Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.22541/au.169993819.91728892/v1
Qichang Guo, Xingdong Liang, Yangliang Wan, Hang Li, Yujie Dai
Array-InSAR tomography has become a field of intensive research to reconstruct urban 3D point clouds. However, multipath interference is very obvious in the reconstructed 3D point clouds, seriously affecting the recognition, extraction, and modeling of the building. In this letter, the authors proposed a novel multipath suppression method to improve the quality of point clouds, which mainly utilizes the characteristics of secondary and tertiary scattering. The performance of the method is verified through airborne array-InSAR data. Experimental results show that the proposed method can automatically obtain large scene urban 3D point clouds without multipath interference.
{"title":"Multipath model and suppression in airborne array-InSAR radar tomography","authors":"Qichang Guo, Xingdong Liang, Yangliang Wan, Hang Li, Yujie Dai","doi":"10.22541/au.169993819.91728892/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.169993819.91728892/v1","url":null,"abstract":"Array-InSAR tomography has become a field of intensive research to reconstruct urban 3D point clouds. However, multipath interference is very obvious in the reconstructed 3D point clouds, seriously affecting the recognition, extraction, and modeling of the building. In this letter, the authors proposed a novel multipath suppression method to improve the quality of point clouds, which mainly utilizes the characteristics of secondary and tertiary scattering. The performance of the method is verified through airborne array-InSAR data. Experimental results show that the proposed method can automatically obtain large scene urban 3D point clouds without multipath interference.","PeriodicalId":487619,"journal":{"name":"Authorea (Authorea)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134992114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.22541/essoar.170000347.73900494/v1
Ben Knight, Fabio Antonio Capitanio, Roberto F. Weinberg, Luca Dal Zilio
The Cenozoic evolution of the Himalaya-Tibet Plateau, dictated by the India-Asia convergence, remains a subject of substantial ambiguity. Here, a thermo-mechanical model is used to show the critical controls of decelerating convergence on the formation and stabilization of distinctive tectonic structures during prolonged collision. At high constant convergence rates, similar to the late Paleogene India-Asia motions, the lower plate crust is injected beneath the overriding crust, uplifting a plateau, first, then is exhumed towards the orogeny front. Conversely, low constant convergence rates, similar to the Neogene India-Asia motions, induce crustal thickening and plateau formation without underplating or exhumation of incoming crust. Strikingly, models simulating the decelerating India-Asia convergence history portray a dynamic evolution, highlighting the transitory nature of features under decreasing convergence, as the orogen shifts to a new equilibrium. In the transitional phase, the slowing of convergence decreases basal shearing and compression, leading to extension and heating in the orogen interiors. This allows diapiric ascent of buried crust and plateau collapse, as accretion migrates to a frontal fold-and-thrust belt. The models provide insights into the multi-stage evolution of the long-lived Himalayan-Tibetan orogeny, from fast early growth of the Tibetan Plateau, through its transient destabilisation and late-stage internal extension, behind the expanding Himalayan belt.
{"title":"India-Asia slowing convergence rate controls on the Cenozoic Himalaya-Tibetan tectonics","authors":"Ben Knight, Fabio Antonio Capitanio, Roberto F. Weinberg, Luca Dal Zilio","doi":"10.22541/essoar.170000347.73900494/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.170000347.73900494/v1","url":null,"abstract":"The Cenozoic evolution of the Himalaya-Tibet Plateau, dictated by the India-Asia convergence, remains a subject of substantial ambiguity. Here, a thermo-mechanical model is used to show the critical controls of decelerating convergence on the formation and stabilization of distinctive tectonic structures during prolonged collision. At high constant convergence rates, similar to the late Paleogene India-Asia motions, the lower plate crust is injected beneath the overriding crust, uplifting a plateau, first, then is exhumed towards the orogeny front. Conversely, low constant convergence rates, similar to the Neogene India-Asia motions, induce crustal thickening and plateau formation without underplating or exhumation of incoming crust. Strikingly, models simulating the decelerating India-Asia convergence history portray a dynamic evolution, highlighting the transitory nature of features under decreasing convergence, as the orogen shifts to a new equilibrium. In the transitional phase, the slowing of convergence decreases basal shearing and compression, leading to extension and heating in the orogen interiors. This allows diapiric ascent of buried crust and plateau collapse, as accretion migrates to a frontal fold-and-thrust belt. The models provide insights into the multi-stage evolution of the long-lived Himalayan-Tibetan orogeny, from fast early growth of the Tibetan Plateau, through its transient destabilisation and late-stage internal extension, behind the expanding Himalayan belt.","PeriodicalId":487619,"journal":{"name":"Authorea (Authorea)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134954045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.22541/essoar.170000029.91528205/v1
Rich Briggs
{"title":"An Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone interface earthquake recurrence model from geology and geodesy","authors":"Rich Briggs","doi":"10.22541/essoar.170000029.91528205/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.170000029.91528205/v1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":487619,"journal":{"name":"Authorea (Authorea)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134954058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.22541/essoar.170000383.35959868/v1
Remington Rohel, Pavlo V. Ponomarenko, Kathryn A McWilliams
Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) consists of more than 30 monostatic high-frequency (HF, 10-18~MHz) radars which utilise signals scattered from decameter-scale ionospheric irregularities for studying dynamic processes in the ionosphere. By combining line-of-sight velocity measurements of ionospheric scatter echoes from radars with overlapping fields of view, SuperDARN provides maps of ionospheric plasma drift velocity over mid and high latitudes. The conventional SuperDARN radars consecutively scan through sixteen beam directions with dwelling time of 3.5 s/beam, which places a lower limit of one minute to sample the entire field of view. In this work we remove this limitation by utilizing advanced capabilities of the recently developed Borealis digital SuperDARN radar system. Combining a wide transmission beam with multiple narrow reception beams allows us to sample all conventional beam directions simultaneously and to increase the sampling rate of the entire field of view by up to sixteen times without noticeable deterioration of the data quality. The wide-beam emission also enabled the implementation of multistatic operations, where ionospheric scatter signals from one radar are received by other radars with overlapping viewing areas. These novel operations required the development of a new model to determine the geographic location of the source of the multistatic radar echoes. Our preliminary studies showed that, in comparison with the conventional monostatic operations, the multistatic operations provide a significant increase in geographic coverage, in some cases nearly doubling it. The multistatic data also provide additional velocity vector components increasing the likelihood of reconstructing full plasma drift velocity vectors.
{"title":"Full field-of-view imaging and multistatic operations for SuperDARN Borealis radars","authors":"Remington Rohel, Pavlo V. Ponomarenko, Kathryn A McWilliams","doi":"10.22541/essoar.170000383.35959868/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.170000383.35959868/v1","url":null,"abstract":"Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) consists of more than 30 monostatic high-frequency (HF, 10-18~MHz) radars which utilise signals scattered from decameter-scale ionospheric irregularities for studying dynamic processes in the ionosphere. By combining line-of-sight velocity measurements of ionospheric scatter echoes from radars with overlapping fields of view, SuperDARN provides maps of ionospheric plasma drift velocity over mid and high latitudes. The conventional SuperDARN radars consecutively scan through sixteen beam directions with dwelling time of 3.5 s/beam, which places a lower limit of one minute to sample the entire field of view. In this work we remove this limitation by utilizing advanced capabilities of the recently developed Borealis digital SuperDARN radar system. Combining a wide transmission beam with multiple narrow reception beams allows us to sample all conventional beam directions simultaneously and to increase the sampling rate of the entire field of view by up to sixteen times without noticeable deterioration of the data quality. The wide-beam emission also enabled the implementation of multistatic operations, where ionospheric scatter signals from one radar are received by other radars with overlapping viewing areas. These novel operations required the development of a new model to determine the geographic location of the source of the multistatic radar echoes. Our preliminary studies showed that, in comparison with the conventional monostatic operations, the multistatic operations provide a significant increase in geographic coverage, in some cases nearly doubling it. The multistatic data also provide additional velocity vector components increasing the likelihood of reconstructing full plasma drift velocity vectors.","PeriodicalId":487619,"journal":{"name":"Authorea (Authorea)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134954373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.22541/au.169994739.92020576/v1
Chunxi Huang, Zilong Wan Wan, Aoping Zhu, Caiyou Chen
As a versatile earth-abundant transition metal, Cu has long been widely applied in the C-C and C-X bond forming reactions. As for now, low-valent Cu(I) is known to reduce the redox active electrophiles via an SET pathway to give the corresponding radical and Cu(II) spe-cies. The resulting Cu(II) species can interact with the radical via the out-sphere pathway, affording the coupling product. Alternatively, Cu(II) can trap the radical through the inner-sphere process to generate Cu(III) species and then realize challenging bond formations due to the facile reductive elimination of Cu(III) intermediate. Although copper catalysis has been widely applied in arylations of various nucleophiles, copper-catalyzed enantioconvergent nucleophilic substitutions of racemic alkyl electrophiles have been less explored, likely due to the difficulties in overcoming the reduction potential of alkyl electrophiles, elimination side reactions, and enantiomeric control. In order to overcome the high reduction potential of alkyl electrophiles, the photo-induced strategy has been developed under mild conditions. An alternative strategy with new anionic tridentate ligands has also been reported in this regard. This review summa-rizes recent developments in copper-catalyzed enantioconvergent nucleophilic substitutions of alkyl electrophiles by various nucleo-philes to realize C-N, C-C, C-B, C-P and C-O bond formations and their brief mechanistic studies.
{"title":"Copper Catalyzed Enantioconvergent Nucleophilic Substitutions","authors":"Chunxi Huang, Zilong Wan Wan, Aoping Zhu, Caiyou Chen","doi":"10.22541/au.169994739.92020576/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.169994739.92020576/v1","url":null,"abstract":"As a versatile earth-abundant transition metal, Cu has long been widely applied in the C-C and C-X bond forming reactions. As for now, low-valent Cu(I) is known to reduce the redox active electrophiles via an SET pathway to give the corresponding radical and Cu(II) spe-cies. The resulting Cu(II) species can interact with the radical via the out-sphere pathway, affording the coupling product. Alternatively, Cu(II) can trap the radical through the inner-sphere process to generate Cu(III) species and then realize challenging bond formations due to the facile reductive elimination of Cu(III) intermediate. Although copper catalysis has been widely applied in arylations of various nucleophiles, copper-catalyzed enantioconvergent nucleophilic substitutions of racemic alkyl electrophiles have been less explored, likely due to the difficulties in overcoming the reduction potential of alkyl electrophiles, elimination side reactions, and enantiomeric control. In order to overcome the high reduction potential of alkyl electrophiles, the photo-induced strategy has been developed under mild conditions. An alternative strategy with new anionic tridentate ligands has also been reported in this regard. This review summa-rizes recent developments in copper-catalyzed enantioconvergent nucleophilic substitutions of alkyl electrophiles by various nucleo-philes to realize C-N, C-C, C-B, C-P and C-O bond formations and their brief mechanistic studies.","PeriodicalId":487619,"journal":{"name":"Authorea (Authorea)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134954714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.22541/au.169994771.15159489/v1
Audrey Kwong, Caroline Kristunas, Clare Davenport, Ridhi Aggarwal, Jonathan Deeks, Sue Mallett, Sean Kehoe, Dirk Timmerman, Tom Bourne, Hilary Stobart, Richard Neal, Usha Menon, Alexandra Gentry-Maharaj, Lauren Sturdy, Ryan Ottridge, Sudha Sundar
Objectives: To investigate psychological correlates in women referred with suspected ovarian cancer via the fast-track pathway, explore how anxiety and distress levels change 12 months post-testing and report cancer conversion rates by age and referral pathway. Design: Single arm prospective cohort study Setting: Multicentre. Secondary care including outpatient clinics and emergency admissions. Participants: 2596 newly presenting symptomatic women with a raised CA125 level, abnormal imaging or both. Methods: Women completed anxiety and distress questionnaires at recruitment and at 12 months for those who had not undergone surgery or a biopsy within 3 months of recruitment. Main outcome measures: Anxiety and distress levels measured using STAI-6 and IES-r questionnaires. OC conversion rates by age, menopausal status and referral pathway. Results: 1355/2596 (52.1%) and 1781/2596 (68.6%) experienced moderate-to-severe distress and anxiety at recruitment. Younger age and emergency presentations had higher distress levels. Clinical category for anxiety and distress remained unchanged/worsened in 76% at 12 months despite a non-cancer diagnosis. OC rates by age were 1.6% (95% CI 0.5 to 5.9) under 40 and 10.9 % (95% CI 8.7 to 13.6) over 40 years. In women referred through fast-track pathways, 3.3% (95% CI 1.9 to 5.7) of pre- and 18.5% (95% CI 16.1 to 21.0) of postmenopausal women were diagnosed with OC. Conclusions: Women undergoing diagnostic testing display severe anxiety and distress. Younger women are especially vulnerable and should be targeted for support. Women under 40 have low conversion rates and we advocate reducing testing in this group to reduce harms of testing.
目的:研究通过快速通道转诊的疑似卵巢癌妇女的心理相关因素，探讨焦虑和痛苦水平在检测后12个月的变化，并报告不同年龄和转诊途径的癌症转换率。设计:单臂前瞻性队列研究设置:多中心。二级保健，包括门诊和急诊。参与者:2596名CA125水平升高、影像学异常或两者兼而有之的新出现症状的女性。方法:在入组时和入组12个月时，未接受手术或在入组3个月内未接受活检的妇女分别填写焦虑和痛苦问卷。主要结果测量:焦虑和痛苦水平使用STAI-6和IES-r问卷测量。按年龄、绝经状态和转诊途径划分的OC转换率。结果:1355/2596(52.1%)和1781/2596(68.6%)在招聘时经历过中重度的抑郁和焦虑。年龄越小和出现紧急情况的人的痛苦程度越高。尽管非癌症诊断，但焦虑和痛苦的临床类别在12个月内保持不变/恶化的比例为76%。40岁以下的OC率为1.6% (95% CI 0.5 ~ 5.9)， 40岁以上的OC率为10.9% (95% CI 8.7 ~ 13.6)。在通过快速通道转诊的妇女中，3.3% (95% CI 1.9 - 5.7)的绝经前妇女和18.5% (95% CI 16.1 - 21.0)的绝经后妇女被诊断为卵巢癌。结论:接受诊断测试的妇女表现出严重的焦虑和痛苦。年轻女性尤其容易受到伤害，应该得到支持。40岁以下的女性转化率较低，我们提倡在这一群体中减少检测，以减少检测的危害。
{"title":"Investigating harms of testing for ovarian cancer - psychological outcomes and cancer conversion rates in women with symptoms of ovarian cancer: a cohort study embedded in the multicentre ROCkeTS prospective diagnostic study","authors":"Audrey Kwong, Caroline Kristunas, Clare Davenport, Ridhi Aggarwal, Jonathan Deeks, Sue Mallett, Sean Kehoe, Dirk Timmerman, Tom Bourne, Hilary Stobart, Richard Neal, Usha Menon, Alexandra Gentry-Maharaj, Lauren Sturdy, Ryan Ottridge, Sudha Sundar","doi":"10.22541/au.169994771.15159489/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.169994771.15159489/v1","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To investigate psychological correlates in women referred with suspected ovarian cancer via the fast-track pathway, explore how anxiety and distress levels change 12 months post-testing and report cancer conversion rates by age and referral pathway. Design: Single arm prospective cohort study Setting: Multicentre. Secondary care including outpatient clinics and emergency admissions. Participants: 2596 newly presenting symptomatic women with a raised CA125 level, abnormal imaging or both. Methods: Women completed anxiety and distress questionnaires at recruitment and at 12 months for those who had not undergone surgery or a biopsy within 3 months of recruitment. Main outcome measures: Anxiety and distress levels measured using STAI-6 and IES-r questionnaires. OC conversion rates by age, menopausal status and referral pathway. Results: 1355/2596 (52.1%) and 1781/2596 (68.6%) experienced moderate-to-severe distress and anxiety at recruitment. Younger age and emergency presentations had higher distress levels. Clinical category for anxiety and distress remained unchanged/worsened in 76% at 12 months despite a non-cancer diagnosis. OC rates by age were 1.6% (95% CI 0.5 to 5.9) under 40 and 10.9 % (95% CI 8.7 to 13.6) over 40 years. In women referred through fast-track pathways, 3.3% (95% CI 1.9 to 5.7) of pre- and 18.5% (95% CI 16.1 to 21.0) of postmenopausal women were diagnosed with OC. Conclusions: Women undergoing diagnostic testing display severe anxiety and distress. Younger women are especially vulnerable and should be targeted for support. Women under 40 have low conversion rates and we advocate reducing testing in this group to reduce harms of testing.","PeriodicalId":487619,"journal":{"name":"Authorea (Authorea)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134954716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.22541/essoar.170000377.75686509/v1
Lin Liu, Danian Shi, Simon L Klemperer, Jianyu Shi
{"title":"Slab tearing and delamination of the Indian lithospheric mantle during flat-slab subduction, southeast Tibet","authors":"Lin Liu, Danian Shi, Simon L Klemperer, Jianyu Shi","doi":"10.22541/essoar.170000377.75686509/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.170000377.75686509/v1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":487619,"journal":{"name":"Authorea (Authorea)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134954738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.22541/au.169999228.88543122/v1
Sun Zhenqi, Wang Shijin, Li Zhongqin
The hydrological regulation function of glaciers in different watersheds is different. This study took the Yanggong River Basin (YRB) and Urumqi River Basin (URB) as two typical cases, to explore the runoff change differences and their responses to climate factors during 1979-2017 using the Mann–Kendall test and correlation analysis method. In the past 39 years , the annual runoff in the YRB showed insignificant trend of increasing first and then decreasing. In contrast, the URB’s increasing trend was significant. In the YRB, from the 1980s to the 2010s, the monthly runoff extremum occurred earlier than before, and the peak value is decreased. The time of monthly runoff extremum in the URB has not changed, but the peak value is increasing. Both basins showed an increasing trend in the annual temperature from 1979 to 2017, and the temperature rise in the URB was faster than in the YRB. The precipitation in the two basins did not show a significant increase or decrease trend from 1979 to 2017. The main influencing factor of runoff change in the YRB is the precipitation during flood season. The temperature rise causes an accelerated melting of the glaciers and snow cover, which, in combination with the summer precipitation change, contributed to the increase of runoff in the URB. In continental glacier basins with many glaciers, the regulation function of glaciers on total runoff is more significant.
{"title":"Characteristics of runoff changes and their climatic factors in two different glacier-fed basins","authors":"Sun Zhenqi, Wang Shijin, Li Zhongqin","doi":"10.22541/au.169999228.88543122/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.169999228.88543122/v1","url":null,"abstract":"The hydrological regulation function of glaciers in different watersheds is different. This study took the Yanggong River Basin (YRB) and Urumqi River Basin (URB) as two typical cases, to explore the runoff change differences and their responses to climate factors during 1979-2017 using the Mann–Kendall test and correlation analysis method. In the past 39 years , the annual runoff in the YRB showed insignificant trend of increasing first and then decreasing. In contrast, the URB’s increasing trend was significant. In the YRB, from the 1980s to the 2010s, the monthly runoff extremum occurred earlier than before, and the peak value is decreased. The time of monthly runoff extremum in the URB has not changed, but the peak value is increasing. Both basins showed an increasing trend in the annual temperature from 1979 to 2017, and the temperature rise in the URB was faster than in the YRB. The precipitation in the two basins did not show a significant increase or decrease trend from 1979 to 2017. The main influencing factor of runoff change in the YRB is the precipitation during flood season. The temperature rise causes an accelerated melting of the glaciers and snow cover, which, in combination with the summer precipitation change, contributed to the increase of runoff in the URB. In continental glacier basins with many glaciers, the regulation function of glaciers on total runoff is more significant.","PeriodicalId":487619,"journal":{"name":"Authorea (Authorea)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134956689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.22541/au.169999059.90897960/v1
Bernd J. Berauer, Anke Steppuhn, Andreas Schweiger
Drought threatens plant growth and related ecosystem services. The emergence of plant drought stress under edaphic drought is well studied, whilst the importance of atmospheric drought only recently gained momentum. Yet, little is known about the interaction and relative contribution of edaphic and atmospheric drought on the emergence of plant drought stress. We conducted a gradient experiment, fully crossing gravimetric water content (GWC: field capacity-permanent wilting point) and vapour pressure deficit (VPD: 1-2.25kPa) using five wheat varieties from three species ( Triticum monococcum , T. durum & T. aestivum ). We quantified the emergence of plant drought stress on molecular (ABA), cellular (stomatal conductance), organ (leaf water potential) and stand level (evapotranspiration). Plant drought stress increased with decreasing GWC across all organisational levels. This effect was magnified non-linearly by VPD after passing a critical threshold of soil water availability. At around 20% GWC plants lost their ability to regulate leaf water potential via stomata regulation, followed by the emergence of hydraulic dysfunction. The emergence of plant drought stress is characterized by changing relative contributions of soil vs. atmosphere and their non-linear interaction. This highly non-linear response, consequently, is likely to abruptly alter plant-related ecosystem services in a drying world.
干旱威胁植物生长和相关的生态系统服务。土壤干旱下植物干旱胁迫的出现已经得到了很好的研究，而大气干旱的重要性直到最近才得到重视。然而，土壤干旱和大气干旱在植物干旱胁迫发生过程中的相互作用和相对贡献尚不清楚。本研究利用小麦品种(Triticum monococum, T. durum &葡萄球菌)。我们从分子(ABA)、细胞(气孔导度)、器官(叶片水势)和林分水平(蒸散)等方面量化了植物干旱胁迫的发生。植物干旱胁迫随GWC的降低而增加。当土壤水分有效性超过临界阈值后，VPD会非线性地放大这种效应。在GWC约20%时，植物失去了通过气孔调节叶片水势的能力，随后出现水力功能障碍。植物干旱胁迫发生的特征是土壤与大气的相对贡献及其非线性相互作用的变化。因此，这种高度非线性的响应可能会突然改变干旱世界中与植物相关的生态系统服务。
{"title":"The multidimensionality of plant drought stress: The relative importance of edaphic and atmospheric drought","authors":"Bernd J. Berauer, Anke Steppuhn, Andreas Schweiger","doi":"10.22541/au.169999059.90897960/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.169999059.90897960/v1","url":null,"abstract":"Drought threatens plant growth and related ecosystem services. The emergence of plant drought stress under edaphic drought is well studied, whilst the importance of atmospheric drought only recently gained momentum. Yet, little is known about the interaction and relative contribution of edaphic and atmospheric drought on the emergence of plant drought stress. We conducted a gradient experiment, fully crossing gravimetric water content (GWC: field capacity-permanent wilting point) and vapour pressure deficit (VPD: 1-2.25kPa) using five wheat varieties from three species ( Triticum monococcum , T. durum & T. aestivum ). We quantified the emergence of plant drought stress on molecular (ABA), cellular (stomatal conductance), organ (leaf water potential) and stand level (evapotranspiration). Plant drought stress increased with decreasing GWC across all organisational levels. This effect was magnified non-linearly by VPD after passing a critical threshold of soil water availability. At around 20% GWC plants lost their ability to regulate leaf water potential via stomata regulation, followed by the emergence of hydraulic dysfunction. The emergence of plant drought stress is characterized by changing relative contributions of soil vs. atmosphere and their non-linear interaction. This highly non-linear response, consequently, is likely to abruptly alter plant-related ecosystem services in a drying world.","PeriodicalId":487619,"journal":{"name":"Authorea (Authorea)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134957182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.22541/au.169997307.78145021/v1
Chandran Sudakar, Soumyadip Mitra
High energy density Ni-rich layered oxide cathodes LiNiCoMnAlO (x=0, 0.025, 0.05; NMC, NMCA, and NCA, respectively) are fabricated in two different microstructural forms: (i) nanoparticles (NP) and (ii) nanofibers (NF), to evaluate the morphology and compositional effect on the electrochemical properties using same precursors, with the latter fabricated by electrospinning process. Although all the cathodes exhibit a similar crystal structure as confirmed by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, contrasting difference is observed in their electrochemical properties. XRD and XPS analyses indicate a higher amount of cationic disorder for the NP cathodes compared to their NF counterparts. Nanofibrous Ni-rich layered oxide cathodes exhibit higher discharge capacities at all C-rates in comparison to NP cathodes. When cycled at 1C-rate for 100 cycles, capacity retention of 81% is observed for NCA-NF, which is superior to all cathodes. Voltage decay as a function of the charge-discharge cycle is found to be low (0.2 mV/cycle) for nanofibrous cathodes compared to 1.5 mV/cycle for NP cathodes. The good rate capability and cyclic stability of nanofibrous Ni-rich layered oxide cathodes are attributed to a shorter pathway of Li diffusion and a large proportion of the active surface area.
{"title":"High-Rate Capability and Cyclic Stability of Ni-rich Layered Oxide LiNi0.83Co0.12Mn0.05-xAlxO2 cathodes: Nanofiber vs Nanoparticle Morphology","authors":"Chandran Sudakar, Soumyadip Mitra","doi":"10.22541/au.169997307.78145021/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.169997307.78145021/v1","url":null,"abstract":"High energy density Ni-rich layered oxide cathodes LiNiCoMnAlO (x=0, 0.025, 0.05; NMC, NMCA, and NCA, respectively) are fabricated in two different microstructural forms: (i) nanoparticles (NP) and (ii) nanofibers (NF), to evaluate the morphology and compositional effect on the electrochemical properties using same precursors, with the latter fabricated by electrospinning process. Although all the cathodes exhibit a similar crystal structure as confirmed by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, contrasting difference is observed in their electrochemical properties. XRD and XPS analyses indicate a higher amount of cationic disorder for the NP cathodes compared to their NF counterparts. Nanofibrous Ni-rich layered oxide cathodes exhibit higher discharge capacities at all C-rates in comparison to NP cathodes. When cycled at 1C-rate for 100 cycles, capacity retention of 81% is observed for NCA-NF, which is superior to all cathodes. Voltage decay as a function of the charge-discharge cycle is found to be low (0.2 mV/cycle) for nanofibrous cathodes compared to 1.5 mV/cycle for NP cathodes. The good rate capability and cyclic stability of nanofibrous Ni-rich layered oxide cathodes are attributed to a shorter pathway of Li diffusion and a large proportion of the active surface area.","PeriodicalId":487619,"journal":{"name":"Authorea (Authorea)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134901086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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