Journal of Veterinary Cardiology最新文献

英文中文

Corrigendum to “Occurrence and distribution of left ventricular bands and normal anatomical features in 78 feline hearts” [J Vet Cardiol 59 (2025) 81–92] “78只猫心脏左心室带的发生、分布及正常解剖特征”的更正[J Vet Cardiol 59 (2025) 81-92]

IF 1.5 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-06-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.001

N. Kiessling , S. Rørvig , J. Häggström

引用次数: 0

Journal title page and editorial board 杂志标题页和编辑委员会

IF 1.5 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1760-2734(25)00049-9

引用次数: 0

Accuracy of visually estimated left heart size by echocardiography in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease 超声心动图对二尖瓣黏液瘤病犬左心大小的目测准确性

IF 1.5 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-05-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.010

R. Baba , D. Ito , T. Toyofuku , H. Ichihashi , N. Arizuka , M. Okada

Introduction/Objectives

The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between visual estimation of left heart size and conventional echocardiographic measurements in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD).

Animals, Materials and methods

Seventy dogs with various stages of myxomatous mitral valve disease were retrospectively enrolled. Five investigators (two cardiologists and three non-cardiologists) received brief training before visually evaluating the left atrium-to-aortic ratio (LA:AO) and the presence of left ventricular enlargement using right parasternal long-axis five-chamber and basal short-axis echocardiographic videos. Correlations between visually estimated and conventionally measured LA:AOs were assessed using linear regression and Spearman's rank correlation. Interobserver agreement was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient. Agreement in identifying left ventricular enlargement was assessed using the Fleiss Kappa coefficient.

Results

A strong correlation was found between visual estimation and conventional measurements of LA:AO (r = 0.89; ρ = 0.90; P<0.001). Interobserver agreement for LA:AO visual estimation was good (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.76; 95% confidence interval: 0.65–0.84). Agreement between visual and conventional evaluation of left ventricular size was moderate (Fleiss Kappa = 0.50).

Study Limitations

Limitations include the use of high-quality images obtained by a cardiologist, the predominance of small-breed dogs, and the use of a non-standard imaging view for left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole normalized to body weight calculation.

Conclusions

Visual estimation demonstrated strong correlation with quantitative LA:AO measurements and moderate agreement for left ventricular size. It may be a useful tool in emergency or primary care settings when conventional echocardiography is not feasible.

本研究的目的是评估二尖瓣黏液瘤病（MMVD）犬左心尺寸的目测值与常规超声心动图测量值之间的相关性。动物、材料和方法对70只不同分期的二尖瓣黏液瘤病犬进行回顾性研究。五名研究人员（两名心脏病专家和三名非心脏病专家）接受了简短的培训，然后使用右胸骨旁长轴五室和基底短轴超声心动图视频视觉评估左心房与主动脉比（LA:AO）和左心室扩大的存在。使用线性回归和Spearman秩相关评估视觉估计和常规测量的LA:AOs之间的相关性。使用类内相关系数评估观察者间的一致性。使用Fleiss Kappa系数评估左心室增大的一致性。结果LA:AO的目测值与常规测量值有较强的相关性(r = 0.89；ρ = 0.90；术中,0.001)。LA:AO视觉估计的观察者间一致性较好(类内相关系数= 0.76；95%置信区间：0.65-0.84)。目测与常规左心室大小的一致性中等（Fleiss Kappa = 0.50）。研究的局限性包括使用由心脏病专家获得的高质量图像，小型犬的优势，以及使用非标准的舒张末期左心室内部尺寸归一化的体重计算成像视图。结论目测结果与定量LA:AO测量结果有较强的相关性，左心室大小与目测结果有中等程度的一致性。它可能是一个有用的工具，在急诊或初级保健设置时，传统的超声心动图是不可行的。

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引用次数: 0

Short- and long-term effects of hydrochlorothiazide in dogs with relapsing congestive heart failure due to myxomatous mitral valve disease: a retrospective analysis of 38 cases 氢氯噻嗪对二尖瓣黏液瘤性疾病所致复发性充血性心力衰竭犬的短期和长期影响：38例回顾性分析

IF 1.5 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-05-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.009

G. Romito , C. Mazzoldi , L. Calebotta , P. Castagna , N.G. Pelle , C. Valente , H. Poser , C. Guglielmini

Introduction/Objectives

Information on the use of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in dogs with relapsing congestive heart failure (CHF) due to myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide data on HCTZ's short- and long-term effects in canine MMVD.

Animals, materials, and methods

Signalment, clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic, and outcome data of dogs with relapsing CHF due to MMVD treated with HCTZ were retrospectively reviewed. The initial time point was the day HCTZ was introduced for a CHF relapse. Optimized criteria were used to determine the appropriate timings for evaluating HCTZ's short-term effects on laboratory and echocardiographic variables and its long-term impact on CHF management.

Results

Thirty-eight dogs were included. The initial median dose of HCTZ was 0.8 mg/kg/die. At a median of seven days after HCTZ prescription, creatinine, urea, and total calcium levels significantly increased, while sodium and potassium levels significantly decreased (P: from 0.045 to <0.0001). While no dog developed severe electrolyte abnormalities, some dogs showed severe increases in creatinine and urea. After a median of 95 days, no significant echocardiographic changes developed (P: from 0.74 to 0.13). Episodes of CHF were more frequent before (median: one every 68 days) than after (median: one every 124 days) HCTZ prescription (P=0.006).

Study limitations

The study limitations included the retrospective design of the study; not all dogs were included both in the short- and long-term analysis.

Conclusions

In canine MMVD, HCTZ is useful in long-term management of relapsing CHF. However, in the short term, HCTZ can cause laboratory abnormalities, primarily increased creatinine and urea.

介绍/目的氢氯噻嗪（HCTZ）在二尖瓣黏液瘤病（MMVD）所致复发性充血性心力衰竭（CHF）犬中的应用信息有限。因此，本研究的目的是提供HCTZ对犬MMVD的短期和长期影响的数据。动物、材料和方法回顾性回顾了经HCTZ治疗的MMVD所致CHF复发犬的信号、临床、诊断、治疗和结局数据。初始时间点为CHF复发时引入HCTZ的当天。采用优化的标准来确定适当的时机，以评估HCTZ对实验室和超声心动图变量的短期影响及其对CHF管理的长期影响。结果共纳入38只犬。HCTZ初始中位剂量为0.8 mg/kg/只。在HCTZ处方后的中位7天，肌酐、尿素和总钙水平显著升高，钠和钾水平显著降低（P值从0.045降至0.0001）。虽然没有狗出现严重的电解质异常，但一些狗显示肌酐和尿素严重增加。中位95天后，超声心动图无明显变化（P值从0.74到0.13）。HCTZ处方前（中位数：每68天1次）比处方后（中位数：每124天1次）CHF发作更频繁（P=0.006）。研究局限性研究的局限性包括研究的回顾性设计；并不是所有的狗都被包括在短期和长期的分析中。结论在犬MMVD中，HCTZ可用于长期治疗复发性CHF。然而，在短期内，HCTZ可引起实验室异常，主要是肌酐和尿素升高。

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引用次数: 0

Diagnosis of congestive heart failure by combining echocardiography and blood biomarkers in cats with cardiomyopathy 结合超声心动图和血液生物标志物对心肌病猫充血性心力衰竭的诊断

IF 1.5 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.007

T. Shimoda , T. Osuga , K. Nakamura

Introduction/Objectives

In cats with cardiomyopathy, echocardiographic indices and blood biomarkers such as atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) are useful in diagnosing congestive heart failure (CHF). However, the improvement in diagnostic accuracy by combining these indicators remains unclear.

Animals, materials and methods

Twenty-six cats diagnosed with cardiomyopathy using echocardiography were included in this study. They were classified into CHF and non-CHF groups according to the presence of pulmonary oedema or pleural effusion and response to heart failure treatment. The discriminative ability of each index for the presence of CHF was evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic curve.

Results

The left atrial-to-aortic root ratio (LA/Ao) had the highest area under the curve of 0.952 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.878–1.0), followed by ANP 0.915 (95% CI 0: 0.808–1.0), cTnI 0.861 (95% CI: 0.722–0.999), and NTproBNP 0.830 (95% CI: 0.672–0.988). Adding NTproBNP and ANP to the LA/Ao did not improve the discriminative ability. Limited by the combination of blood biomarkers, ANP and cTnI showed the highest discriminative ability.

Study Limitations

Following were the limitations to this study: lack of standardised medication, inability to calculate true correlation for NTproBNP values >1500 pmol/L, marked difference in disease severity between groups, inclusion of various cardiomyopathy types, reliance solely on LA/Ao for left atrial size assessment, and small sample size.

Conclusions

This study indicates that if LA/Ao can be measured accurately, the significance of measuring cardiac biomarkers for diagnosing CHF in cats with cardiomyopathy is low.

在患有心肌病的猫中，超声心动图指标和血液生物标志物如心房利钠肽（ANP）、心肌肌钙蛋白I （cTnI）和n端前b型利钠肽（NTproBNP）对诊断充血性心力衰竭（CHF）很有帮助。然而，通过结合这些指标来提高诊断准确性仍不清楚。动物、材料和方法采用超声心动图诊断为心肌病的猫26只。根据是否存在肺水肿或胸腔积液以及对心力衰竭治疗的反应将患者分为CHF组和非CHF组。采用受试者工作特征曲线评价各指标对CHF存在的判别能力。结果左房主动脉根比（LA/Ao）曲线下面积最大，为0.952(95%可信区间[CI]: 0.878 ~ 1.0)，其次为ANP 0.915 （95% CI 0: 0.808 ~ 1.0）、cTnI 0.861 （95% CI: 0.722 ~ 0.999）、NTproBNP 0.830 （95% CI: 0.672 ~ 0.988）。在LA/Ao中加入NTproBNP和ANP并没有提高LA/Ao的识别能力。受血液生物标志物组合的限制，ANP和cTnI表现出最高的区分能力。以下是本研究的局限性：缺乏标准化的药物治疗，无法计算NTproBNP值>；1500 pmol/L的真实相关性，组间疾病严重程度的显着差异，包括各种心肌病类型，仅依赖LA/Ao评估左房大小，样本量小。结论本研究表明，如果能够准确测量LA/Ao，则测量心脏生物标志物对心肌病猫CHF诊断的意义较低。

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引用次数: 0

Divided left atrium (Cor Triatriatum Sinister) with atresia of the right pulmonary veins in a cat 猫左心房分裂伴右肺静脉闭锁

IF 1.5 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.008

P. Savarino , M. Borgarelli , T. Massimiliano

A nine-month-old, female Maine Coon cat was referred for acute respiratory distress. Echocardiography revealed the presence of a membrane dividing the left atrium into two chambers, suggestive of cor triatriatum sinister (CTS). Due to poor prognosis, the owner elected for humane euthanasia. At necropsy, a transverse fibromuscular membrane containing an orifice dividing the left atrium into two chambers was observed, confirming the diagnosis of CTS, or divided left atrium. Moreover, atresia of the outflow of right pulmonary veins into the left atrium was identified. This study reports the rare instance of CTS associated with anomalies of the pulmonary venous connection.

一只9个月大的雌性缅因猫因急性呼吸窘迫被转诊。超声心动图显示有一层膜将左心房分为两个腔室，提示心房三房心险恶（CTS）。由于预后不佳，主人选择了人道安乐死。尸检时，观察到一个横向纤维肌膜，其中包含一个将左心房分为两个腔室的孔，证实了CTS或分裂左心房的诊断。此外，右肺静脉流出闭锁进入左心房被确定。本研究报告罕见的CTS合并肺静脉连接异常的病例。

引用次数: 0

Ventriculophasic response in a horse with atrioventricular block 马房室传导阻滞的心室相反应

IF 1.5 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.005

J. Liu, R. Baumwart, S. Kwon

Ventriculophasic response (VR) in atrioventricular nodal (AVN) block is characterized by a shortening of the sinoatrial cycle length when a QRS complex is interposed between two P waves. This has been well documented in humans and dogs with AVN blocks but not in horses. Herein, we describe a horse with second-degree AVN blocks and constant PR intervals that exhibited 5:3 conduction and suspected VR at rest but less consistently after submaximal exercise. Proposed VR mechanisms include (1) inhibition of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex from reduced end-systolic volume during ventricular contraction; (2) vagal inhibition from increased intra-atrial pressure (Bainbridge reflex); and (3) accelerated sinus node discharge from changes in sinus nodal blood supply during ventricular contraction. This case exhibited some electrocardiogram characteristics of the first two mechanisms to explain the PP interval alteration and suspected VR. Horses often exhibit physiologic AVN blocks, and clinicians should consider VR when interpreting equine electrocardiograms.

房室结阻滞（AVN）的心室相反应（VR）的特征是当两个P波之间插入QRS复合体时，窦房周期长度缩短。这在人类和患有AVN阻滞的狗身上有很好的记录，但在马身上没有。本文中，我们描述了一匹具有二级AVN阻滞和恒定PR间隔的马，其在休息时表现出5:3的传导和疑似VR，但在次大运动后不那么一致。提出的VR机制包括：(1)心室收缩时收缩末期体积减少抑制Bezold-Jarisch反射；(2)心房内压力升高引起的迷走神经抑制（Bainbridge反射）；(3)心室收缩时窦结血供的改变加速了窦结放电。本病例表现出前两种机制的一些心电图特征来解释PP间期改变和疑似VR。马经常表现出生理性AVN阻滞，临床医生在解释马的心电图时应该考虑VR。

引用次数: 0

Cutting and high-pressure balloon angioplasty in a dog with concurrent pulmonary valvar and infundibular stenosis 切割术和高压球囊血管成形术治疗并发肺瓣膜和小脑狭窄1例

IF 1.5 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.006

R.L. Winter, K.L. Maneval, C.S. Ferrel

A two-year-old, 7.7-kg female spayed Cocker spaniel dog was presented for further evaluation of severe pulmonary stenosis. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed severe concentric hypertrophy and dilation of the right ventricle, and two distinct levels of obstruction were observed. A discrete level of obstruction was observed at the crista supraventricularis. This lesion was hyperechoic and located roughly 11 mm away from the pulmonary annulus. Additionally, pulmonary leaflets were elongated and demonstrated systolic doming. These findings were consistent with concurrent pulmonary valvar and infundibular stenosis. The peak systolic pressure gradient across the pulmonary annulus assessed by continuous-wave Doppler interrogation was 190 mmHg. The following day, pulmonary balloon angioplasty was performed successfully with cutting and high-pressure balloon catheters. The day after intervention, echocardiography revealed that the peak systolic pressure gradient across the pulmonary annulus had decreased to 65 mmHg. This pressure gradient had further decreased to 30 mmHg nine months later.

一只两岁，7.7公斤的雌性绝育可卡犬被提出进一步评估严重肺狭窄。经胸超声心动图显示右心室严重的同心圆肥大和扩张，并观察到两种不同程度的梗阻。在室上嵴处观察到离散程度的梗阻。病灶高回声，位于距肺环约11mm处。此外，肺小叶拉长，显示收缩期圆顶状。这些发现与并发肺瓣膜和小脑狭窄一致。连续波多普勒测得肺环收缩压梯度峰值为190 mmHg。第二天，使用切割和高压球囊导管成功进行肺球囊血管成形术。干预后第二天，超声心动图显示肺动脉环收缩压梯度峰值降至65 mmHg。9个月后，该压力梯度进一步降至30 mmHg。

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引用次数: 0

Open atrial septal defect repair in a dog using fresh autologous pericardium 新鲜自体心包修复犬开放式房间隔缺损

IF 1.5 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-05-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.004

B.J. Sutherland , M. Kraus , C. Barr , L. Aronson , D. Holt , S. Fuller

A one-year-old standard poodle was presented for evaluation of exercise intolerance with suspicion for a large atrial septal defect. Transthoracic echocardiography identified an unrestricted 2-cm secundum-type atrial septal defect with a peak left-to-right flow of 1 m/s yielding a Qp/Qs ratio of 2.1:1 and moderate right-sided chamber dilation. Based on clinical signs and echocardiographic findings, closure was recommended. Transesophageal echocardiography was subsequently performed to help determine the most appropriate closure method, which revealed insufficient posterior rim, and hence, surgical repair was recommended. The defect was closed using fresh autologous pericardium under normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Surgery and immediate postoperative recovery were relatively uncomplicated. Intra-operative epicardial and postoperative transthoracic echocardiography showed no residual atrial septal defect. The patient was closely monitored in the intensive care unit until discharge eight days after the procedure with no cardiac medications. Follow-up echocardiogram was performed three weeks postoperatively, showing an intact patch, no evidence of interatrial shunting, and decrease in right-sided chamber size. At six months, echocardiography showed an intact septum, normal right atrial and ventricular size, and resolution of clinical signs. This is the first known report of the use of fresh autologous pericardium as a durable and safe patch choice for atrial septal defect repair in a dog. Autologous pericardium is cost-effective and readily available. It is commonly employed to repair many cardiovascular defects in humans including atrial septal defects, right ventricular outflow tract enlargement, and pulmonary artery augmentation. This report also highlights the benefit of multi-modal imaging in clinical decision-making.

一只一岁的标准贵宾犬被提出评估运动不耐受与怀疑大房间隔缺损。经胸超声心动图发现一个无限制的2 cm二次型房间隔缺损，左向右血流峰值为1 m/s， Qp/Qs比为2.1:1，右侧房室适度扩张。根据临床症状和超声心动图结果，建议关闭。随后进行经食管超声心动图以帮助确定最合适的关闭方法，发现后缘不足，因此建议手术修复。在常温体外循环下应用新鲜自体心包缝合缺损。手术和术后立即恢复相对简单。术中心外膜及术后经胸超声心动图未见房间隔缺损残留。患者在重症监护病房密切监测，直到手术后8天出院，没有心脏药物。术后三周随访超声心动图，显示膜片完整，无房间分流迹象，右侧房室大小减小。6个月时，超声心动图显示鼻中隔完整，右心房和心室大小正常，临床症状消退。这是已知的第一个使用新鲜自体心包作为持久和安全的补片选择用于犬房间隔缺损修复的报告。自体心包具有成本效益和易得性。它通常用于修复人类的许多心血管缺陷，包括房间隔缺损、右心室流出道扩大和肺动脉增强。该报告还强调了多模态成像在临床决策中的益处。

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引用次数: 0

Determining the optimal Holter monitoring duration for detecting ventricular arrhythmia in dogs: a Bayesian approach 确定最佳动态心电图监测持续时间检测室性心律失常在狗：贝叶斯方法

IF 1.5 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-05-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.003

T. Gunasekaran, R.A. Sanders

Introduction/Objectives

The objective of this study was to determine the optimal duration of ambulatory electrocardiography (Holter) monitoring for detecting ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and to assess day-to-day spontaneous variability in dogs using seven-day recordings.

Animals, Materials, and Methods

Medical records of dogs undergoing the consecutive seven-day Holter monitoring were retrospectively reviewed. Dogs were included if the Holter monitoring was performed for collapse, arrhythmia-related symptoms, or documented VAs on prior electrocardiography. Dogs undergoing routine breed screening or evaluated for bradyarrhythmias or supraventricular tachycardia were excluded. Day-to-day variability in VA burden was assessed using the percent coefficient of variation (CV%). Bayesian probability modeling was used to analyze arrhythmia detection from days one through seven, identifying the point at which additional monitoring provided diminishing diagnostic returns.

Results

Of 124 Holter recordings reviewed, 87 met inclusion criteria. The percent coefficient of variation (CV%) for daily ventricular premature complex (VPC) frequency ranged from 8 to 188%. Bayesian analysis showed that detection of >1000 VPCs, >500 VPCs, or ventricular tachycardia episodes increased within the first three days of monitoring, with minimal improvement thereafter. Detection of >100 VPCs plateaued after two days. R-on-T VPCs exhibited continued detection increases through days four to five. Dogs receiving anti-arrhythmic drugs plateaued by day three, whereas untreated dogs showed continued detection increases up to day five.

Limitations

The study's retrospective nature, modest sample size for treated dogs, and variability in anti-arrhythmic protocols may limit generalizability.

Conclusions

A three-day Holter monitoring duration is recommended for detecting most VAs in dogs, while four days may be required for R-on-T event detection.

本研究的目的是确定动态心电图（Holter）监测检测室性心律失常（VAs）的最佳持续时间，并使用7天记录评估犬的日常自发变异性。动物、材料和方法回顾性分析连续7天动态心电图监测犬的医疗记录。如果狗狗在崩溃、心律失常相关症状或既往心电图记录的VAs中进行了动态心电图监测，则纳入研究。排除进行常规犬种筛选或评估慢速性心律失常或室上性心动过速的犬。使用变异百分比系数（CV%）评估VA负担的日常变异性。贝叶斯概率模型用于分析从第1天到第7天的心律失常检测，确定额外监测提供的诊断回报递减的点。结果124份动态心电图记录中，87份符合纳入标准。每日室性早衰（VPC）频率的百分比变异系数（CV%）范围为8 ~ 188%。贝叶斯分析显示，在监测的前三天内，VPCs的检出率增加，VPCs的检出率增加，室性心动过速发作增加，此后改善很小。100个vpc的检测在两天后趋于稳定。从第4天到第5天，R-on-T淋巴细胞的检出率持续上升。服用抗心律失常药物的狗在第三天达到稳定状态，而未服用药物的狗在第五天的检测结果持续上升。局限性：该研究的回顾性、对治疗犬的适度样本量以及抗心律失常方案的可变性可能限制了普遍性。结论大多数犬的动态心电图监测时间建议为3天，而R-on-T事件检测可能需要4天。

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