Pub Date : 2025-05-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.008
P. Savarino , M. Borgarelli , T. Massimiliano
A nine-month-old, female Maine Coon cat was referred for acute respiratory distress. Echocardiography revealed the presence of a membrane dividing the left atrium into two chambers, suggestive of cor triatriatum sinister (CTS). Due to poor prognosis, the owner elected for humane euthanasia. At necropsy, a transverse fibromuscular membrane containing an orifice dividing the left atrium into two chambers was observed, confirming the diagnosis of CTS, or divided left atrium. Moreover, atresia of the outflow of right pulmonary veins into the left atrium was identified. This study reports the rare instance of CTS associated with anomalies of the pulmonary venous connection.
{"title":"Divided left atrium (Cor Triatriatum Sinister) with atresia of the right pulmonary veins in a cat","authors":"P. Savarino , M. Borgarelli , T. Massimiliano","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A nine-month-old, female Maine Coon cat was referred for acute respiratory distress. Echocardiography revealed the presence of a membrane dividing the left atrium into two chambers, suggestive of cor triatriatum sinister (CTS). Due to poor prognosis, the owner elected for humane euthanasia. At necropsy, a transverse fibromuscular membrane containing an orifice dividing the left atrium into two chambers was observed, confirming the diagnosis of CTS, or divided left atrium. Moreover, atresia of the outflow of right pulmonary veins into the left atrium was identified. This study reports the rare instance of CTS associated with anomalies of the pulmonary venous connection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Pages 23-29"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144204326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.005
J. Liu, R. Baumwart, S. Kwon
Ventriculophasic response (VR) in atrioventricular nodal (AVN) block is characterized by a shortening of the sinoatrial cycle length when a QRS complex is interposed between two P waves. This has been well documented in humans and dogs with AVN blocks but not in horses. Herein, we describe a horse with second-degree AVN blocks and constant PR intervals that exhibited 5:3 conduction and suspected VR at rest but less consistently after submaximal exercise. Proposed VR mechanisms include (1) inhibition of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex from reduced end-systolic volume during ventricular contraction; (2) vagal inhibition from increased intra-atrial pressure (Bainbridge reflex); and (3) accelerated sinus node discharge from changes in sinus nodal blood supply during ventricular contraction. This case exhibited some electrocardiogram characteristics of the first two mechanisms to explain the PP interval alteration and suspected VR. Horses often exhibit physiologic AVN blocks, and clinicians should consider VR when interpreting equine electrocardiograms.
{"title":"Ventriculophasic response in a horse with atrioventricular block","authors":"J. Liu, R. Baumwart, S. Kwon","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ventriculophasic response (VR) in atrioventricular nodal (AVN) block is characterized by a shortening of the sinoatrial cycle length when a QRS complex is interposed between two P waves. This has been well documented in humans and dogs with AVN blocks but not in horses. Herein, we describe a horse with second-degree AVN blocks and constant PR intervals that exhibited 5:3 conduction and suspected VR at rest but less consistently after submaximal exercise. Proposed VR mechanisms include (1) inhibition of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex from reduced end-systolic volume during ventricular contraction; (2) vagal inhibition from increased intra-atrial pressure (Bainbridge reflex); and (3) accelerated sinus node discharge from changes in sinus nodal blood supply during ventricular contraction. This case exhibited some electrocardiogram characteristics of the first two mechanisms to explain the PP interval alteration and suspected VR. Horses often exhibit physiologic AVN blocks, and clinicians should consider VR when interpreting equine electrocardiograms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Pages 46-49"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144242193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.006
R.L. Winter, K.L. Maneval, C.S. Ferrel
A two-year-old, 7.7-kg female spayed Cocker spaniel dog was presented for further evaluation of severe pulmonary stenosis. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed severe concentric hypertrophy and dilation of the right ventricle, and two distinct levels of obstruction were observed. A discrete level of obstruction was observed at the crista supraventricularis. This lesion was hyperechoic and located roughly 11 mm away from the pulmonary annulus. Additionally, pulmonary leaflets were elongated and demonstrated systolic doming. These findings were consistent with concurrent pulmonary valvar and infundibular stenosis. The peak systolic pressure gradient across the pulmonary annulus assessed by continuous-wave Doppler interrogation was 190 mmHg. The following day, pulmonary balloon angioplasty was performed successfully with cutting and high-pressure balloon catheters. The day after intervention, echocardiography revealed that the peak systolic pressure gradient across the pulmonary annulus had decreased to 65 mmHg. This pressure gradient had further decreased to 30 mmHg nine months later.
{"title":"Cutting and high-pressure balloon angioplasty in a dog with concurrent pulmonary valvar and infundibular stenosis","authors":"R.L. Winter, K.L. Maneval, C.S. Ferrel","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A two-year-old, 7.7-kg female spayed Cocker spaniel dog was presented for further evaluation of severe pulmonary stenosis. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed severe concentric hypertrophy and dilation of the right ventricle, and two distinct levels of obstruction were observed. A discrete level of obstruction was observed at the crista supraventricularis. This lesion was hyperechoic and located roughly 11 mm away from the pulmonary annulus. Additionally, pulmonary leaflets were elongated and demonstrated systolic doming. These findings were consistent with concurrent pulmonary valvar and infundibular stenosis. The peak systolic pressure gradient across the pulmonary annulus assessed by continuous-wave Doppler interrogation was 190 mmHg. The following day, pulmonary balloon angioplasty was performed successfully with cutting and high-pressure balloon catheters. The day after intervention, echocardiography revealed that the peak systolic pressure gradient across the pulmonary annulus had decreased to 65 mmHg. This pressure gradient had further decreased to 30 mmHg nine months later.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Pages 50-56"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144280132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.004
B.J. Sutherland , M. Kraus , C. Barr , L. Aronson , D. Holt , S. Fuller
A one-year-old standard poodle was presented for evaluation of exercise intolerance with suspicion for a large atrial septal defect. Transthoracic echocardiography identified an unrestricted 2-cm secundum-type atrial septal defect with a peak left-to-right flow of 1 m/s yielding a Qp/Qs ratio of 2.1:1 and moderate right-sided chamber dilation. Based on clinical signs and echocardiographic findings, closure was recommended. Transesophageal echocardiography was subsequently performed to help determine the most appropriate closure method, which revealed insufficient posterior rim, and hence, surgical repair was recommended. The defect was closed using fresh autologous pericardium under normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Surgery and immediate postoperative recovery were relatively uncomplicated. Intra-operative epicardial and postoperative transthoracic echocardiography showed no residual atrial septal defect. The patient was closely monitored in the intensive care unit until discharge eight days after the procedure with no cardiac medications. Follow-up echocardiogram was performed three weeks postoperatively, showing an intact patch, no evidence of interatrial shunting, and decrease in right-sided chamber size. At six months, echocardiography showed an intact septum, normal right atrial and ventricular size, and resolution of clinical signs. This is the first known report of the use of fresh autologous pericardium as a durable and safe patch choice for atrial septal defect repair in a dog. Autologous pericardium is cost-effective and readily available. It is commonly employed to repair many cardiovascular defects in humans including atrial septal defects, right ventricular outflow tract enlargement, and pulmonary artery augmentation. This report also highlights the benefit of multi-modal imaging in clinical decision-making.
{"title":"Open atrial septal defect repair in a dog using fresh autologous pericardium","authors":"B.J. Sutherland , M. Kraus , C. Barr , L. Aronson , D. Holt , S. Fuller","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A one-year-old standard poodle was presented for evaluation of exercise intolerance with suspicion for a large atrial septal defect. Transthoracic echocardiography identified an unrestricted 2-cm secundum-type atrial septal defect with a peak left-to-right flow of 1 m/s yielding a Qp/Qs ratio of 2.1:1 and moderate right-sided chamber dilation. Based on clinical signs and echocardiographic findings, closure was recommended. Transesophageal echocardiography was subsequently performed to help determine the most appropriate closure method, which revealed insufficient posterior rim, and hence, surgical repair was recommended. The defect was closed using fresh autologous pericardium under normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Surgery and immediate postoperative recovery were relatively uncomplicated. Intra-operative epicardial and postoperative transthoracic echocardiography showed no residual atrial septal defect. The patient was closely monitored in the intensive care unit until discharge eight days after the procedure with no cardiac medications. Follow-up echocardiogram was performed three weeks postoperatively, showing an intact patch, no evidence of interatrial shunting, and decrease in right-sided chamber size. At six months, echocardiography showed an intact septum, normal right atrial and ventricular size, and resolution of clinical signs. This is the first known report of the use of fresh autologous pericardium as a durable and safe patch choice for atrial septal defect repair in a dog. Autologous pericardium is cost-effective and readily available. It is commonly employed to repair many cardiovascular defects in humans including atrial septal defects, right ventricular outflow tract enlargement, and pulmonary artery augmentation. This report also highlights the benefit of multi-modal imaging in clinical decision-making.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Pages 30-35"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144221888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.003
T. Gunasekaran, R.A. Sanders
Introduction/Objectives
The objective of this study was to determine the optimal duration of ambulatory electrocardiography (Holter) monitoring for detecting ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and to assess day-to-day spontaneous variability in dogs using seven-day recordings.
Animals, Materials, and Methods
Medical records of dogs undergoing the consecutive seven-day Holter monitoring were retrospectively reviewed. Dogs were included if the Holter monitoring was performed for collapse, arrhythmia-related symptoms, or documented VAs on prior electrocardiography. Dogs undergoing routine breed screening or evaluated for bradyarrhythmias or supraventricular tachycardia were excluded. Day-to-day variability in VA burden was assessed using the percent coefficient of variation (CV%). Bayesian probability modeling was used to analyze arrhythmia detection from days one through seven, identifying the point at which additional monitoring provided diminishing diagnostic returns.
Results
Of 124 Holter recordings reviewed, 87 met inclusion criteria. The percent coefficient of variation (CV%) for daily ventricular premature complex (VPC) frequency ranged from 8 to 188%. Bayesian analysis showed that detection of >1000 VPCs, >500 VPCs, or ventricular tachycardia episodes increased within the first three days of monitoring, with minimal improvement thereafter. Detection of >100 VPCs plateaued after two days. R-on-T VPCs exhibited continued detection increases through days four to five. Dogs receiving anti-arrhythmic drugs plateaued by day three, whereas untreated dogs showed continued detection increases up to day five.
Limitations
The study's retrospective nature, modest sample size for treated dogs, and variability in anti-arrhythmic protocols may limit generalizability.
Conclusions
A three-day Holter monitoring duration is recommended for detecting most VAs in dogs, while four days may be required for R-on-T event detection.
{"title":"Determining the optimal Holter monitoring duration for detecting ventricular arrhythmia in dogs: a Bayesian approach","authors":"T. Gunasekaran, R.A. Sanders","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/Objectives</h3><div>The objective of this study was to determine the optimal duration of ambulatory electrocardiography (Holter) monitoring for detecting ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and to assess day-to-day spontaneous variability in dogs using seven-day recordings.</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials, and Methods</h3><div>Medical records of dogs undergoing the consecutive seven-day Holter monitoring were retrospectively reviewed. Dogs were included if the Holter monitoring was performed for collapse, arrhythmia-related symptoms, or documented VAs on prior electrocardiography. Dogs undergoing routine breed screening or evaluated for bradyarrhythmias or supraventricular tachycardia were excluded. Day-to-day variability in VA burden was assessed using the percent coefficient of variation (CV%). Bayesian probability modeling was used to analyze arrhythmia detection from days one through seven, identifying the point at which additional monitoring provided diminishing diagnostic returns.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 124 Holter recordings reviewed, 87 met inclusion criteria. The percent coefficient of variation (CV%) for daily ventricular premature complex (VPC) frequency ranged from 8 to 188%. Bayesian analysis showed that detection of >1000 VPCs, >500 VPCs, or ventricular tachycardia episodes increased within the first three days of monitoring, with minimal improvement thereafter. Detection of >100 VPCs plateaued after two days. R-on-T VPCs exhibited continued detection increases through days four to five. Dogs receiving anti-arrhythmic drugs plateaued by day three, whereas untreated dogs showed continued detection increases up to day five.</div></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><div>The study's retrospective nature, modest sample size for treated dogs, and variability in anti-arrhythmic protocols may limit generalizability.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>A three-day Holter monitoring duration is recommended for detecting most VAs in dogs, while four days may be required for R-on-T event detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Pages 14-22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144189717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-08DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.002
M. Ciccozzi, C.D. Stauthammer, C. Coats, S. Oberholtzer, A. Masters, E. Gavic, A. Rendahl, A. Tobias
Introduction
The Amplatz canine duct occluder (ACDO) is routinely used for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occlusion. Limited data are available on clinical outcomes and success rates with ACDO device placement. This study aimed to determine procedural outcome and complications for PDA occlusion with the ACDO in a large cohort of dogs.
Animals, Materials, and Methods
A retrospective study of 200 dogs that underwent ACDO placement for PDA occlusion between March 2007- and September 2023 was conducted. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed prior to occlusion, 24 h after occlusion, and during follow-up recheck visits. Procedural success was defined as successful device placement as determined based on fluoroscopy at the time of the PDA occlusion procedure and survival after the procedure.
Results
Dogs had a median weight of 6.5 kg and required a median device size of 6 mm. At 24 h post- occlusion, 5% of dogs had trivial flow through the device. Persistent trivial flow was noted on recheck in 5.5% of patients with a median follow-up time of 96 days. Minor complications occurred in 2.5% of dogs. Major complications occurred in 4% of dogs including device embolization in 2% of dogs. Procedural mortality rate was 0.5%. There was a statistically significant reduction in left ventricular and left atrial size at the 24-h postocclusion recheck echocardiogram (P<0.001) and at follow-up rechecks (P<0.001). There was a statistical difference (P<0.050) between echocardiographic and angiographicderived measurements and ratios when selecting device size.
Conclusions
The high procedural success and low complication rates support use of the ACDO device as a safe and effective method of PDA occlusion in dogs.
{"title":"Transcatheter Amplatz canine duct occluder placement for patent ductus arteriosus occlusion: A retrospective analysis of outcomes and complications in 200 dogs","authors":"M. Ciccozzi, C.D. Stauthammer, C. Coats, S. Oberholtzer, A. Masters, E. Gavic, A. Rendahl, A. Tobias","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The Amplatz canine duct occluder (ACDO) is routinely used for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occlusion. Limited data are available on clinical outcomes and success rates with ACDO device placement. This study aimed to determine procedural outcome and complications for PDA occlusion with the ACDO in a large cohort of dogs.</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials, and Methods</h3><div>A retrospective study of 200 dogs that underwent ACDO placement for PDA occlusion between March 2007- and September 2023 was conducted. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed prior to occlusion, 24 h after occlusion, and during follow-up recheck visits. Procedural success was defined as successful device placement as determined based on fluoroscopy at the time of the PDA occlusion procedure and survival after the procedure.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Dogs had a median weight of 6.5 kg and required a median device size of 6 mm. At 24 h post- occlusion, 5% of dogs had trivial flow through the device. Persistent trivial flow was noted on recheck in 5.5% of patients with a median follow-up time of 96 days. Minor complications occurred in 2.5% of dogs. Major complications occurred in 4% of dogs including device embolization in 2% of dogs. Procedural mortality rate was 0.5%. There was a statistically significant reduction in left ventricular and left atrial size at the 24-h postocclusion recheck echocardiogram (P<0.001) and at follow-up rechecks (P<0.001). There was a statistical difference (P<0.050) between echocardiographic and angiographicderived measurements and ratios when selecting device size.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The high procedural success and low complication rates support use of the ACDO device as a safe and effective method of PDA occlusion in dogs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Pages 36-45"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144231513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-23DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.04.003
D. Caivano , P. Ferrari , M. Rishniw
Introduction
Recently, investigators have suggested that Cavalier King Charles spaniels have smaller left atrial-to-aortic ratios (LA:Aos) than other breeds.
Animals, Materials and Methods
This study comprised apparently healthy adult Cavalier King Charles spaniels (n = 218) and apparently healthy adult dogs of other breeds (n = 379), imaged by the same observers, for inclusion in the Osservatorio Veterinario Italiano Cardiopatie. Left atrial and aortic measurements, obtained from two-dimensional images at the closing of the aortic valve, and left ventricular internal dimensions in diastole, obtained from M-mode images, were both obtained from the right parasternal short-axis view. Furthermore, left atrial and aortic measurements were indexed allometrically and compared to data obtained by the same observers. Measurements obtained by multiple observers were compared for systematic bias. Reference limits were created for the LA:Ao and normalized left ventricular diastolic dimensions.
Results
Reference limits agreed with previously published limits for other dogs, with the upper reference limit for Cavalier King Charles spaniels approximating 1.6. Cavalier King Charles spaniels had allometrically indexed left atrial and aortic measurements that were not smaller than those in other dogs.
Study Limitations
Retrospective study with multiple independent observers, not specifically instructed to measure the LA:Ao.
Conclusions
Cavalier King Charles spaniels have an LA:Ao not smaller than other breeds. Furthermore, the left atrial linear dimension obtained in the right parasternal short-axis view and normalized to bodyweight does not appear to be smaller. Consequently, current generic reference intervals for left atrial dimensions apply to Cavalier King Charles spaniels.
{"title":"Left atrial size in healthy Cavalier King Charles spaniels: a comparison to dogs of other breeds and previously published reference intervals","authors":"D. Caivano , P. Ferrari , M. Rishniw","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Recently, investigators have suggested that Cavalier King Charles spaniels have smaller left atrial-to-aortic ratios (LA:Aos) than other breeds.</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials and Methods</h3><div>This study comprised apparently healthy adult Cavalier King Charles spaniels (n = 218) and apparently healthy adult dogs of other breeds (n = 379), imaged by the same observers, for inclusion in the Osservatorio Veterinario Italiano Cardiopatie. Left atrial and aortic measurements, obtained from two-dimensional images at the closing of the aortic valve, and left ventricular internal dimensions in diastole, obtained from M-mode images, were both obtained from the right parasternal short-axis view. Furthermore, left atrial and aortic measurements were indexed allometrically and compared to data obtained by the same observers. Measurements obtained by multiple observers were compared for systematic bias. Reference limits were created for the LA:Ao and normalized left ventricular diastolic dimensions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Reference limits agreed with previously published limits for other dogs, with the upper reference limit for Cavalier King Charles spaniels approximating 1.6. Cavalier King Charles spaniels had allometrically indexed left atrial and aortic measurements that were not smaller than those in other dogs.</div></div><div><h3>Study Limitations</h3><div>Retrospective study with multiple independent observers, not specifically instructed to measure the LA:Ao.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Cavalier King Charles spaniels have an LA:Ao not smaller than other breeds. Furthermore, the left atrial linear dimension obtained in the right parasternal short-axis view and normalized to bodyweight does not appear to be smaller. Consequently, current generic reference intervals for left atrial dimensions apply to Cavalier King Charles spaniels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Pages 1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143948289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-05DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.04.001
M. Meijer , H. Aupperle-Lellbach , D. Willems , M. Dirven
A 10-week-old female Oriental shorthair was referred due to stunted growth, weight loss, dyspnea, and reduced activity levels compared to her littermates. Thoracic radiography revealed a markedly enlarged cardiac silhouette and a diffuse unstructured interstitial pulmonary pattern, presumably due to cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Echocardiography showed marked left- and right-sided ventricular dilation, decreased contractility, and enlargement of both atria, without any identifiable congenital defects. Pleural and peritoneal effusion were also present. Based on these findings, a presumptive diagnosis of both left- and right-sided congestive heart failure due to a dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype was made. Cardiovascular pathological examination confirmed the echocardiographic findings. Additionally, mild interstitial myocardial fibrosis was present in the left ventricle, both atria, the interventricular septum, and, to a minimal extent, in the right ventricle. Moderate endocardial fibrosis was observed in the left atrium and left atrial appendage, while mild endocardial fibrosis was present in the left ventricle. Both antemortem and postmortem evaluations did not provide clear evidence of the underlying cause. Therefore, we consider this a rare case of feline juvenile idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy with secondary reactive endocardial and myocardial fibrosis.
{"title":"Dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype in a 10-week-old Oriental shorthair kitten","authors":"M. Meijer , H. Aupperle-Lellbach , D. Willems , M. Dirven","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 10-week-old female Oriental shorthair was referred due to stunted growth, weight loss, dyspnea, and reduced activity levels compared to her littermates. Thoracic radiography revealed a markedly enlarged cardiac silhouette and a diffuse unstructured interstitial pulmonary pattern, presumably due to cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Echocardiography showed marked left- and right-sided ventricular dilation, decreased contractility, and enlargement of both atria, without any identifiable congenital defects. Pleural and peritoneal effusion were also present. Based on these findings, a presumptive diagnosis of both left- and right-sided congestive heart failure due to a dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype was made. Cardiovascular pathological examination confirmed the echocardiographic findings. Additionally, mild interstitial myocardial fibrosis was present in the left ventricle, both atria, the interventricular septum, and, to a minimal extent, in the right ventricle. Moderate endocardial fibrosis was observed in the left atrium and left atrial appendage, while mild endocardial fibrosis was present in the left ventricle. Both antemortem and postmortem evaluations did not provide clear evidence of the underlying cause. Therefore, we consider this a rare case of feline juvenile idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy with secondary reactive endocardial and myocardial fibrosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"59 ","pages":"Pages 126-132"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-05DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.04.002
A.K. Masters , L. Brock , M.A. Tropf , A. Rendahl , S. Rogg , J.L. Ward
Introduction/Objectives
The aim of this study was to determine clinical and echocardiographic findings associated with congestive heart failure (CHF) manifestation type in cats and to assess impact on the risk of CHF recurrence and survival.
Animals, Materials and Methods
A retrospective medical record review of 135 cats with CHF was conducted. Cats were grouped based on CHF manifestation type. Associations between CHF manifestation and clinical and echocardiographic variables were assessed using a Fisher's test and analysis of variance. Comparisons between CHF manifestations were performed using a pairwise Fisher's test with Bonferroni-Holm adjustment and Tukey's honestly significant difference method after analysis of variance.
Results
Congestive heart failure manifestation was associated with sex (P=0.045), history of increased respiratory rate (P=0.006), effort (P=0.001), and signs of arterial thromboembolism (P=0.004). Significant differences between left atrium-to-aorta ratio (P=0.043), diastolic right ventricular internal dimension (P=0.001), systolic right ventricular internal dimension (P=0.015), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (P=0.044), and presence of non-specific cardiomyopathy phenotype (P=0.001) were identified among CHF groups. Cats with ascites as their CHF manifestation had significantly higher median diastolic right ventricular internal dimension (9.9 mm) and systolic right ventricular internal dimension (6.6 mm) on pairwise comparison than cats with other CHF manifestations. Congestive heart failure manifestation did not have a statistically significant association with survival but did with time to CHF recurrence (P=0.008).
Study Limitations
Retrospective design, small sample size, and potential misclassification of CHF manifestation type are limitations of this study.
Conclusions
Congestive heart failure manifestation type is associated with various clinical and echocardiographic findings in cats with heart disease.
{"title":"Clinical and echocardiographic variables associated with the type of congestive heart failure manifestation in cats","authors":"A.K. Masters , L. Brock , M.A. Tropf , A. Rendahl , S. Rogg , J.L. Ward","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/Objectives</h3><div>The aim of this study was to determine clinical and echocardiographic findings associated with congestive heart failure (CHF) manifestation type in cats and to assess impact on the risk of CHF recurrence and survival.</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials and Methods</h3><div>A retrospective medical record review of 135 cats with CHF was conducted. Cats were grouped based on CHF manifestation type. Associations between CHF manifestation and clinical and echocardiographic variables were assessed using a Fisher's test and analysis of variance. Comparisons between CHF manifestations were performed using a pairwise Fisher's test with Bonferroni-Holm adjustment and Tukey's honestly significant difference method after analysis of variance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Congestive heart failure manifestation was associated with sex (P=0.045), history of increased respiratory rate (P=0.006), effort (P=0.001), and signs of arterial thromboembolism (P=0.004). Significant differences between left atrium-to-aorta ratio (P=0.043), diastolic right ventricular internal dimension (P=0.001), systolic right ventricular internal dimension (P=0.015), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (P=0.044), and presence of non-specific cardiomyopathy phenotype (P=0.001) were identified among CHF groups. Cats with ascites as their CHF manifestation had significantly higher median diastolic right ventricular internal dimension (9.9 mm) and systolic right ventricular internal dimension (6.6 mm) on pairwise comparison than cats with other CHF manifestations. Congestive heart failure manifestation did not have a statistically significant association with survival but did with time to CHF recurrence (P=0.008).</div></div><div><h3>Study Limitations</h3><div>Retrospective design, small sample size, and potential misclassification of CHF manifestation type are limitations of this study.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Congestive heart failure manifestation type is associated with various clinical and echocardiographic findings in cats with heart disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"59 ","pages":"Pages 114-125"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-04DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.03.010
K. Kadowaki , N. Miyashita , K. Nakamura , T. Mori
A 10-month-old, 1.2- kg, unspayed female Maltese dog presented with the chief complaint of a heart murmur. Echocardiography revealed a transpulmonary velocity of 5.28 m/s (estimated pressure gradient: 112 mmHg) and severe pulmonary valve stenosis with an estimated pulmonary valve annulus diameter of 7.2 mm. Given the dog's small size, a balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty via the femoral vein was considered. The pulmonary valve annulus was dilated thrice using a 10-mm balloon (balloon-to-annulus ratio: 1.39). After the balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty, right ventricular systolic pressure decreased from 125 to 78 mmHg. The interventional procedure was completed without serious complications. As of postoperative day 149, the maximum transpulmonary velocity decreased to 2.43 m/s (estimated pressure gradient: 24 mmHg), recurrence of pulmonary valve stenosis was not observed, and the patient was doing well clinically. In conclusion, an approach performed via the femoral vein in this 1.2-kg dog resulted in a successful procedure without significant complications.
{"title":"Transfemoral vein approach for balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty in a 1.2- kg dog","authors":"K. Kadowaki , N. Miyashita , K. Nakamura , T. Mori","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.03.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.03.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 10-month-old, 1.2- kg, unspayed female Maltese dog presented with the chief complaint of a heart murmur. Echocardiography revealed a transpulmonary velocity of 5.28 m/s (estimated pressure gradient: 112 mmHg) and severe pulmonary valve stenosis with an estimated pulmonary valve annulus diameter of 7.2 mm. Given the dog's small size, a balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty via the femoral vein was considered. The pulmonary valve annulus was dilated thrice using a 10-mm balloon (balloon-to-annulus ratio: 1.39). After the balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty, right ventricular systolic pressure decreased from 125 to 78 mmHg. The interventional procedure was completed without serious complications. As of postoperative day 149, the maximum transpulmonary velocity decreased to 2.43 m/s (estimated pressure gradient: 24 mmHg), recurrence of pulmonary valve stenosis was not observed, and the patient was doing well clinically. In conclusion, an approach performed via the femoral vein in this 1.2-kg dog resulted in a successful procedure without significant complications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"59 ","pages":"Pages 133-138"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143885939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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