Building instance extraction and recognition (BEAR) extracts and further recognizes building instances in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images, holds with paramount importance in urban understanding applications. To address this challenge, we propose a unified network, BEAR-Former. Given the difficulty of building instance recognition due to the small area and multiple instances in UAV images, we developed a novel multi-view learning method, Cross-Mixer. This method constructs a cross-regional branch and an intra-regional branch to, respectively, extract the global context dependencies and local spatial structural details of buildings. In the cross-regional branch, we cleverly employed cross-attention and polar coordinate relative position encoding to learn more discriminative features. To solve the BEAR problem end to end, we designed a channel group and fusion module (CGFM) as a shared encoder. The CGFM includes a channel group encoder layer to independently extract features and a channel fusion module to dig out the complementary information for multiple tasks. Additionally, an RoI enhancement strategy was designed to improve model performance. Finally, we introduced a new metric, Recall@(K, iou), to evaluate the performance of the BEAR task. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.
{"title":"Unifying Building Instance Extraction and Recognition in UAV Images","authors":"Xiaofei Hu, Yang Zhou, Chaozhen Lan, Wenjian Gan, Qunshan Shi, Hanqiang Zhou","doi":"10.3390/rs16183449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16183449","url":null,"abstract":"Building instance extraction and recognition (BEAR) extracts and further recognizes building instances in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images, holds with paramount importance in urban understanding applications. To address this challenge, we propose a unified network, BEAR-Former. Given the difficulty of building instance recognition due to the small area and multiple instances in UAV images, we developed a novel multi-view learning method, Cross-Mixer. This method constructs a cross-regional branch and an intra-regional branch to, respectively, extract the global context dependencies and local spatial structural details of buildings. In the cross-regional branch, we cleverly employed cross-attention and polar coordinate relative position encoding to learn more discriminative features. To solve the BEAR problem end to end, we designed a channel group and fusion module (CGFM) as a shared encoder. The CGFM includes a channel group encoder layer to independently extract features and a channel fusion module to dig out the complementary information for multiple tasks. Additionally, an RoI enhancement strategy was designed to improve model performance. Finally, we introduced a new metric, Recall@(K, iou), to evaluate the performance of the BEAR task. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.","PeriodicalId":48993,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142250967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Frank Gyan Okyere, Daniel Kingsley Cudjoe, Nicolas Virlet, March Castle, Andrew Bernard Riche, Latifa Greche, Fady Mohareb, Daniel Simms, Manal Mhada, Malcolm John Hawkesford
Accurate detection of drought stress in plants is essential for water use efficiency and agricultural output. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) provides a non-invasive method in plant phenotyping, allowing the long-term monitoring of plant health due to sensitivity to subtle changes in leaf constituents. The broad spectral range of HSI enables the development of different vegetation indices (VIs) to analyze plant trait responses to multiple stresses, such as the combination of nutrient and drought stresses. However, known VIs may underperform when subjected to multiple stresses. This study presents new VIs in tandem with machine learning models to identify drought stress in wheat plants under varying nitrogen (N) levels. A pot wheat experiment was set up in the glasshouse with four treatments: well-watered high-N (WWHN), well-watered low-N (WWLN), drought-stress high-N (DSHN) and drought-stress low-N (DSLN). In addition to ensuring that plants were watered according to the experiment design, photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (gs) (which are used to assess plant drought stress) were taken regularly, serving as the ground truth data for this study. The proposed VIs, together with known VIs, were used to train three classification models: support vector machines (SVM), random forest (RF), and deep neural networks (DNN) to classify plants based on their drought status. The proposed VIs achieved more than 0.94 accuracy across all models, and their performance further increased when combined with known VIs. The combined VIs were used to train three regression models to predict the stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rates of plants. The random forest regression model performed best, suggesting that it could be used as a stand-alone tool to forecast gs and Pn and track drought stress in wheat. This study shows that combining hyperspectral data with machine learning can effectively monitor and predict drought stress in crops, especially in varying nitrogen conditions.
准确检测植物的干旱胁迫对提高用水效率和农业产量至关重要。高光谱成像（HSI）为植物表型分析提供了一种非侵入式方法，由于对叶片成分的细微变化非常敏感，因此可以对植物健康状况进行长期监测。高光谱成像技术的光谱范围宽广，可以开发不同的植被指数（VIs），分析植物性状对多种胁迫的反应，如养分胁迫和干旱胁迫的综合反应。然而，已知的植被指数在多重胁迫下可能表现不佳。本研究提出了新的植被指数，并结合机器学习模型来识别不同氮（N）水平下小麦植物的干旱胁迫。在玻璃温室中进行了盆栽小麦实验，共设四个处理：水分充足高氮（WWHN）、水分充足低氮（WWLN）、干旱胁迫高氮（DSHN）和干旱胁迫低氮（DSLN）。除了确保植物按照实验设计进行浇水外，还定期采集光合速率（Pn）和气孔导度（gs）（用于评估植物干旱胁迫），作为本研究的基本真实数据。所提出的VIs与已知VIs一起用于训练三种分类模型：支持向量机（SVM）、随机森林（RF）和深度神经网络（DNN），以根据植物的干旱状况对其进行分类。所提出的 VI 在所有模型中的准确率都超过了 0.94，当与已知 VI 结合使用时，其性能进一步提高。组合后的 VIs 被用于训练三个回归模型，以预测植物的气孔导度和光合速率。随机森林回归模型表现最佳，表明它可作为一种独立的工具来预测气孔导度和光合速率，并跟踪小麦的干旱胁迫。这项研究表明，将高光谱数据与机器学习相结合可以有效地监测和预测作物的干旱胁迫，尤其是在不同的氮素条件下。
{"title":"Hyperspectral Imaging for Phenotyping Plant Drought Stress and Nitrogen Interactions Using Multivariate Modeling and Machine Learning Techniques in Wheat","authors":"Frank Gyan Okyere, Daniel Kingsley Cudjoe, Nicolas Virlet, March Castle, Andrew Bernard Riche, Latifa Greche, Fady Mohareb, Daniel Simms, Manal Mhada, Malcolm John Hawkesford","doi":"10.3390/rs16183446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16183446","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate detection of drought stress in plants is essential for water use efficiency and agricultural output. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) provides a non-invasive method in plant phenotyping, allowing the long-term monitoring of plant health due to sensitivity to subtle changes in leaf constituents. The broad spectral range of HSI enables the development of different vegetation indices (VIs) to analyze plant trait responses to multiple stresses, such as the combination of nutrient and drought stresses. However, known VIs may underperform when subjected to multiple stresses. This study presents new VIs in tandem with machine learning models to identify drought stress in wheat plants under varying nitrogen (N) levels. A pot wheat experiment was set up in the glasshouse with four treatments: well-watered high-N (WWHN), well-watered low-N (WWLN), drought-stress high-N (DSHN) and drought-stress low-N (DSLN). In addition to ensuring that plants were watered according to the experiment design, photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (gs) (which are used to assess plant drought stress) were taken regularly, serving as the ground truth data for this study. The proposed VIs, together with known VIs, were used to train three classification models: support vector machines (SVM), random forest (RF), and deep neural networks (DNN) to classify plants based on their drought status. The proposed VIs achieved more than 0.94 accuracy across all models, and their performance further increased when combined with known VIs. The combined VIs were used to train three regression models to predict the stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rates of plants. The random forest regression model performed best, suggesting that it could be used as a stand-alone tool to forecast gs and Pn and track drought stress in wheat. This study shows that combining hyperspectral data with machine learning can effectively monitor and predict drought stress in crops, especially in varying nitrogen conditions.","PeriodicalId":48993,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142250920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Steven R. Price, J. Patrick Donohoe, Stanton R. Price, Josh Fairley, Stephanie Robert
The complex permittivity of adobe is measured using a coaxial probe system verses frequency (500 MHz to 7 GHz) and water content (0% to 6%). Measurements are performed using adobe samples collected from abode bricks. The geotechnical properties of the compressed earth bricks are characterized by (1) percentage of gravel, sands, and fines; (2) Atterberg limits; and (3) grain-size distribution. The variation in adobe complex permittivity verses frequency is measured at discrete levels of water content using small adobe samples exposed to controlled levels of constant humidity in an environmental chamber. The typical water content profile verses depth for an adobe brick is also determined.
{"title":"Complex Permittivity of Adobe Verses Frequency and Water Content","authors":"Steven R. Price, J. Patrick Donohoe, Stanton R. Price, Josh Fairley, Stephanie Robert","doi":"10.3390/rs16183445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16183445","url":null,"abstract":"The complex permittivity of adobe is measured using a coaxial probe system verses frequency (500 MHz to 7 GHz) and water content (0% to 6%). Measurements are performed using adobe samples collected from abode bricks. The geotechnical properties of the compressed earth bricks are characterized by (1) percentage of gravel, sands, and fines; (2) Atterberg limits; and (3) grain-size distribution. The variation in adobe complex permittivity verses frequency is measured at discrete levels of water content using small adobe samples exposed to controlled levels of constant humidity in an environmental chamber. The typical water content profile verses depth for an adobe brick is also determined.","PeriodicalId":48993,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142250921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the rapid advancement of satellite remote sensing technology, many scientists and organizations, including NASA, ESA, NAOC, and Roscosmos, observe and study significant changes in the geomagnetic field, which has greatly promoted research on the geomagnetic field and made it an important research direction in Earth system science. In traditional geomagnetic field research, tesseroid cells face degradation issues in high-latitude regions and accuracy limitations. To overcome these limitations, this paper introduces the Discrete Global Grid System (DGGS) to construct a geophysical model, achieving seamless global coverage through multi-level grid subdivision, significantly enhancing the processing capability of multi-source and multi-temporal spatial data. Addressing the challenges of the lack of analytical solutions and clear integration limits for DGGS cells, a method for constructing shape functions of arbitrary isoparametric elements is proposed based on the principle of isoparametric transformation, and the shape functions of isoparametric DGGS cells are successfully derived. In magnetic vector forwarding, considering the potential error amplification caused by Poisson’s formula, the DGGS grid is divided into six regular triangular sub-units. The triangular superconvergent point technique is adopted, and the positions of integration points and their weight coefficients are accurately determined according to symmetry rules, thereby significantly improving the calculation accuracy without increasing the computational complexity. Finally, through the forward modeling algorithm based on tiny tesseroid cells, this study comprehensively compares and analyzes the computational accuracy of the DGGS-based magnetic vector forwarding algorithm, verifying the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method and providing new theoretical support and technical means for geophysical research.
{"title":"Spherical Magnetic Vector Forwarding of Isoparametric DGGS Cells with Natural Superconvergent Points","authors":"Peng Chen, Shujin Cao, Guangyin Lu, Dongxin Zhang, Xinyue Chen, Zhiming Chen","doi":"10.3390/rs16183448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16183448","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid advancement of satellite remote sensing technology, many scientists and organizations, including NASA, ESA, NAOC, and Roscosmos, observe and study significant changes in the geomagnetic field, which has greatly promoted research on the geomagnetic field and made it an important research direction in Earth system science. In traditional geomagnetic field research, tesseroid cells face degradation issues in high-latitude regions and accuracy limitations. To overcome these limitations, this paper introduces the Discrete Global Grid System (DGGS) to construct a geophysical model, achieving seamless global coverage through multi-level grid subdivision, significantly enhancing the processing capability of multi-source and multi-temporal spatial data. Addressing the challenges of the lack of analytical solutions and clear integration limits for DGGS cells, a method for constructing shape functions of arbitrary isoparametric elements is proposed based on the principle of isoparametric transformation, and the shape functions of isoparametric DGGS cells are successfully derived. In magnetic vector forwarding, considering the potential error amplification caused by Poisson’s formula, the DGGS grid is divided into six regular triangular sub-units. The triangular superconvergent point technique is adopted, and the positions of integration points and their weight coefficients are accurately determined according to symmetry rules, thereby significantly improving the calculation accuracy without increasing the computational complexity. Finally, through the forward modeling algorithm based on tiny tesseroid cells, this study comprehensively compares and analyzes the computational accuracy of the DGGS-based magnetic vector forwarding algorithm, verifying the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method and providing new theoretical support and technical means for geophysical research.","PeriodicalId":48993,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is highly correlated with photosynthesis and can be used for estimating gross primary productivity (GPP) and monitoring vegetation stress. The far-red band of the solar Fraunhofer lines (FLs) is close to the strongest SIF emission peak and is unaffected by chlorophyll absorption, making it suitable for SIF intensity retrieval. In this study, we propose a retrieval window for far-red SIF, significantly enhancing the sensitivity of data-driven methods to SIF signals near 757 nm. This window introduces a weak O2 absorption band based on the FLs window, allowing for better separation of SIF signals from satellite spectra by altering the shape of specific singular vectors. Additionally, a frequency shift correction algorithm based on standard non-shifted reference spectra is proposed to discuss and eliminate the influence of the Doppler effect. SIF intensity retrieval was achieved using data from the GOSAT satellite, and the retrieved SIF was validated using GPP, enhanced vegetation index (EVI) from the MODIS platform, and published GOSAT SIF products. The validation results indicate that the SIF products provided in this study exhibit higher fitting goodness with GPP and EVI at high spatiotemporal resolutions, with improvements ranging from 55% to 129%. At low spatiotemporal resolutions, the SIF product provided in this study shows higher consistency with EVI and GPP spatially.
{"title":"Improved Methods for Retrieval of Chlorophyll Fluorescence from Satellite Observation in the Far-Red Band Using Singular Value Decomposition Algorithm","authors":"Kewei Zhu, Mingmin Zou, Shuli Sheng, Xuwen Wang, Tianqi Liu, Yongping Cheng, Hui Wang","doi":"10.3390/rs16183441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16183441","url":null,"abstract":"Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is highly correlated with photosynthesis and can be used for estimating gross primary productivity (GPP) and monitoring vegetation stress. The far-red band of the solar Fraunhofer lines (FLs) is close to the strongest SIF emission peak and is unaffected by chlorophyll absorption, making it suitable for SIF intensity retrieval. In this study, we propose a retrieval window for far-red SIF, significantly enhancing the sensitivity of data-driven methods to SIF signals near 757 nm. This window introduces a weak O2 absorption band based on the FLs window, allowing for better separation of SIF signals from satellite spectra by altering the shape of specific singular vectors. Additionally, a frequency shift correction algorithm based on standard non-shifted reference spectra is proposed to discuss and eliminate the influence of the Doppler effect. SIF intensity retrieval was achieved using data from the GOSAT satellite, and the retrieved SIF was validated using GPP, enhanced vegetation index (EVI) from the MODIS platform, and published GOSAT SIF products. The validation results indicate that the SIF products provided in this study exhibit higher fitting goodness with GPP and EVI at high spatiotemporal resolutions, with improvements ranging from 55% to 129%. At low spatiotemporal resolutions, the SIF product provided in this study shows higher consistency with EVI and GPP spatially.","PeriodicalId":48993,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142250916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study employs the two-dimensional Legendre polynomial fitting (2-D LPF) method to fit M2 tidal harmonic constants from satellite altimetry data within the region of 53°E–131°E, 34°S–6°N, extracting internal tide signals acting on the sea surface. The M2 tidal harmonic constants are derived from the sea surface height (SSH) data of the TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P), Jason-1, Jason-2, and Jason-3 satellites via t-tide analysis. We validate the 2-D LPF method against the 300 km moving average (300 km smooth) method and the one-dimensional Legendre polynomial fitting (1-D LPF) method. Through cross-validation across 42 orbits, the optimal polynomial orders are determined to be seven for 1-D LPF, and eight and seven for the longitudinal and latitudinal directions in 2-D LPF, respectively. The 2-D LPF method demonstrated superior spatial continuity and smoothness of internal tide signals. Further single-orbit correlation analysis confirmed generally higher correlation with topographic and density perturbations (correlation coefficients: 0.502, 0.620, 0.245; 0.420, 0.273, −0.101), underscoring its accuracy. Overall, the 2-D LPF method can use all regional data points, overcoming the limitations of single-orbit approaches and proving its effectiveness in extracting internal tide signals acting on the sea surface.
{"title":"Two-Dimensional Legendre Polynomial Method for Internal Tide Signal Extraction","authors":"Yunfei Zhang, Cheng Luo, Haibo Chen, Wei Cui, Xianqing Lv","doi":"10.3390/rs16183447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16183447","url":null,"abstract":"This study employs the two-dimensional Legendre polynomial fitting (2-D LPF) method to fit M2 tidal harmonic constants from satellite altimetry data within the region of 53°E–131°E, 34°S–6°N, extracting internal tide signals acting on the sea surface. The M2 tidal harmonic constants are derived from the sea surface height (SSH) data of the TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P), Jason-1, Jason-2, and Jason-3 satellites via t-tide analysis. We validate the 2-D LPF method against the 300 km moving average (300 km smooth) method and the one-dimensional Legendre polynomial fitting (1-D LPF) method. Through cross-validation across 42 orbits, the optimal polynomial orders are determined to be seven for 1-D LPF, and eight and seven for the longitudinal and latitudinal directions in 2-D LPF, respectively. The 2-D LPF method demonstrated superior spatial continuity and smoothness of internal tide signals. Further single-orbit correlation analysis confirmed generally higher correlation with topographic and density perturbations (correlation coefficients: 0.502, 0.620, 0.245; 0.420, 0.273, −0.101), underscoring its accuracy. Overall, the 2-D LPF method can use all regional data points, overcoming the limitations of single-orbit approaches and proving its effectiveness in extracting internal tide signals acting on the sea surface.","PeriodicalId":48993,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Extreme meteorological events hit our planet with increasing frequency, resulting in an ever-increasing number of natural disasters. Flash floods generated by intense and violent rains are among the most dangerous natural disasters that compromise crops and cause serious damage to infrastructure and human lives. In the case of such a kind of disastrous events, timely and accurate information about the location and extent of the affected areas can be crucial to better plan and implement recovery and containment interventions. Satellite systems may efficiently provide such information at different spatial/temporal resolutions. Several authors have developed satellite techniques to detect and map inundated areas using both Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and a new generation of high-resolution optical data but with some accuracy limits, mostly due to the use of fixed thresholds to discriminate between the inundated and unaffected areas. In this paper, the RST-FLOOD fully automatic technique, which does not suffer from the aforementioned limitation, has been exported for the first time to the mid–high-spatial resolution (20 m) optical data provided by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI). The technique was originally designed for and successfully applied to Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) satellite data at a mid–low spatial resolution (from 1000 to 375 m). The processing chain was implemented in a completely automatic mode within the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform to study the recent strong flood event that occurred in May 2023 in Emilia Romagna (Italy). The outgoing results were compared with those obtained through the implementation of an existing independent optical-based technique and the products provided by the official Copernicus Emergency Management Service (CEMS), which is responsible for releasing information during crisis events. The comparisons carried out show that RST-FLOOD is a simple implementation technique able to retrieve more sensitive and effective information than the other optical-based methodology analyzed here and with an accuracy better than the one offered by the CEMS products with a significantly reduced delivery time.
{"title":"A First Extension of the Robust Satellite Technique RST-FLOOD to Sentinel-2 Data for the Mapping of Flooded Areas: The Case of the Emilia Romagna (Italy) 2023 Event","authors":"Valeria Satriano, Emanuele Ciancia, Nicola Pergola, Valerio Tramutoli","doi":"10.3390/rs16183450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16183450","url":null,"abstract":"Extreme meteorological events hit our planet with increasing frequency, resulting in an ever-increasing number of natural disasters. Flash floods generated by intense and violent rains are among the most dangerous natural disasters that compromise crops and cause serious damage to infrastructure and human lives. In the case of such a kind of disastrous events, timely and accurate information about the location and extent of the affected areas can be crucial to better plan and implement recovery and containment interventions. Satellite systems may efficiently provide such information at different spatial/temporal resolutions. Several authors have developed satellite techniques to detect and map inundated areas using both Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and a new generation of high-resolution optical data but with some accuracy limits, mostly due to the use of fixed thresholds to discriminate between the inundated and unaffected areas. In this paper, the RST-FLOOD fully automatic technique, which does not suffer from the aforementioned limitation, has been exported for the first time to the mid–high-spatial resolution (20 m) optical data provided by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI). The technique was originally designed for and successfully applied to Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) satellite data at a mid–low spatial resolution (from 1000 to 375 m). The processing chain was implemented in a completely automatic mode within the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform to study the recent strong flood event that occurred in May 2023 in Emilia Romagna (Italy). The outgoing results were compared with those obtained through the implementation of an existing independent optical-based technique and the products provided by the official Copernicus Emergency Management Service (CEMS), which is responsible for releasing information during crisis events. The comparisons carried out show that RST-FLOOD is a simple implementation technique able to retrieve more sensitive and effective information than the other optical-based methodology analyzed here and with an accuracy better than the one offered by the CEMS products with a significantly reduced delivery time.","PeriodicalId":48993,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142250966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As an extremely efficient preprocessing tool, superpixels have become more and more popular in various computer vision tasks. Nevertheless, there are still several drawbacks in the application of hyperspectral image (HSl) processing. Firstly, it is difficult to directly apply superpixels because of the high dimension of HSl information. Secondly, existing superpixel algorithms cannot accurately classify the HSl objects due to multi-scale feature categorization. For the processing of high-dimensional problems, we use the principle of PCA to extract three principal components from numerous bands to form three-channel images. In this paper, a novel superpixel algorithm called Seed Extend by Entropy Density (SEED) is proposed to alleviate the seed point redundancy caused by the diversified content of HSl. It also focuses on breaking the dilemma of manually setting the number of superpixels to overcome the difficulty of classification imprecision caused by multi-scale targets. Next, a space–spectrum constraint model, termed Hyperspectral Image Classification via superpixels and manifold learning (SMALE), is designed, which integrates the proposed SEED to generate a dimensionality reduction framework. By making full use of spatial context information in the process of unsupervised dimension reduction, it could effectively improve the performance of HSl classification. Experimental results show that the proposed SEED could effectively promote the classification accuracy of HSI. Meanwhile, the integrated SMALE model outperforms existing algorithms on public datasets in terms of several quantitative metrics.
{"title":"SMALE: Hyperspectral Image Classification via Superpixels and Manifold Learning","authors":"Nannan Liao, Jianglei Gong, Wenxing Li, Cheng Li, Chaoyan Zhang, Baolong Guo","doi":"10.3390/rs16183442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16183442","url":null,"abstract":"As an extremely efficient preprocessing tool, superpixels have become more and more popular in various computer vision tasks. Nevertheless, there are still several drawbacks in the application of hyperspectral image (HSl) processing. Firstly, it is difficult to directly apply superpixels because of the high dimension of HSl information. Secondly, existing superpixel algorithms cannot accurately classify the HSl objects due to multi-scale feature categorization. For the processing of high-dimensional problems, we use the principle of PCA to extract three principal components from numerous bands to form three-channel images. In this paper, a novel superpixel algorithm called Seed Extend by Entropy Density (SEED) is proposed to alleviate the seed point redundancy caused by the diversified content of HSl. It also focuses on breaking the dilemma of manually setting the number of superpixels to overcome the difficulty of classification imprecision caused by multi-scale targets. Next, a space–spectrum constraint model, termed Hyperspectral Image Classification via superpixels and manifold learning (SMALE), is designed, which integrates the proposed SEED to generate a dimensionality reduction framework. By making full use of spatial context information in the process of unsupervised dimension reduction, it could effectively improve the performance of HSl classification. Experimental results show that the proposed SEED could effectively promote the classification accuracy of HSI. Meanwhile, the integrated SMALE model outperforms existing algorithms on public datasets in terms of several quantitative metrics.","PeriodicalId":48993,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142250919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the non-time-synchronized lightning positioning method does not rely on the time synchronization of the stations in the positioning system, it eliminates the errors arising from the pursuit of time synchronization and potentially achieves higher positioning accuracy. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the errors present in the three-dimensional lightning positioning system. It compares the results of traditional positioning methods with those of non-time-synchronized lightning positioning algorithms. Subsequently, a simulation analysis of the positioning errors is conducted specifically for the non-time-synchronized lightning positioning method. The results show that (1) the non-time-synchronized lightning positioning method exhibits greater errors when utilizing two randomly positioned radiation sources for location determination. Consequently, the resulting positioning outcomes only provide a general overview of the lightning discharge. (2) The positioning outcomes resemble those of the traditional method when employing a fixed-coordinate beacon point. However, the errors in the three-dimensional positional coordinates of these fixed-coordinate beacon points significantly impact the deviations in the positioning results. This impact is positively correlated with the positional error of the beacon point, considering both the orientation and magnitude. (3) Similarly to the traditional method, the farther away from the center of the positioning network, the larger the radial error. (4) The spatial position of the selected fixed-coordinate beacon point has little influence on the error.
{"title":"Error Analysis of Non-Time-Synchronized Lightning Positioning Method","authors":"Yanhui Wang, Lijie Yao, Yingchang Min, Yali Liu, Guo Zhao","doi":"10.3390/rs16183443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16183443","url":null,"abstract":"Since the non-time-synchronized lightning positioning method does not rely on the time synchronization of the stations in the positioning system, it eliminates the errors arising from the pursuit of time synchronization and potentially achieves higher positioning accuracy. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the errors present in the three-dimensional lightning positioning system. It compares the results of traditional positioning methods with those of non-time-synchronized lightning positioning algorithms. Subsequently, a simulation analysis of the positioning errors is conducted specifically for the non-time-synchronized lightning positioning method. The results show that (1) the non-time-synchronized lightning positioning method exhibits greater errors when utilizing two randomly positioned radiation sources for location determination. Consequently, the resulting positioning outcomes only provide a general overview of the lightning discharge. (2) The positioning outcomes resemble those of the traditional method when employing a fixed-coordinate beacon point. However, the errors in the three-dimensional positional coordinates of these fixed-coordinate beacon points significantly impact the deviations in the positioning results. This impact is positively correlated with the positional error of the beacon point, considering both the orientation and magnitude. (3) Similarly to the traditional method, the farther away from the center of the positioning network, the larger the radial error. (4) The spatial position of the selected fixed-coordinate beacon point has little influence on the error.","PeriodicalId":48993,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142250917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Atmospheric migrating diurnal tide (DW1) is one of the prominent variabilities in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). The existence of the solar cycle dependence of DW1 is debated, and there exist different and even opposite findings at different latitudes. In this paper, the solar cycle dependence of temperature DW1 in the equatorial mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) is investigated using temperature global observations from TIMED/SABER spanning 22 years (2002–2023). The results show that (a) the solar cycle dependence of temperature DW1 is seen very clearly at the equator. The maximum correlation coefficient between DW1 and the F10.7 index occurs at 87km, with 0.72; the second maximum coefficient occurs at 99 km, with 0.62. The coefficient could reach 0.87 at 87 km and 0.67 at 99 km after dropping the years influenced by the Stratosphere Quasi-biennial oscillation (SQBO) disruption event. (b) DW1 shows a lag response to the solar cycle at the equator. DW1 amplitudes show a 1-year lag to the F10.7 index at 87 km and a 2-year lag to the F10.7 index at 99 km.
{"title":"Solar Cycle Dependence of Migrating Diurnal Tide in the Equatorial Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere","authors":"Shuai Liu, Guoying Jiang, Bingxian Luo, Jiyao Xu, Ruilin Lin, Yajun Zhu, Weijun Liu","doi":"10.3390/rs16183437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16183437","url":null,"abstract":"Atmospheric migrating diurnal tide (DW1) is one of the prominent variabilities in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). The existence of the solar cycle dependence of DW1 is debated, and there exist different and even opposite findings at different latitudes. In this paper, the solar cycle dependence of temperature DW1 in the equatorial mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) is investigated using temperature global observations from TIMED/SABER spanning 22 years (2002–2023). The results show that (a) the solar cycle dependence of temperature DW1 is seen very clearly at the equator. The maximum correlation coefficient between DW1 and the F10.7 index occurs at 87km, with 0.72; the second maximum coefficient occurs at 99 km, with 0.62. The coefficient could reach 0.87 at 87 km and 0.67 at 99 km after dropping the years influenced by the Stratosphere Quasi-biennial oscillation (SQBO) disruption event. (b) DW1 shows a lag response to the solar cycle at the equator. DW1 amplitudes show a 1-year lag to the F10.7 index at 87 km and a 2-year lag to the F10.7 index at 99 km.","PeriodicalId":48993,"journal":{"name":"Remote Sensing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142250970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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