Contact Lens & Anterior Eye最新文献_第8页

Tear levels of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and Interleukin 1-β, and clinical correlations in new contact lens users 隐形眼镜新使用者泪液中转化生长因子-β1 和白细胞介素 1-β 的水平及临床相关性。

IF 4.1 3区医学 Q1 OPHTHALMOLOGY

Contact Lens & Anterior Eye

Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2024.102299

Eduardo Insua Pereira , Ana Paula Sampaio , Madalena Lira

Purpose

To assess alterations in the tear Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β1 and Interleukin (IL1)-β concentration in new contact lens wearers; and explore correlations with tear film stability, and ocular physiological response.

Methods

In this clinical setting, 12 neophytes (5 males), with an average age of 24.0 ± 5.0 years were fitted with delefilcon A contact lenses. Physiological responses (bulbar and limbal hyperemia), Pre-corneal (NIBUT), Pre-lens (PL-NIBUT) non-Invasive Break-Up Times, and tear samples were collected in the morning (before lens insertion; 9 – 10 a.m.) and afternoon (before lens removal; 7 – 8p.m.) of the same day. NIBUT and PL-NIBUT were measured using a tearscope. Tear samples were assayed for TGF-β1 and IL1-β concentrations using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay kits. An 11-members control group (6 males) aged 25.0 ± 5.0, served to assess biomarker levels in non-contact lens wearers’ tears.

Results

Subjects wore lenses for an average of 7 h and 20 min (range: 6 to 9 h). Bulbar and limbal hyperemia increased significantly throughout the day (p < 0.001). PL-NIBUT were lower than NIBUT (4.7 ± 2.0 Vs. 12.2 ± 8.8 s; p < 0.001). The IL1-β levels were higher in neophytes than controls (3.2 ± 4.7 Vs. 0.1 ± 0.1 pg/ml; p = 0.05), correlating significantly with bulbar (r = 0.405, p = 0.008) and limbal hyperemia (r = 0.499, p = 0.027). No substantial changes were reported for TGF-β1.

Conclusion

The presence of TGF-β1 in tears does not appear significantly affected by lens wear. The association between physiological parameters and IL1-β levels suggests that lenses may disrupt ocular surface homeostasis by altering cytokine regulatory mechanisms. However, due to its low concentration, IL1-β’s role in the subclinical inflammatory response to lens wear is limited.

目的：评估隐形眼镜新配戴者泪液中转化生长因子（TGF）-β1 和白细胞介素（IL1）-β 浓度的变化，并探讨其与泪膜稳定性和眼部生理反应的相关性：在临床环境中，为 12 名新手（5 名男性）配戴了 delefilcon A 型隐形眼镜，他们的平均年龄为 24.0 ± 5.0 岁。在当天上午（镜片插入前，上午 9 - 10 点）和下午（镜片摘除前，晚上 7 - 8 点）收集生理反应（球结膜和角结膜充血）、角膜前（NIBUT）、镜片前（PL-NIBUT）非侵入性破裂时间和泪液样本。使用泪液镜测量 NIBUT 和 PL-NIBUT。使用酶联免疫吸附试剂盒检测泪液样本中 TGF-β1 和 IL1-β 的浓度。对照组有 11 名成员（6 名男性），年龄为 25.0 ± 5.0，用于评估非隐形眼镜佩戴者泪液中的生物标志物水平：受试者佩戴镜片的平均时间为 7 小时 20 分钟（范围：6 至 9 小时）。球结膜和角结膜充血在一天中明显增加（P泪液中 TGF-β1 的存在似乎不会受到佩戴镜片的明显影响。生理参数与 IL1-β 水平之间的关联表明，镜片可能会通过改变细胞因子调节机制来破坏眼表平衡。然而，由于其浓度较低，IL1-β 在镜片佩戴引起的亚临床炎症反应中的作用有限。

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引用次数: 0

Prospective registry-based external validation cohort analysis of dry eye disease subtype classification criteria 干眼症亚型分类标准的前瞻性登记外部验证队列分析。

IF 4.1 3区医学 Q1 OPHTHALMOLOGY

Contact Lens & Anterior Eye

Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2024.102290

Michael T.M. Wang , Jennifer P. Craig , Barry Power , James S. Wolffsohn

引用次数: 0

Artificial intelligence in corneal diseases: A narrative review 人工智能在角膜疾病中的应用：综述。

IF 4.1 3区医学 Q1 OPHTHALMOLOGY

Contact Lens & Anterior Eye

Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2024.102284

Tuan Nguyen , Joshua Ong , Mouayad Masalkhi , Ethan Waisberg , Nasif Zaman , Prithul Sarker , Sarah Aman , Haotian Lin , Mingjie Luo , Renato Ambrosio , Aydano P. Machado , Darren S.J. Ting , Jodhbir S. Mehta , Alireza Tavakkoli , Andrew G. Lee

Corneal diseases represent a growing public health burden, especially in resource-limited settings lacking access to specialized eye care. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers promising solutions for automating the diagnosis and management of corneal conditions. This narrative review examines the application of AI in corneal diseases, focusing on keratoconus, infectious keratitis, pterygium, dry eye disease, Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy, and corneal transplantation. AI models integrating diverse imaging modalities (e.g., corneal topography, slit-lamp, and anterior segment OCT images) and clinical data have demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy, often outperforming human experts. Emerging trends include the incorporation of biomechanical data to enhance keratoconus detection, leveraging in vivo confocal microscopy for diagnosing infectious keratitis, and employing multimodal approaches for comprehensive disease analysis. Additionally, AI has shown potential in predicting disease progression, treatment outcomes, and postoperative complications in corneal transplantation. While challenges remain such as population heterogeneity, limited external validation, and the “black box” nature of some models, ongoing advancement in explainable AI, data augmentation, and improved regulatory frameworks can serve to address these limitations.

角膜疾病是一个日益沉重的公共卫生负担，尤其是在资源有限、缺乏专业眼科护理的环境中。人工智能（AI）为角膜疾病的自动化诊断和管理提供了前景广阔的解决方案。这篇叙述性综述探讨了人工智能在角膜疾病中的应用，重点关注角膜炎、感染性角膜炎、翼状胬肉、干眼症、富克斯内皮角膜营养不良症和角膜移植。集成了多种成像模式（如角膜地形图、裂隙灯和前段 OCT 图像）和临床数据的人工智能模型已证明诊断准确性很高，往往优于人类专家。新出现的趋势包括结合生物力学数据加强角膜病检测、利用体内共焦显微镜诊断感染性角膜炎，以及采用多模态方法进行综合疾病分析。此外，人工智能在预测角膜移植的疾病进展、治疗效果和术后并发症方面也显示出潜力。虽然仍存在人口异质性、有限的外部验证和某些模型的 "黑箱 "性质等挑战，但可解释的人工智能、数据扩增和改进的监管框架的不断进步可有助于解决这些局限性。

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引用次数: 0

Association between vision-related quality of life and mental health status in myopia children using various optical correction aids 使用各种光学矫正辅助设备的近视儿童视力相关生活质量与心理健康状况之间的关系。

IF 4.1 3区医学 Q1 OPHTHALMOLOGY

Contact Lens & Anterior Eye

Pub Date : 2024-08-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2024.102287

Wen Zhang , Shuai Chang , Jinyun Jiang, Mengting Yu, Shuoshuo Chen, Yin Hu, Zhouyue Li, Xiao Yang

Purpose

To evaluate the relationship between vision-related quality of life and mental health in myopia children with various optical aids.

Methods

This cross-sectional study enrolled children aged 8–13 years, exhibiting myopia ranging from −4.50 to −0.75 D, and utilizing various optical aids for correction. Full ocular examinations and completion of two questionnaires were performed. Vision-related quality of life was evaluated using the Paediatric Refractive Error Profile (PREP), and mental health status was assessed utilising the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to evaluate the association between vision-related quality of life and mental health status.

Results

The study sample comprised 209 children with corrected myopia using single vision spectacles (100 [47.8 %]), soft contact lenses (66 [31.6 %]), and orthokeratology lenses (43 [20.6 %]). The mean age was 10.31 ± 1.65 y, and males accounted for 50.7 % of the sample. The distribution of demographic characteristics showed no significant difference among all correction types, except that the myopia duration was longer for orthokeratology lens wearers than those using spectacles (P=0.03). Contact lens showed clear benefits in almost all dimensions of vision-related quality of life, especially in appearance, satisfaction, activity and peer perceptions dimensions. The prevalence of anxiety disorders among spectacle wearers was 25.0 %, the highest among all groups. For myopia children with optical corrections, not being in the top 30 percent of their class rank, reporting lower PREP scores on symptoms, handling and peer perceptions dimensions were related with a higher prevalence of anxiety disorders.

Conclusions

Lower vision-related quality of life was associated with worse mental health status of myopia children with optical corrections. Identifying this association is crucial for protecting the mental health of myopia children and enhancing corrective measures.

目的：评估使用各种光学辅助设备的近视儿童与视力相关的生活质量和心理健康之间的关系：这项横断面研究招募了 8-13 岁的儿童，他们的近视度数在 -4.50 到 -0.75 D 之间，并使用各种光学辅助设备进行矫正。他们接受了全面的眼部检查，并填写了两份问卷。与视力相关的生活质量通过儿童屈光不正档案（PREP）进行评估，心理健康状况通过儿童焦虑相关情绪障碍筛查（SCARED）进行评估。对视力相关生活质量与心理健康状况之间的关系进行了单变量和多变量分析：研究样本包括 209 名使用单光眼镜（100 [47.8%]）、软性隐形眼镜（66 [31.6%]）和角膜塑形镜（43 [20.6%]）矫正近视的儿童。样本的平均年龄为 10.31 ± 1.65 岁，男性占 50.7%。人口统计学特征的分布显示，所有矫正类型之间没有明显差异，只是角膜塑形镜佩戴者的近视持续时间比使用眼镜者更长（P=0.03）。隐形眼镜在几乎所有与视力相关的生活质量方面都有明显优势，尤其是在外观、满意度、活动和同伴感知方面。配戴眼镜者的焦虑症发病率为 25.0%，是所有群体中最高的。对于接受光学矫正的近视儿童来说，如果在班级排名中不是前 30%，在症状、处理和同伴感知方面的 PREP 分数较低，则焦虑症的发病率较高：结论：视力相关生活质量较低与接受光学矫正的近视儿童心理健康状况较差有关。发现这种关联对于保护近视儿童的心理健康和加强矫正措施至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Comparison of susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from keratitis to antibiotics and multipurpose disinfecting solutions 比较从角膜炎中分离出来的铜绿假单胞菌对抗生素和多用途消毒液的敏感性。

IF 4.1 3区医学 Q1 OPHTHALMOLOGY

Contact Lens & Anterior Eye

Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2024.102288

Motohiro Itoi , Mark D.P. Willcox

Purpose

This study aimed to assess the susceptibility of ocular isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to two multi-purpose disinfectant solutions (MPDS) and to determine if there was a relationship with resistance to antibiotics.

Methods

Twenty-three strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from microbial keratitis cases in Australia were utilized in this study. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of two commercially available MPDSs, Biotrue and cleadew MPS were determined. Additionally, the MIC of the strains to five antibiotics, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gentamicin, ceftazidime, and imipenem, were analyzed.

Results

All strains were susceptible to 100 % of each of the MPDS. However, when MPDSs were diluted, cleadew MPS had significantly lower median MIC (median = 12.5 vs 25; p = 0.00008) and MBC (median = 25 vs 50; p = 0.0027) compared to Biotrue. All tested strains were susceptible to levofloxacin and gentamicin. Susceptibility rates to ciprofloxacin, imipenem, and ceftazidime were 52.2 %, 30.4 %, and 91.3 %, respectively. There were no significant relations between MIC or MBC to either MPDS and resistance to the antibiotics (p≧0.23).

Conclusion

Both MPDSs were active against P. aeruginosa isolated from microbial keratitis in Australia. However, after dilution, cleadew MPS remained active against P. aeruginosa at lower concentrations. Certain strains of P. aeruginosa were resistant to imipenem, ceftazidime or ciprofloxacin. The lack of association of susceptibility to MPDS and antibiotics suggest that resistance to one did not predispose to resistance to the other.

目的：本研究旨在评估眼部铜绿假单胞菌分离株对两种多用途消毒剂溶液（MPDS）的敏感性，并确定其是否与抗生素耐药性有关：本研究采用了从澳大利亚微生物角膜炎病例中分离出的 23 株铜绿假单胞菌。测定了两种市售 MPDS（Biotrue 和 cleadew MPS）的最低抑菌浓度 (MIC) 和最低杀菌浓度 (MBC)。此外，还分析了菌株对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、庆大霉素、头孢他啶和亚胺培南这五种抗生素的 MIC：结果：所有菌株对每种 MPDS 的敏感率均为 100%。然而，当稀释 MPDS 时，与 Biotrue 相比，cleadew MPS 的 MIC 中位数（中位数 = 12.5 vs 25；p = 0.00008）和 MBC 中位数（中位数 = 25 vs 50；p = 0.0027）明显较低。所有测试菌株都对左氧氟沙星和庆大霉素敏感。对环丙沙星、亚胺培南和头孢他啶的敏感率分别为 52.2%、30.4% 和 91.3%。两种多肽释放抑制剂的 MIC 或 MBC 与抗生素耐药性之间无明显关系（p≧0.23）：结论：两种 MPDS 对从澳大利亚微生物性角膜炎中分离出的铜绿假单胞菌都有活性。然而，稀释后，在较低浓度下，洁霉素 MPS 对铜绿假单胞菌仍有活性。某些铜绿假单胞菌菌株对亚胺培南、头孢他啶或环丙沙星具有抗药性。对 MPDS 和抗生素的敏感性没有关联，这表明对其中一种抗生素的耐药性不会导致对另一种抗生素的耐药性。

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引用次数: 0

Shared decision‐making, treatment decision regret, and vision-related quality of life among parents of children with myopia: An online survey in Taiwan 近视儿童家长的共同决策、治疗决策后悔以及与视力相关的生活质量：台湾在线调查。

IF 4.1 3区医学 Q1 OPHTHALMOLOGY

Contact Lens & Anterior Eye

Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2024.102283

Li-Chun Chang , Chi-Chin Sun , Tzu-Chi Lee , Ya-Ni Wang , Li-Ling Liao

Objectives

To investigate the relationships among myopia treatment, decision regret, shared decision-making, and vision-related quality of life among parents of 6–12-year-old children with myopia.

Methods

An online Google Forms questionnaire was developed using a cross-sectional design and distributed between January 16 and August 22, 2023. Parents of 6–12-year-old children with myopia were recruited through school nurses working in Taiwan. The children’s and parents’ demographic data were collected. Study instruments included the Decisional Regret Scale, Shared Decision‐Making, and Vision-Related Quality of Life questionnaires. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to identify factors influencing vision-related quality of life.

Results

Of 350 parents contacted, 314 questionnaires were analyzed. Among the respondents, 77.39 % (n = 243) were mothers, and most were aged >40 years. The mean age of children at myopia diagnosis was 7.12 ± 1.24 years; 46.50 % had < − 1.0 diopters of refractive error. Atropine eye drops were the primary treatment; 17.71 % of children were prescribed orthokeratology for myopia control. Parents reported low levels of decision regret and moderate levels of shared decision-making and vision-related quality of life. Children’s age, use of orthokeratology lenses, decision regret, and shared decision-making significantly influenced the vision-related quality of life reported by the parents, accounting for 22.5 % of the variance.

Conclusion

The study’s findings emphasize the importance of addressing decision regret and promoting shared decision-making in myopia treatment. Eye care professionals should discuss treatment options thoroughly before making decisions. Through shared decision-making, parents can make informed choices about treatments based on a comprehensive understanding of the benefits and drawbacks, ultimately benefitting children’s vision health.

目的调查 6-12 岁近视儿童的父母在近视治疗、决策后悔、共同决策和视力相关生活质量之间的关系：采用横断面设计制作了一份在线谷歌表格调查问卷，并于 2023 年 1 月 16 日至 8 月 22 日期间发放。通过在台湾工作的学校护士招募了 6-12 岁近视儿童的家长。收集了儿童和家长的人口统计学数据。研究工具包括决策后悔量表、共同决策和视力相关生活质量问卷。研究采用多变量线性回归分析来确定影响视力相关生活质量的因素：在接触的 350 名家长中，对 314 份问卷进行了分析。受访者中，77.39%（n = 243）为母亲，年龄大多大于 40 岁。确诊近视时儿童的平均年龄为 7.12 ± 1.24 岁；46.50% 的儿童患有先天性近视：研究结果强调了在近视治疗中解决决策遗憾和促进共同决策的重要性。眼科专业人员在做出决定前，应充分讨论治疗方案。通过共同决策，家长可以在全面了解利弊的基础上做出明智的治疗选择，最终有利于儿童的视力健康。

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引用次数: 0

International trends in prescribing extended wear soft contact lenses (2000–2023): An update 增戴型软性隐形眼镜处方的国际趋势（2000-2023 年）：更新。

IF 4.1 3区医学 Q1 OPHTHALMOLOGY

Contact Lens & Anterior Eye

Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2024.102285

Philip B. Morgan , Nathan Efron , Craig A Woods , Deborah Jones , Lyndon Jones , Jason J. Nichols

Purpose

Extended wear has long been considered as the ultimate contact lens modality in terms of user convenience. The purpose of this work is to update earlier surveys by describing international trends in extended wear soft lens fitting between 2000 and 2023, inclusive.

Method

An annual contact lens prescribing survey was sent to eye care practitioners in up to 71 countries between 2000 and 2023, inclusive. Data relating to 282,142 soft contact lens fits undertaken in 20 countries returning reliable longitudinal data were analysed in respect of extended wear soft lens fitting.

Results

Over the duration of the work there was a very small decrease in the prescribing of extended wear soft lenses (p < 0.0001). More detailed inspection shows that prescribing of these lenses steadily increased from 5.8 % of all soft lens fits in 2000 to 11.6 % in 2007, then steadily decreased to 5.2 % in 2023. Of all soft contact lenses prescribed to males, 9.2 % were fitted for extended wear, compared with 6.7 % for females (p < 0.0001). The mean age of extended wear soft lens wearers at fitting was 34.7 ± 14.7 years, compared to 31.1. ± 14.10 years for daily soft lens wearers (p < 0.0001). Analysis of 1,948 recent extended wear soft lens fits (2019–2023, inclusive), in terms of material type, revealed that, on average, 86 % and 14 % of extended wear soft lenses were fitted using silicone hydrogel and hydrogel materials, respectively.

Conclusion

A modest increase in extended wear soft lens prescribing from 2000 to 2007 corresponded with the introduction of high oxygen transmissibility silicone hydrogel lenses. However, prescribing of this lens type declined thereafter, probably due to ongoing concerns over their increased rate of microbial keratitis, resulting in a prescribing rate in 2023 (5.2%) that was little different to that observed in 2000 (5.8%).

目的：长期以来，延戴式隐形眼镜一直被认为是方便用户的终极隐形眼镜方式。这项工作的目的是通过描述 2000 年至 2023 年（含 2023 年）期间延戴型软性镜片验配的国际趋势，对之前的调查进行更新：方法：在 2000 年至 2023 年（含 2023 年）期间，向多达 71 个国家的眼科护理从业人员发送年度隐形眼镜处方调查。对 20 个国家的 282,142 例软性隐形眼镜验配数据进行了分析，这些数据均提供了可靠的纵向数据：结果：在研究期间，延戴型软性隐形眼镜的处方量略有减少（p 结论：延戴型软性隐形眼镜的处方量略有增加：从 2000 年到 2007 年，随着高透氧硅水凝胶镜片的推出，延戴型软镜的处方量略有增加。然而，可能是由于人们一直担心这种镜片会增加微生物性角膜炎的发病率，此后这种镜片的处方量有所下降，导致 2023 年的处方率（5.2%）与 2000 年的处方率（5.8%）相差无几。

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引用次数: 0

Ocular surface parameters repeatability and agreement —A comparison between Keratograph 5M and IDRA 眼表参数的重复性和一致性 - Keratograph 5M 和 IDRA 的比较。

IF 4.1 3区医学 Q1 OPHTHALMOLOGY

Contact Lens & Anterior Eye

Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2024.102281

Ka Yin Chan , Xulin Liao , Biyue Guo , Jimmy S.H. Tse , Peter H. Li , Allen M.Y. Cheong , William Ngo , Thomas C. Lam

Purpose

To evaluate the repeatability and agreement in dry eye measurements using Oculus Keratograph 5M (K5M) and SBM Sistemi IDRA (IDRA).

Methods

A total of 108 participants were enrolled and 108 eyes were evaluated. Tear meniscus height (TMH) and first and average non-invasive break-up time (NIBUT) were measured using the K5M and IDRA (order randomly assigned). TMH was measured using the built-in caliper tool while NIBUT was computed by the automatic algorithm of the instruments.

Results

The Bland Altman plots analysis showed a good agreement between the two instruments for TMH (95 % Limits of Agreement (LoA), −0.17 to 0.16), but not the first NIBUT (95 % LoA, −8.13 to 14.79) and average NIBUT (95 % LoA, −7.89 to 10.32). The values of the first and average NIBUT measured using IDRA were significantly shorter than in K5M (difference = median (IQR) −2.75 (−6.48- −0.28)s, p < 0.001 and difference = median (IQR) −1.65 (−3.97–1.89)s, p = 0.008 respectively). The TMH (p = 0.037) and NIBUT average (p = 0.033) measured by K5M, as well as the TMH (p = 0.040) measured by IDRA, exhibited unstable measurements across the three measurement times. The remaining parameters exhibited stability with three repeated measurements.

Conclusion

The NIBUT measurements are not interchangeable between IDRA and K5M, while the TMH was little difference between the two instruments. It is important to exercise caution when using different ocular surface analyzers to minimize errors in comparing multiple measurements.

目的：评估使用 Oculus Keratograph 5M (K5M) 和 SBM Sistemi IDRA (IDRA) 进行干眼测量的重复性和一致性：方法：共招募了 108 名参与者，对 108 只眼睛进行了评估。使用 K5M 和 IDRA（顺序随机分配）测量了泪液半月板高度（TMH）、第一次和平均无创破裂时间（NIBUT）。TMH使用内置的卡尺工具测量，而NIBUT则由仪器的自动算法计算：布兰德-阿尔特曼图分析表明，两种仪器在 TMH 方面的一致性很好（95 % 一致性界限（LoA），-0.17 至 0.16），但在第一 NIBUT（95 % 一致性界限（LoA），-8.13 至 14.79）和平均 NIBUT（95 % 一致性界限（LoA），-7.89 至 10.32）方面的一致性较差。使用 IDRA 测量的第一个 NIBUT 值和平均 NIBUT 值明显短于 K5M（差值 = 中位数（IQR）-2.75 (-6.48- -0.28)s，p 结论）：IDRA 和 K5M 不能互换 NIBUT 测量值，而两种仪器的 TMH 差异不大。在使用不同的眼表分析仪时一定要谨慎，以尽量减少比较多个测量值时的误差。

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引用次数: 0

Comparing reading performance in toric vs. spherical contact lens correction of patients with astigmatism: Preliminary results 散光患者配戴散光隐形眼镜与配戴球面隐形眼镜的阅读效果比较：初步结果

IF 4.1 3区医学 Q1 OPHTHALMOLOGY

Contact Lens & Anterior Eye

Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2024.102240

Sotiris Plainis, Angeliki Gleni

引用次数: 0

Dry eye management with scleral lenses in non-lens wearers 使用巩膜透镜治疗不戴眼镜者的干眼症

IF 4.1 3区医学 Q1 OPHTHALMOLOGY

Contact Lens & Anterior Eye

Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2024.102201

Stephanie Wong , Daddi Fadel , Junghee Seo , Doerte Luensmann , Sarah Guthrie , Jill Woods , Kelly Voltz , Jose Vega

引用次数: 0