical landscape. Subsequently, the etiology of GIM will be reviewed, highlighting diverse contributing factors. The cellular and tissue damages and associated molecular responses in GIM will be summarised in the context of the underlying complex biological processes. Finally, available drugs and pharmaceutical therapies will be evaluated, underscoring their insufficiency, and highlighting the need for further research and innovation. This review will emphasize the urgent need for improved pharmacologic therapeutics for GIM, which is a key research priority in oncology.","PeriodicalId":487619,"journal":{"name":"Authorea (Authorea)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134957001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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