Journal of Veterinary Cardiology最新文献_第7页

Open atrial septal defect repair in a dog using fresh autologous pericardium 新鲜自体心包修复犬开放式房间隔缺损

IF 1.5 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-05-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.004

B.J. Sutherland , M. Kraus , C. Barr , L. Aronson , D. Holt , S. Fuller

A one-year-old standard poodle was presented for evaluation of exercise intolerance with suspicion for a large atrial septal defect. Transthoracic echocardiography identified an unrestricted 2-cm secundum-type atrial septal defect with a peak left-to-right flow of 1 m/s yielding a Qp/Qs ratio of 2.1:1 and moderate right-sided chamber dilation. Based on clinical signs and echocardiographic findings, closure was recommended. Transesophageal echocardiography was subsequently performed to help determine the most appropriate closure method, which revealed insufficient posterior rim, and hence, surgical repair was recommended. The defect was closed using fresh autologous pericardium under normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Surgery and immediate postoperative recovery were relatively uncomplicated. Intra-operative epicardial and postoperative transthoracic echocardiography showed no residual atrial septal defect. The patient was closely monitored in the intensive care unit until discharge eight days after the procedure with no cardiac medications. Follow-up echocardiogram was performed three weeks postoperatively, showing an intact patch, no evidence of interatrial shunting, and decrease in right-sided chamber size. At six months, echocardiography showed an intact septum, normal right atrial and ventricular size, and resolution of clinical signs. This is the first known report of the use of fresh autologous pericardium as a durable and safe patch choice for atrial septal defect repair in a dog. Autologous pericardium is cost-effective and readily available. It is commonly employed to repair many cardiovascular defects in humans including atrial septal defects, right ventricular outflow tract enlargement, and pulmonary artery augmentation. This report also highlights the benefit of multi-modal imaging in clinical decision-making.

一只一岁的标准贵宾犬被提出评估运动不耐受与怀疑大房间隔缺损。经胸超声心动图发现一个无限制的2 cm二次型房间隔缺损，左向右血流峰值为1 m/s， Qp/Qs比为2.1:1，右侧房室适度扩张。根据临床症状和超声心动图结果，建议关闭。随后进行经食管超声心动图以帮助确定最合适的关闭方法，发现后缘不足，因此建议手术修复。在常温体外循环下应用新鲜自体心包缝合缺损。手术和术后立即恢复相对简单。术中心外膜及术后经胸超声心动图未见房间隔缺损残留。患者在重症监护病房密切监测，直到手术后8天出院，没有心脏药物。术后三周随访超声心动图，显示膜片完整，无房间分流迹象，右侧房室大小减小。6个月时，超声心动图显示鼻中隔完整，右心房和心室大小正常，临床症状消退。这是已知的第一个使用新鲜自体心包作为持久和安全的补片选择用于犬房间隔缺损修复的报告。自体心包具有成本效益和易得性。它通常用于修复人类的许多心血管缺陷，包括房间隔缺损、右心室流出道扩大和肺动脉增强。该报告还强调了多模态成像在临床决策中的益处。

{"title":"Open atrial septal defect repair in a dog using fresh autologous pericardium","authors":"B.J. Sutherland , M. Kraus , C. Barr , L. Aronson , D. Holt , S. Fuller","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A one-year-old standard poodle was presented for evaluation of exercise intolerance with suspicion for a large atrial septal defect. Transthoracic echocardiography identified an unrestricted 2-cm secundum-type atrial septal defect with a peak left-to-right flow of 1 m/s yielding a Qp/Qs ratio of 2.1:1 and moderate right-sided chamber dilation. Based on clinical signs and echocardiographic findings, closure was recommended. Transesophageal echocardiography was subsequently performed to help determine the most appropriate closure method, which revealed insufficient posterior rim, and hence, surgical repair was recommended. The defect was closed using fresh autologous pericardium under normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Surgery and immediate postoperative recovery were relatively uncomplicated. Intra-operative epicardial and postoperative transthoracic echocardiography showed no residual atrial septal defect. The patient was closely monitored in the intensive care unit until discharge eight days after the procedure with no cardiac medications. Follow-up echocardiogram was performed three weeks postoperatively, showing an intact patch, no evidence of interatrial shunting, and decrease in right-sided chamber size. At six months, echocardiography showed an intact septum, normal right atrial and ventricular size, and resolution of clinical signs. This is the first known report of the use of fresh autologous pericardium as a durable and safe patch choice for atrial septal defect repair in a dog. Autologous pericardium is cost-effective and readily available. It is commonly employed to repair many cardiovascular defects in humans including atrial septal defects, right ventricular outflow tract enlargement, and pulmonary artery augmentation. This report also highlights the benefit of multi-modal imaging in clinical decision-making.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Pages 30-35"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144221888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Determining the optimal Holter monitoring duration for detecting ventricular arrhythmia in dogs: a Bayesian approach 确定最佳动态心电图监测持续时间检测室性心律失常在狗：贝叶斯方法

IF 1.5 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-05-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.003

T. Gunasekaran, R.A. Sanders

Introduction/Objectives

The objective of this study was to determine the optimal duration of ambulatory electrocardiography (Holter) monitoring for detecting ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and to assess day-to-day spontaneous variability in dogs using seven-day recordings.

Animals, Materials, and Methods

Medical records of dogs undergoing the consecutive seven-day Holter monitoring were retrospectively reviewed. Dogs were included if the Holter monitoring was performed for collapse, arrhythmia-related symptoms, or documented VAs on prior electrocardiography. Dogs undergoing routine breed screening or evaluated for bradyarrhythmias or supraventricular tachycardia were excluded. Day-to-day variability in VA burden was assessed using the percent coefficient of variation (CV%). Bayesian probability modeling was used to analyze arrhythmia detection from days one through seven, identifying the point at which additional monitoring provided diminishing diagnostic returns.

Results

Of 124 Holter recordings reviewed, 87 met inclusion criteria. The percent coefficient of variation (CV%) for daily ventricular premature complex (VPC) frequency ranged from 8 to 188%. Bayesian analysis showed that detection of >1000 VPCs, >500 VPCs, or ventricular tachycardia episodes increased within the first three days of monitoring, with minimal improvement thereafter. Detection of >100 VPCs plateaued after two days. R-on-T VPCs exhibited continued detection increases through days four to five. Dogs receiving anti-arrhythmic drugs plateaued by day three, whereas untreated dogs showed continued detection increases up to day five.

Limitations

The study's retrospective nature, modest sample size for treated dogs, and variability in anti-arrhythmic protocols may limit generalizability.

Conclusions

A three-day Holter monitoring duration is recommended for detecting most VAs in dogs, while four days may be required for R-on-T event detection.

本研究的目的是确定动态心电图（Holter）监测检测室性心律失常（VAs）的最佳持续时间，并使用7天记录评估犬的日常自发变异性。动物、材料和方法回顾性分析连续7天动态心电图监测犬的医疗记录。如果狗狗在崩溃、心律失常相关症状或既往心电图记录的VAs中进行了动态心电图监测，则纳入研究。排除进行常规犬种筛选或评估慢速性心律失常或室上性心动过速的犬。使用变异百分比系数（CV%）评估VA负担的日常变异性。贝叶斯概率模型用于分析从第1天到第7天的心律失常检测，确定额外监测提供的诊断回报递减的点。结果124份动态心电图记录中，87份符合纳入标准。每日室性早衰（VPC）频率的百分比变异系数（CV%）范围为8 ~ 188%。贝叶斯分析显示，在监测的前三天内，VPCs的检出率增加，VPCs的检出率增加，室性心动过速发作增加，此后改善很小。100个vpc的检测在两天后趋于稳定。从第4天到第5天，R-on-T淋巴细胞的检出率持续上升。服用抗心律失常药物的狗在第三天达到稳定状态，而未服用药物的狗在第五天的检测结果持续上升。局限性：该研究的回顾性、对治疗犬的适度样本量以及抗心律失常方案的可变性可能限制了普遍性。结论大多数犬的动态心电图监测时间建议为3天，而R-on-T事件检测可能需要4天。

{"title":"Determining the optimal Holter monitoring duration for detecting ventricular arrhythmia in dogs: a Bayesian approach","authors":"T. Gunasekaran, R.A. Sanders","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/Objectives</h3><div>The objective of this study was to determine the optimal duration of ambulatory electrocardiography (Holter) monitoring for detecting ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and to assess day-to-day spontaneous variability in dogs using seven-day recordings.</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials, and Methods</h3><div>Medical records of dogs undergoing the consecutive seven-day Holter monitoring were retrospectively reviewed. Dogs were included if the Holter monitoring was performed for collapse, arrhythmia-related symptoms, or documented VAs on prior electrocardiography. Dogs undergoing routine breed screening or evaluated for bradyarrhythmias or supraventricular tachycardia were excluded. Day-to-day variability in VA burden was assessed using the percent coefficient of variation (CV%). Bayesian probability modeling was used to analyze arrhythmia detection from days one through seven, identifying the point at which additional monitoring provided diminishing diagnostic returns.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 124 Holter recordings reviewed, 87 met inclusion criteria. The percent coefficient of variation (CV%) for daily ventricular premature complex (VPC) frequency ranged from 8 to 188%. Bayesian analysis showed that detection of >1000 VPCs, >500 VPCs, or ventricular tachycardia episodes increased within the first three days of monitoring, with minimal improvement thereafter. Detection of >100 VPCs plateaued after two days. R-on-T VPCs exhibited continued detection increases through days four to five. Dogs receiving anti-arrhythmic drugs plateaued by day three, whereas untreated dogs showed continued detection increases up to day five.</div></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><div>The study's retrospective nature, modest sample size for treated dogs, and variability in anti-arrhythmic protocols may limit generalizability.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>A three-day Holter monitoring duration is recommended for detecting most VAs in dogs, while four days may be required for R-on-T event detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Pages 14-22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144189717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Transcatheter Amplatz canine duct occluder placement for patent ductus arteriosus occlusion: A retrospective analysis of outcomes and complications in 200 dogs 经导管Amplatz犬导管闭塞器置入治疗动脉导管未闭：回顾性分析200只犬的预后和并发症

IF 1.5 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-05-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.002

M. Ciccozzi, C.D. Stauthammer, C. Coats, S. Oberholtzer, A. Masters, E. Gavic, A. Rendahl, A. Tobias

Introduction

The Amplatz canine duct occluder (ACDO) is routinely used for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occlusion. Limited data are available on clinical outcomes and success rates with ACDO device placement. This study aimed to determine procedural outcome and complications for PDA occlusion with the ACDO in a large cohort of dogs.

Animals, Materials, and Methods

A retrospective study of 200 dogs that underwent ACDO placement for PDA occlusion between March 2007- and September 2023 was conducted. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed prior to occlusion, 24 h after occlusion, and during follow-up recheck visits. Procedural success was defined as successful device placement as determined based on fluoroscopy at the time of the PDA occlusion procedure and survival after the procedure.

Results

Dogs had a median weight of 6.5 kg and required a median device size of 6 mm. At 24 h post- occlusion, 5% of dogs had trivial flow through the device. Persistent trivial flow was noted on recheck in 5.5% of patients with a median follow-up time of 96 days. Minor complications occurred in 2.5% of dogs. Major complications occurred in 4% of dogs including device embolization in 2% of dogs. Procedural mortality rate was 0.5%. There was a statistically significant reduction in left ventricular and left atrial size at the 24-h postocclusion recheck echocardiogram (P<0.001) and at follow-up rechecks (P<0.001). There was a statistical difference (P<0.050) between echocardiographic and angiographicderived measurements and ratios when selecting device size.

Conclusions

The high procedural success and low complication rates support use of the ACDO device as a safe and effective method of PDA occlusion in dogs.

Amplatz犬导管闭塞器（ACDO）通常用于动脉导管未闭（PDA）闭塞。关于ACDO装置放置的临床结果和成功率的数据有限。本研究的目的是确定大群狗的ACDO对PDA闭塞的手术结果和并发症。动物、材料和方法回顾性研究了2007年3月至2023年9月期间200只接受ACDO放置治疗PDA闭塞的犬。在闭塞前、闭塞后24小时和随访复诊期间进行经胸超声心动图检查。手术成功的定义是根据PDA闭塞手术时的透视和手术后的存活来确定器械放置的成功。结果狗的中位体重为6.5 kg，需要的中位装置尺寸为6 mm。在闭塞24小时后，5%的狗有轻微的血流通过装置。在中位随访时间为96天的患者中，5.5%的患者在复查时发现持续的琐碎血流。2.5%的狗出现轻微并发症。4%的狗出现了主要并发症，其中2%的狗出现了器械栓塞。手术死亡率为0.5%。在术后24小时复查超声心动图（P<0.001）和随访复查（P<0.001）时，左室和左房尺寸均有统计学意义的减小。在选择设备尺寸时，超声心动图和血管造影测量和比值之间存在统计学差异（P<0.050）。结论ACDO器械手术成功率高，并发症发生率低，是一种安全有效的犬PDA闭塞治疗方法。

{"title":"Transcatheter Amplatz canine duct occluder placement for patent ductus arteriosus occlusion: A retrospective analysis of outcomes and complications in 200 dogs","authors":"M. Ciccozzi, C.D. Stauthammer, C. Coats, S. Oberholtzer, A. Masters, E. Gavic, A. Rendahl, A. Tobias","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The Amplatz canine duct occluder (ACDO) is routinely used for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occlusion. Limited data are available on clinical outcomes and success rates with ACDO device placement. This study aimed to determine procedural outcome and complications for PDA occlusion with the ACDO in a large cohort of dogs.</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials, and Methods</h3><div>A retrospective study of 200 dogs that underwent ACDO placement for PDA occlusion between March 2007- and September 2023 was conducted. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed prior to occlusion, 24 h after occlusion, and during follow-up recheck visits. Procedural success was defined as successful device placement as determined based on fluoroscopy at the time of the PDA occlusion procedure and survival after the procedure.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Dogs had a median weight of 6.5 kg and required a median device size of 6 mm. At 24 h post- occlusion, 5% of dogs had trivial flow through the device. Persistent trivial flow was noted on recheck in 5.5% of patients with a median follow-up time of 96 days. Minor complications occurred in 2.5% of dogs. Major complications occurred in 4% of dogs including device embolization in 2% of dogs. Procedural mortality rate was 0.5%. There was a statistically significant reduction in left ventricular and left atrial size at the 24-h postocclusion recheck echocardiogram (P<0.001) and at follow-up rechecks (P<0.001). There was a statistical difference (P<0.050) between echocardiographic and angiographicderived measurements and ratios when selecting device size.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The high procedural success and low complication rates support use of the ACDO device as a safe and effective method of PDA occlusion in dogs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Pages 36-45"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144231513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Left atrial size in healthy Cavalier King Charles spaniels: a comparison to dogs of other breeds and previously published reference intervals 健康骑士查尔斯国王猎犬的左心房大小：与其他品种的狗和先前发表的参考区间的比较

IF 1.5 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-04-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.04.003

D. Caivano , P. Ferrari , M. Rishniw

Introduction

Recently, investigators have suggested that Cavalier King Charles spaniels have smaller left atrial-to-aortic ratios (LA:Aos) than other breeds.

Animals, Materials and Methods

This study comprised apparently healthy adult Cavalier King Charles spaniels (n = 218) and apparently healthy adult dogs of other breeds (n = 379), imaged by the same observers, for inclusion in the Osservatorio Veterinario Italiano Cardiopatie. Left atrial and aortic measurements, obtained from two-dimensional images at the closing of the aortic valve, and left ventricular internal dimensions in diastole, obtained from M-mode images, were both obtained from the right parasternal short-axis view. Furthermore, left atrial and aortic measurements were indexed allometrically and compared to data obtained by the same observers. Measurements obtained by multiple observers were compared for systematic bias. Reference limits were created for the LA:Ao and normalized left ventricular diastolic dimensions.

Results

Reference limits agreed with previously published limits for other dogs, with the upper reference limit for Cavalier King Charles spaniels approximating 1.6. Cavalier King Charles spaniels had allometrically indexed left atrial and aortic measurements that were not smaller than those in other dogs.

Study Limitations

Retrospective study with multiple independent observers, not specifically instructed to measure the LA:Ao.

Conclusions

Cavalier King Charles spaniels have an LA:Ao not smaller than other breeds. Furthermore, the left atrial linear dimension obtained in the right parasternal short-axis view and normalized to bodyweight does not appear to be smaller. Consequently, current generic reference intervals for left atrial dimensions apply to Cavalier King Charles spaniels.

最近，研究人员发现，骑士查尔斯国王猎犬的左心房与主动脉比率（LA:Aos）比其他品种要小。动物、材料和方法本研究包括表面健康的成年骑士查尔斯国王猎犬（n = 218）和其他品种的表面健康的成年犬（n = 379），由相同的观察者成像，纳入意大利兽医心脏手术观察站。主动脉瓣关闭时二维图像显示左心房和主动脉尺寸，m模式图像显示左心室舒张期内部尺寸，均为右侧胸骨旁短轴位图像。此外，左心房和主动脉测量值异速索引，并与同一观察者获得的数据进行比较。对多个观测者获得的测量结果进行系统偏倚比较。建立了LA:Ao和标准化左室舒张尺寸的参考限。结果参考限值与先前公布的其他犬的限值一致，骑士国王查尔斯猎犬的参考上限接近1.6。骑士查尔斯国王猎犬的左心房和主动脉测量值不小于其他犬。研究局限性：回顾性研究，有多个独立的观察者，没有特别指示测量LA:Ao。结论骑士查尔斯国王猎犬的LA:Ao值不小于其他犬种。此外，在右胸骨旁短轴视图中获得的左心房线性尺寸并与体重归一化，并不显得更小。因此，目前左心房尺寸的通用参考间隔适用于骑士查尔斯国王猎犬。

{"title":"Left atrial size in healthy Cavalier King Charles spaniels: a comparison to dogs of other breeds and previously published reference intervals","authors":"D. Caivano , P. Ferrari , M. Rishniw","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Recently, investigators have suggested that Cavalier King Charles spaniels have smaller left atrial-to-aortic ratios (LA:Aos) than other breeds.</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials and Methods</h3><div>This study comprised apparently healthy adult Cavalier King Charles spaniels (n = 218) and apparently healthy adult dogs of other breeds (n = 379), imaged by the same observers, for inclusion in the Osservatorio Veterinario Italiano Cardiopatie. Left atrial and aortic measurements, obtained from two-dimensional images at the closing of the aortic valve, and left ventricular internal dimensions in diastole, obtained from M-mode images, were both obtained from the right parasternal short-axis view. Furthermore, left atrial and aortic measurements were indexed allometrically and compared to data obtained by the same observers. Measurements obtained by multiple observers were compared for systematic bias. Reference limits were created for the LA:Ao and normalized left ventricular diastolic dimensions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Reference limits agreed with previously published limits for other dogs, with the upper reference limit for Cavalier King Charles spaniels approximating 1.6. Cavalier King Charles spaniels had allometrically indexed left atrial and aortic measurements that were not smaller than those in other dogs.</div></div><div><h3>Study Limitations</h3><div>Retrospective study with multiple independent observers, not specifically instructed to measure the LA:Ao.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Cavalier King Charles spaniels have an LA:Ao not smaller than other breeds. Furthermore, the left atrial linear dimension obtained in the right parasternal short-axis view and normalized to bodyweight does not appear to be smaller. Consequently, current generic reference intervals for left atrial dimensions apply to Cavalier King Charles spaniels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Pages 1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143948289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype in a 10-week-old Oriental shorthair kitten 10周龄东方短毛小猫扩张型心肌病表型

IF 1.5 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-04-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.04.001

M. Meijer , H. Aupperle-Lellbach , D. Willems , M. Dirven

A 10-week-old female Oriental shorthair was referred due to stunted growth, weight loss, dyspnea, and reduced activity levels compared to her littermates. Thoracic radiography revealed a markedly enlarged cardiac silhouette and a diffuse unstructured interstitial pulmonary pattern, presumably due to cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Echocardiography showed marked left- and right-sided ventricular dilation, decreased contractility, and enlargement of both atria, without any identifiable congenital defects. Pleural and peritoneal effusion were also present. Based on these findings, a presumptive diagnosis of both left- and right-sided congestive heart failure due to a dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype was made. Cardiovascular pathological examination confirmed the echocardiographic findings. Additionally, mild interstitial myocardial fibrosis was present in the left ventricle, both atria, the interventricular septum, and, to a minimal extent, in the right ventricle. Moderate endocardial fibrosis was observed in the left atrium and left atrial appendage, while mild endocardial fibrosis was present in the left ventricle. Both antemortem and postmortem evaluations did not provide clear evidence of the underlying cause. Therefore, we consider this a rare case of feline juvenile idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy with secondary reactive endocardial and myocardial fibrosis.

一只10周大的雌性东方短毛猫因生长发育迟缓、体重减轻、呼吸困难和活动水平降低而被转介。胸片显示明显增大的心脏轮廓和弥漫性无结构肺间质，可能是心源性肺水肿所致。超声心动图显示左侧和右侧心室明显扩张，收缩力下降，双心房增大，无任何可识别的先天性缺陷。胸膜和腹膜积液也存在。基于这些发现，一个假定的诊断左和右充血性心力衰竭由于扩张型心肌病表型作出。心血管病理检查证实了超声心动图的发现。此外，左心室、双心房、室间隔均有轻度间质性心肌纤维化，右心室也有轻微间质性心肌纤维化。左心房和左心耳可见中度心内膜纤维化，左心室可见轻度心内膜纤维化。死前和死后的评估都没有提供根本原因的明确证据。因此，我们认为这是一个罕见的猫幼特发性扩张型心肌病伴继发反应性心内膜和心肌纤维化的病例。

{"title":"Dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype in a 10-week-old Oriental shorthair kitten","authors":"M. Meijer , H. Aupperle-Lellbach , D. Willems , M. Dirven","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 10-week-old female Oriental shorthair was referred due to stunted growth, weight loss, dyspnea, and reduced activity levels compared to her littermates. Thoracic radiography revealed a markedly enlarged cardiac silhouette and a diffuse unstructured interstitial pulmonary pattern, presumably due to cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Echocardiography showed marked left- and right-sided ventricular dilation, decreased contractility, and enlargement of both atria, without any identifiable congenital defects. Pleural and peritoneal effusion were also present. Based on these findings, a presumptive diagnosis of both left- and right-sided congestive heart failure due to a dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype was made. Cardiovascular pathological examination confirmed the echocardiographic findings. Additionally, mild interstitial myocardial fibrosis was present in the left ventricle, both atria, the interventricular septum, and, to a minimal extent, in the right ventricle. Moderate endocardial fibrosis was observed in the left atrium and left atrial appendage, while mild endocardial fibrosis was present in the left ventricle. Both antemortem and postmortem evaluations did not provide clear evidence of the underlying cause. Therefore, we consider this a rare case of feline juvenile idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy with secondary reactive endocardial and myocardial fibrosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"59 ","pages":"Pages 126-132"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Clinical and echocardiographic variables associated with the type of congestive heart failure manifestation in cats 与猫充血性心力衰竭表现类型相关的临床和超声心动图变量

IF 1.5 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-04-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.04.002

A.K. Masters , L. Brock , M.A. Tropf , A. Rendahl , S. Rogg , J.L. Ward

Introduction/Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine clinical and echocardiographic findings associated with congestive heart failure (CHF) manifestation type in cats and to assess impact on the risk of CHF recurrence and survival.

Animals, Materials and Methods

A retrospective medical record review of 135 cats with CHF was conducted. Cats were grouped based on CHF manifestation type. Associations between CHF manifestation and clinical and echocardiographic variables were assessed using a Fisher's test and analysis of variance. Comparisons between CHF manifestations were performed using a pairwise Fisher's test with Bonferroni-Holm adjustment and Tukey's honestly significant difference method after analysis of variance.

Results

Congestive heart failure manifestation was associated with sex (P=0.045), history of increased respiratory rate (P=0.006), effort (P=0.001), and signs of arterial thromboembolism (P=0.004). Significant differences between left atrium-to-aorta ratio (P=0.043), diastolic right ventricular internal dimension (P=0.001), systolic right ventricular internal dimension (P=0.015), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (P=0.044), and presence of non-specific cardiomyopathy phenotype (P=0.001) were identified among CHF groups. Cats with ascites as their CHF manifestation had significantly higher median diastolic right ventricular internal dimension (9.9 mm) and systolic right ventricular internal dimension (6.6 mm) on pairwise comparison than cats with other CHF manifestations. Congestive heart failure manifestation did not have a statistically significant association with survival but did with time to CHF recurrence (P=0.008).

Study Limitations

Retrospective design, small sample size, and potential misclassification of CHF manifestation type are limitations of this study.

Conclusions

Congestive heart failure manifestation type is associated with various clinical and echocardiographic findings in cats with heart disease.

本研究的目的是确定与猫充血性心力衰竭（CHF）表现类型相关的临床和超声心动图结果，并评估对CHF复发和生存风险的影响。动物、材料和方法对135只CHF猫的病历进行回顾性分析。根据CHF表现类型对猫进行分组。使用Fisher检验和方差分析评估CHF表现与临床和超声心动图变量之间的关系。在方差分析后，采用Bonferroni-Holm校正的两两Fisher检验和Tukey的诚实显著差异法对CHF表现进行比较。结果充血性心力衰竭的表现与性别（P=0.045）、呼吸频率增高史（P=0.006）、用力程度（P=0.001）、动脉血栓栓塞体征（P=0.004）有关。左心房主动脉比（P=0.043）、舒张期右心室内径（P=0.001）、收缩期右心室内径（P=0.015）、三尖瓣环平面收缩漂移（P=0.044）和非特异性心肌病表型（P=0.001）在CHF组之间存在显著差异。以腹水为CHF表现的猫与其他CHF表现的猫相比，其舒张期中位右心室内径（9.9 mm）和收缩期右心室内径（6.6 mm）在两两比较中明显更高。充血性心力衰竭的表现与生存无统计学意义，但与CHF复发时间相关（P=0.008）。研究局限性回顾性设计、小样本量和对CHF表现类型的潜在错误分类是本研究的局限性。结论心脏病猫的充血性心力衰竭表现类型与多种临床和超声心动图表现相关。

{"title":"Clinical and echocardiographic variables associated with the type of congestive heart failure manifestation in cats","authors":"A.K. Masters , L. Brock , M.A. Tropf , A. Rendahl , S. Rogg , J.L. Ward","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/Objectives</h3><div>The aim of this study was to determine clinical and echocardiographic findings associated with congestive heart failure (CHF) manifestation type in cats and to assess impact on the risk of CHF recurrence and survival.</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials and Methods</h3><div>A retrospective medical record review of 135 cats with CHF was conducted. Cats were grouped based on CHF manifestation type. Associations between CHF manifestation and clinical and echocardiographic variables were assessed using a Fisher's test and analysis of variance. Comparisons between CHF manifestations were performed using a pairwise Fisher's test with Bonferroni-Holm adjustment and Tukey's honestly significant difference method after analysis of variance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Congestive heart failure manifestation was associated with sex (P=0.045), history of increased respiratory rate (P=0.006), effort (P=0.001), and signs of arterial thromboembolism (P=0.004). Significant differences between left atrium-to-aorta ratio (P=0.043), diastolic right ventricular internal dimension (P=0.001), systolic right ventricular internal dimension (P=0.015), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (P=0.044), and presence of non-specific cardiomyopathy phenotype (P=0.001) were identified among CHF groups. Cats with ascites as their CHF manifestation had significantly higher median diastolic right ventricular internal dimension (9.9 mm) and systolic right ventricular internal dimension (6.6 mm) on pairwise comparison than cats with other CHF manifestations. Congestive heart failure manifestation did not have a statistically significant association with survival but did with time to CHF recurrence (P=0.008).</div></div><div><h3>Study Limitations</h3><div>Retrospective design, small sample size, and potential misclassification of CHF manifestation type are limitations of this study.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Congestive heart failure manifestation type is associated with various clinical and echocardiographic findings in cats with heart disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"59 ","pages":"Pages 114-125"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Transfemoral vein approach for balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty in a 1.2- kg dog 经股静脉入路肺动脉瓣球囊成形术治疗体重1.2公斤的犬

IF 1.5 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-04-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.03.010

K. Kadowaki , N. Miyashita , K. Nakamura , T. Mori

A 10-month-old, 1.2- kg, unspayed female Maltese dog presented with the chief complaint of a heart murmur. Echocardiography revealed a transpulmonary velocity of 5.28 m/s (estimated pressure gradient: 112 mmHg) and severe pulmonary valve stenosis with an estimated pulmonary valve annulus diameter of 7.2 mm. Given the dog's small size, a balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty via the femoral vein was considered. The pulmonary valve annulus was dilated thrice using a 10-mm balloon (balloon-to-annulus ratio: 1.39). After the balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty, right ventricular systolic pressure decreased from 125 to 78 mmHg. The interventional procedure was completed without serious complications. As of postoperative day 149, the maximum transpulmonary velocity decreased to 2.43 m/s (estimated pressure gradient: 24 mmHg), recurrence of pulmonary valve stenosis was not observed, and the patient was doing well clinically. In conclusion, an approach performed via the femoral vein in this 1.2-kg dog resulted in a successful procedure without significant complications.

一个10个月大，1.2公斤，未绝育的雌性马尔他犬以心脏杂音为主诉。超声心动图显示经肺速度5.28 m/s（估计压力梯度：112 mmHg）和严重的肺动脉瓣狭窄，估计肺动脉瓣环直径为7.2 mm。考虑到狗的小尺寸，考虑通过股静脉球囊肺动脉瓣成形术。使用10mm球囊（球囊与肺环之比：1.39）扩张肺动脉瓣环三次。球囊肺动脉瓣成形术后，右心室收缩压从125 mmHg降至78 mmHg。介入手术顺利完成，无严重并发症。术后第149天，最大经肺速度降至2.43 m/s（估计压力梯度为24 mmHg），无肺瓣狭窄复发，临床情况良好。总之，这只1.2公斤的狗通过股静脉入路手术成功，没有明显的并发症。

引用次数: 0

Left atrial thrombosis in a dog with advanced myxomatous mitral valve disease 晚期二尖瓣黏液瘤病犬左心房血栓形成

IF 1.5 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-04-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.03.009

G. Romito, C. Mazzoldi, M. Di Benedetto, S. Sabattini

An 11-year-old Cavalier King Charles spaniel with a previous diagnosis of preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) was presented with respiratory distress and abdominal distension. Lung edema and ascites were diagnosed. Echocardiography revealed a progression of the MMVD as it was associated with a moderate enlargement of the left-sided cardiac chambers and an atrial septal defect (ASD). The latter was hypothesized to be primarily due to a rupture of the interatrial septum caused by MMVD. Moreover, a hyperechoic irregular mass was documented inside the left atrium. At that time, the primary differential diagnosis included intracardiac thrombosis (ICT) and mural endocarditis. Comprehensive diagnostic tests subsequently ruled out extracardiac prothrombotic triggers; moreover, both blood and urine cultures tested negative. Despite the administration of cardiac and supportive therapies (including antithrombotic drugs), the dog died 138 days after presentation. Necropsy confirmed the presence of MMVD (type IV lesions according to Pomerance and Whitney's classification system) associated with remodeling of the left-sided cardiac chambers, multiple left atrial (LA) jet lesions, and ASD. Endocarditis was ruled out, and the LA mass was demonstrated to be an ICT entrapped in the ASD. In light of premortem and postmortem findings, the turbulent blood flow secondary to the mitral valve insufficiency and ASD, along with the extensive LA endothelial damage, were considered likely triggering factors for the development of ICT. This case suggests that, although ICT represents an extremely rare complication of cardiac diseases in dogs, it can potentially develop when canine MMVD is particularly advanced.

一只11岁的骑士查尔斯国王猎犬，先前诊断为临床前二尖瓣粘液瘤病（MMVD），表现为呼吸窘迫和腹胀。诊断为肺水肿和腹水。超声心动图显示MMVD的进展，因为它与左心室适度扩大和房间隔缺损（ASD）有关。后者被假设主要是由于MMVD引起的房间隔破裂。此外，左心房内有高回声不规则肿块。当时，主要的鉴别诊断包括心内血栓形成（ICT）和壁性心内膜炎。综合诊断测试随后排除了心外血栓形成的触发因素；此外，血液和尿液培养均呈阴性。尽管给予心脏和支持性治疗（包括抗血栓药物），狗在出现后138天死亡。尸检证实存在MMVD（根据Pomerance和Whitney的分类系统为IV型病变），并伴有左侧心腔重构、多发左心房（LA）喷流病变和ASD。心内膜炎被排除，LA肿块被证明是被困在ASD中的ICT。根据死前和死后的发现，二尖瓣功能不全和ASD继发的湍流血流，以及广泛的LA内皮损伤，被认为是ICT发展的可能触发因素。本病例表明，尽管ICT是犬类心脏病的一种极其罕见的并发症，但当犬类MMVD特别严重时，它可能会发生。

{"title":"Left atrial thrombosis in a dog with advanced myxomatous mitral valve disease","authors":"G. Romito, C. Mazzoldi, M. Di Benedetto, S. Sabattini","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.03.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.03.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An 11-year-old Cavalier King Charles spaniel with a previous diagnosis of preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) was presented with respiratory distress and abdominal distension. Lung edema and ascites were diagnosed. Echocardiography revealed a progression of the MMVD as it was associated with a moderate enlargement of the left-sided cardiac chambers and an atrial septal defect (ASD). The latter was hypothesized to be primarily due to a rupture of the interatrial septum caused by MMVD. Moreover, a hyperechoic irregular mass was documented inside the left atrium. At that time, the primary differential diagnosis included intracardiac thrombosis (ICT) and mural endocarditis. Comprehensive diagnostic tests subsequently ruled out extracardiac prothrombotic triggers; moreover, both blood and urine cultures tested negative. Despite the administration of cardiac and supportive therapies (including antithrombotic drugs), the dog died 138 days after presentation. Necropsy confirmed the presence of MMVD (type IV lesions according to Pomerance and Whitney's classification system) associated with remodeling of the left-sided cardiac chambers, multiple left atrial (LA) jet lesions, and ASD. Endocarditis was ruled out, and the LA mass was demonstrated to be an ICT entrapped in the ASD. In light of premortem and postmortem findings, the turbulent blood flow secondary to the mitral valve insufficiency and ASD, along with the extensive LA endothelial damage, were considered likely triggering factors for the development of ICT. This case suggests that, although ICT represents an extremely rare complication of cardiac diseases in dogs, it can potentially develop when canine MMVD is particularly advanced.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"59 ","pages":"Pages 93-97"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Surgical correction of ventricular septal defect in a cat 猫室间隔缺损的外科矫正

IF 1.5 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.03.008

T. Wada , A. Fujiwara , Y. Miki , M. Ohashi , S. Kawamoto , R. Takemura , H. Yotsuida , T. Mori

A two-year-old intact male British shorthair cat, weighing 4.6 kg, was referred for surgical correction of a ventricular septal defect (VSD). The cat was treated with pimobendan, amlodipine, furosemide, and clopidogrel for tachypnea, and no other clinical signs of cardiac disease were observed. Physical examination revealed heart murmurs. Radiographic and echocardiographic evaluations indicated generalized cardiomegaly and left atrial enlargement. Two-dimensional echocardiography revealed a large left-to-right shunt through a 5.8-mm perimembranous VSD with a septal aneurysm. The pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow ratio was 3.3, indicating a significant volume overload. Surgical correction was performed via a right ventricular outflow tract incision under cardiopulmonary bypass using an 8-mm expanded polytetrafluoroethylene patch to close the VSD. Postoperatively, the cat had sporadic premature ventricular contractions but recovered without major complications. At one year postoperatively, the cat showed improved activity levels and no residual shunt flow and required no medication. This report demonstrates the feasibility of patch closure for membranous VSDs in cats through a right ventricular outflow tract incision and highlights the need for further studies to assess its effectiveness.

一只两岁的完整雄性英国短毛猫，体重4.6公斤，被转诊为室间隔缺损（VSD）的手术矫正。用哌莫苯丹、氨氯地平、呋塞米和氯吡格雷治疗猫呼吸急促，未观察到其他心脏疾病的临床症状。体检发现心脏杂音。x线和超声心动图评价显示广泛性心脏增大和左房增大。二维超声心动图显示一个巨大的左至右分流通过5.8毫米膜周室间隔动脉瘤。肺-全身血流量比为3.3，表明明显的容量过载。在体外循环下通过右心室流出道切口进行手术矫正，使用8mm膨胀聚四氟乙烯贴片关闭室间隔。术后，猫有散发性室性早搏，但恢复无主要并发症。术后一年，猫表现出改善的活动水平，没有残留的分流流，不需要药物治疗。本报告证明了通过右心室流出道切口膜片闭合治疗猫膜性室间隔缺损的可行性，并强调了进一步研究评估其有效性的必要性。

{"title":"Surgical correction of ventricular septal defect in a cat","authors":"T. Wada , A. Fujiwara , Y. Miki , M. Ohashi , S. Kawamoto , R. Takemura , H. Yotsuida , T. Mori","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.03.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.03.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A two-year-old intact male British shorthair cat, weighing 4.6 kg, was referred for surgical correction of a ventricular septal defect (VSD). The cat was treated with pimobendan, amlodipine, furosemide, and clopidogrel for tachypnea, and no other clinical signs of cardiac disease were observed. Physical examination revealed heart murmurs. Radiographic and echocardiographic evaluations indicated generalized cardiomegaly and left atrial enlargement. Two-dimensional echocardiography revealed a large left-to-right shunt through a 5.8-mm perimembranous VSD with a septal aneurysm. The pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow ratio was 3.3, indicating a significant volume overload. Surgical correction was performed via a right ventricular outflow tract incision under cardiopulmonary bypass using an 8-mm expanded polytetrafluoroethylene patch to close the VSD. Postoperatively, the cat had sporadic premature ventricular contractions but recovered without major complications. At one year postoperatively, the cat showed improved activity levels and no residual shunt flow and required no medication. This report demonstrates the feasibility of patch closure for membranous VSDs in cats through a right ventricular outflow tract incision and highlights the need for further studies to assess its effectiveness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"59 ","pages":"Pages 139-144"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143907888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Valvular mitral stenosis in adult cats: knowledge gained from the clinical and pathological workup of 18 cases 成年猫二尖瓣狭窄：从18例临床和病理检查中获得的知识

IF 1.5 2区农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2025.03.006

N. Schreiber , F. Prisco , A. Kipar , L. Schurna , M. Tursi , M.B. Toaldo

Introduction/objectives

Feline valvular mitral stenosis (VMS) is uncommonly reported. The aim of this study was to describe diagnostic and clinicopathological characteristics of VMS in adult cats.

Animals, Materials and Methods

Eighteen client-owned cats were included in this study. A retrospective observational study. Clinical records were searched based on echocardiography. Data regarding clinical, laboratory, echocardiographic findings, outcome, and, in four cats, gross postmortem images of the heart were reviewed, and histological examinations performed.

Results

Most cats were non-pedigree (11/18), with a median age of 13.2 years. Congestive heart failure was common (15/18). Three cats had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype, including one with transient myocardial thickening. Concomitant hyperthyroidism (9/18) was frequent. In one cat, echocardiography performed one year earlier did not show any changes. Upon echocardiography, all 18 cats had characteristic hockey-stick appearance of the anterior leaflet and narrow turbulent diastolic flow across the mitral valve. Twelve cats had fused diastolic transmitral waves, with a median velocity of 0.54 m/s (0.71–3.24 m/s). The remaining six had a median peak velocity of the early and late-diastolic transmitral waves of 1.3 m/s (0.95–2.8 m/s) and 0.99 m/s (0.65–2.05 m/s), respectively. Eleven cats had died, 10 of cardiac death (median survival time: 366 days). Macroscopically, the mitral valve leaflets appeared thickened and distorted, and the surrounded ventricular endocardium thickened. Histology revealed marked endocardial fibrosis of the mitral valve and surrounding ventricular endocardium, dominated by type I collagen.

Conclusions

The most striking finding is the documented acquirement of VMS in one cat, while the acquired nature of the lesion could not be confirmed in the other cases. The pathological findings are compatible with a chronic remodeling process that results in marked endocardial fibrosis in four cats.

简介/目的猫二尖瓣狭窄（VMS）是罕见的报道。本研究的目的是描述成年猫VMS的诊断和临床病理特征。动物、材料和方法本研究共纳入18只客户养猫。回顾性观察性研究。根据超声心动图检索临床记录。我们回顾了4只猫的临床、实验室、超声心动图结果、结果以及大体死后心脏图像，并进行了组织学检查。结果大多数猫是非纯种猫（11/18），中位年龄为13.2岁。充血性心力衰竭较为常见（15/18）。三只猫有肥厚型心肌病表型，其中一只有短暂性心肌增厚。合并甲状腺功能亢进（9/18）较为常见。在一只猫中，一年前进行的超声心动图没有显示任何变化。超声心动图显示，所有18只猫的前小叶呈典型的曲棍球棒状，二尖瓣舒张血流狭窄。12只猫的舒张透射波融合，平均速度为0.54 m/s （0.71-3.24 m/s）。其余6例舒张早期和晚期透射波的中位峰值速度分别为1.3 m/s （0.95 ~ 2.8 m/s）和0.99 m/s （0.65 ~ 2.05 m/s）。11只猫死亡，10只心源性死亡（中位生存时间：366天）。宏观上，二尖瓣小叶增厚变形，周围心室心内膜增厚。组织学显示二尖瓣及周围心室心内膜明显纤维化，以I型胶原为主。结论最显著的发现是在1只猫中记录了VMS的获得性，而在其他病例中无法确认病变的获得性。病理结果与导致4只猫显著心内膜纤维化的慢性重塑过程相一致。

{"title":"Valvular mitral stenosis in adult cats: knowledge gained from the clinical and pathological workup of 18 cases","authors":"N. Schreiber , F. Prisco , A. Kipar , L. Schurna , M. Tursi , M.B. Toaldo","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.03.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.03.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/objectives</h3><div>Feline valvular mitral stenosis (VMS) is uncommonly reported. The aim of this study was to describe diagnostic and clinicopathological characteristics of VMS in adult cats.</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials and Methods</h3><div>Eighteen client-owned cats were included in this study. A retrospective observational study. Clinical records were searched based on echocardiography. Data regarding clinical, laboratory, echocardiographic findings, outcome, and, in four cats, gross postmortem images of the heart were reviewed, and histological examinations performed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Most cats were non-pedigree (11/18), with a median age of 13.2 years. Congestive heart failure was common (15/18). Three cats had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype, including one with transient myocardial thickening. Concomitant hyperthyroidism (9/18) was frequent. In one cat, echocardiography performed one year earlier did not show any changes. Upon echocardiography, all 18 cats had characteristic hockey-stick appearance of the anterior leaflet and narrow turbulent diastolic flow across the mitral valve. Twelve cats had fused diastolic transmitral waves, with a median velocity of 0.54 m/s (0.71–3.24 m/s). The remaining six had a median peak velocity of the early and late-diastolic transmitral waves of 1.3 m/s (0.95–2.8 m/s) and 0.99 m/s (0.65–2.05 m/s), respectively. Eleven cats had died, 10 of cardiac death (median survival time: 366 days). Macroscopically, the mitral valve leaflets appeared thickened and distorted, and the surrounded ventricular endocardium thickened. Histology revealed marked endocardial fibrosis of the mitral valve and surrounding ventricular endocardium, dominated by type I collagen.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The most striking finding is the documented acquirement of VMS in one cat, while the acquired nature of the lesion could not be confirmed in the other cases. The pathological findings are compatible with a chronic remodeling process that results in marked endocardial fibrosis in four cats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"59 ","pages":"Pages 98-113"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0