Pub Date : 2025-08-07DOI: 10.1038/s41583-025-00954-x
Sadra Sadeh, Claudia Clopath
Neuroscience has inspired artificial intelligence (AI) for decades but, in recent years, AI tools have begun to revolutionize neuroscience research. The emerging field of NeuroAI has the potential to transform large-scale neural modelling and data-driven neuroscience discovery. The field must balance exploiting AI’s power while maintaining interpretability and biological insight.
{"title":"The emergence of NeuroAI: bridging neuroscience and artificial intelligence","authors":"Sadra Sadeh, Claudia Clopath","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00954-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-025-00954-x","url":null,"abstract":"Neuroscience has inspired artificial intelligence (AI) for decades but, in recent years, AI tools have begun to revolutionize neuroscience research. The emerging field of NeuroAI has the potential to transform large-scale neural modelling and data-driven neuroscience discovery. The field must balance exploiting AI’s power while maintaining interpretability and biological insight.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 10","pages":"583-584"},"PeriodicalIF":26.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144796965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-04DOI: 10.1038/s41583-025-00950-1
Silvia Anderle, Michael Dixon, Tania Quintela-Lopez, George Sideris-Lampretsas, David Attwell
There is increasing evidence to suggest that vascular dysfunction can contribute to cognitive decline in ageing and dementia. This dysfunction can take the form of a reduction of cerebral blood flow (CBF), a loss of blood–brain barrier (BBB) function or a combination of the two. Indeed, CBF and BBB changes may be causally linked, although this possible causality and its directionality are understudied. Appreciation of the role of vascular dysfunction in initiating cognitive decline in ageing and dementia, as well as the mechanisms involved, is important because it opens up new avenues for the development of much-needed therapies for these conditions, which are becoming major causes of death. Here we assess the evidence for the importance of vascular contributions to dementia, draw parallels with changes that occur in normal ageing and discuss the initiating cells and signalling mechanisms involved. We suggest that attempting to maintain or restore CBF should be a central aim of therapeutic strategies. Growing evidence suggests that reduced cerebral blood flow contributes to cognitive decline in ageing and dementia. Attwell and colleagues discuss the underlying mechanisms and functional consequences of vascular dysfunction in ageing, Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia, and consider the implications for therapeutic interventions.
{"title":"The vascular contribution to cognitive decline in ageing and dementia","authors":"Silvia Anderle, Michael Dixon, Tania Quintela-Lopez, George Sideris-Lampretsas, David Attwell","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00950-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-025-00950-1","url":null,"abstract":"There is increasing evidence to suggest that vascular dysfunction can contribute to cognitive decline in ageing and dementia. This dysfunction can take the form of a reduction of cerebral blood flow (CBF), a loss of blood–brain barrier (BBB) function or a combination of the two. Indeed, CBF and BBB changes may be causally linked, although this possible causality and its directionality are understudied. Appreciation of the role of vascular dysfunction in initiating cognitive decline in ageing and dementia, as well as the mechanisms involved, is important because it opens up new avenues for the development of much-needed therapies for these conditions, which are becoming major causes of death. Here we assess the evidence for the importance of vascular contributions to dementia, draw parallels with changes that occur in normal ageing and discuss the initiating cells and signalling mechanisms involved. We suggest that attempting to maintain or restore CBF should be a central aim of therapeutic strategies. Growing evidence suggests that reduced cerebral blood flow contributes to cognitive decline in ageing and dementia. Attwell and colleagues discuss the underlying mechanisms and functional consequences of vascular dysfunction in ageing, Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia, and consider the implications for therapeutic interventions.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 10","pages":"591-606"},"PeriodicalIF":26.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144777990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-04DOI: 10.1038/s41583-025-00955-w
Darran Yates
Neuronal activity drives parvalbumin-expressing interneuron maturation in the mouse cortex via its effects on the transcriptional cofactor PGC1α.
神经元活动通过对转录辅助因子PGC1α的影响驱动小鼠皮层表达小蛋白的中间神经元成熟。
{"title":"A maturing view on interneuron development","authors":"Darran Yates","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00955-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-025-00955-w","url":null,"abstract":"Neuronal activity drives parvalbumin-expressing interneuron maturation in the mouse cortex via its effects on the transcriptional cofactor PGC1α.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 9","pages":"518-518"},"PeriodicalIF":26.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144777991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-31DOI: 10.1038/s41583-025-00953-y
Jake Rogers
Prior learning, rather than decision-making-related processes, primarily shapes the subjective experience-based weighting humans assign to potential losses and gains during choices involving monetary risk-taking.
{"title":"Prior learning governs human experience-based risk-taking","authors":"Jake Rogers","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00953-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-025-00953-y","url":null,"abstract":"Prior learning, rather than decision-making-related processes, primarily shapes the subjective experience-based weighting humans assign to potential losses and gains during choices involving monetary risk-taking.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 9","pages":"519-519"},"PeriodicalIF":26.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144747438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-30DOI: 10.1038/s41583-025-00945-y
Teresa Guillamón-Vivancos, Mar Aníbal-Martínez, Lorenzo Puche-Aroca, Francisco J. Martini, Guillermina López-Bendito
The thalamus is an essential element for sensory information processing, serving as a link between peripheral sensory stimuli and cortical circuits. Consequently, the development of thalamocortical (TC) projections has been a central focus in systems neuroscience. Although substantial progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms guiding thalamic axon navigation from the diencephalon to the cortex, our understanding of the processes underlying sensory modality specificity in TC circuits remains incomplete. Modern genomic, physiological and imaging approaches have yielded exciting results, providing novel insights into the specialization of visual, somatosensory and auditory TC circuits. Recent findings have shed light on the genetic and spontaneous activity mechanisms involved in the formation of distinct sensory modalities, rekindling the interest in the thalamus and opening new research perspectives on the development of this diencephalic structure. The use of transcriptomic technologies has led to advances in our understanding of thalamocortical targeting during development. In this Review, Guillamón-Vivancos et al. discuss these advances in the context of how transcriptomic changes and neuronal activity work in concert to drive sensory modality specificity during the development of thalamic sensory nuclei.
{"title":"Sensory modality-specific wiring of thalamocortical circuits","authors":"Teresa Guillamón-Vivancos, Mar Aníbal-Martínez, Lorenzo Puche-Aroca, Francisco J. Martini, Guillermina López-Bendito","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00945-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-025-00945-y","url":null,"abstract":"The thalamus is an essential element for sensory information processing, serving as a link between peripheral sensory stimuli and cortical circuits. Consequently, the development of thalamocortical (TC) projections has been a central focus in systems neuroscience. Although substantial progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms guiding thalamic axon navigation from the diencephalon to the cortex, our understanding of the processes underlying sensory modality specificity in TC circuits remains incomplete. Modern genomic, physiological and imaging approaches have yielded exciting results, providing novel insights into the specialization of visual, somatosensory and auditory TC circuits. Recent findings have shed light on the genetic and spontaneous activity mechanisms involved in the formation of distinct sensory modalities, rekindling the interest in the thalamus and opening new research perspectives on the development of this diencephalic structure. The use of transcriptomic technologies has led to advances in our understanding of thalamocortical targeting during development. In this Review, Guillamón-Vivancos et al. discuss these advances in the context of how transcriptomic changes and neuronal activity work in concert to drive sensory modality specificity during the development of thalamic sensory nuclei.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 10","pages":"623-641"},"PeriodicalIF":26.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144747435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-28DOI: 10.1038/s41583-025-00952-z
Mariam Aly
In this Journal Club, Mariam Aly discusses a 2000 study that attempted to settle the debate about whether implicit memories are lost or retained in amnesia.
{"title":"Eye movements provide insight into amnesia","authors":"Mariam Aly","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00952-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-025-00952-z","url":null,"abstract":"In this Journal Club, Mariam Aly discusses a 2000 study that attempted to settle the debate about whether implicit memories are lost or retained in amnesia.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 10","pages":"588-588"},"PeriodicalIF":26.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144715361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-24DOI: 10.1038/s41583-025-00948-9
Charles A. Nelson, Eileen F. Sullivan, Viviane Valdes
Each year, millions of children around the world are exposed to a host of adverse experiences early in life. These include various forms of maltreatment, growing up in unsafe neighbourhoods, and witnessing intimate partner violence. These experiences exact a toll on the brain development and mental health of children. In this Review, we attempt to explain how brain architecture and circuitry are affected by exposure to such early adversity, which in turn increases susceptibility to mental health disorders later in life. We begin defining what we mean by early adversity and then summarize the experience-dependent nature of postnatal brain development. Within this context, we discuss times in development when the brain is particularly receptive to experience (critical periods) and, thus, is more vulnerable to adverse experiences. Drawing from studies with both rodent and non-human primate models and neuroimaging research with humans, we next discuss how the circuitry of the brain is affected by early-life adversity, with a focus on the subsequent effects upon neural network development. We then review the mental health consequences of adverse experiences in early life across mental health disorders and within specific dimensions of psychopathology. We conclude by offering a conceptual model of the pathway that links exposure to adversity early in life to these mental health outcomes later in life, and we provide suggestions for future research. Adverse experiences in early life affect brain development across species. In this Review, Nelson, Sullivan and Valdes discuss neuroimaging evidence for how these adversity-induced changes to human brain architecture alter developmental trajectories that may underpin adult psychopathology.
{"title":"Early adversity alters brain architecture and increases susceptibility to mental health disorders","authors":"Charles A. Nelson, Eileen F. Sullivan, Viviane Valdes","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00948-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-025-00948-9","url":null,"abstract":"Each year, millions of children around the world are exposed to a host of adverse experiences early in life. These include various forms of maltreatment, growing up in unsafe neighbourhoods, and witnessing intimate partner violence. These experiences exact a toll on the brain development and mental health of children. In this Review, we attempt to explain how brain architecture and circuitry are affected by exposure to such early adversity, which in turn increases susceptibility to mental health disorders later in life. We begin defining what we mean by early adversity and then summarize the experience-dependent nature of postnatal brain development. Within this context, we discuss times in development when the brain is particularly receptive to experience (critical periods) and, thus, is more vulnerable to adverse experiences. Drawing from studies with both rodent and non-human primate models and neuroimaging research with humans, we next discuss how the circuitry of the brain is affected by early-life adversity, with a focus on the subsequent effects upon neural network development. We then review the mental health consequences of adverse experiences in early life across mental health disorders and within specific dimensions of psychopathology. We conclude by offering a conceptual model of the pathway that links exposure to adversity early in life to these mental health outcomes later in life, and we provide suggestions for future research. Adverse experiences in early life affect brain development across species. In this Review, Nelson, Sullivan and Valdes discuss neuroimaging evidence for how these adversity-induced changes to human brain architecture alter developmental trajectories that may underpin adult psychopathology.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 10","pages":"642-656"},"PeriodicalIF":26.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144694064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-21DOI: 10.1038/s41583-025-00946-x
Fernando E. Rosas, Andrea I. Luppi, Pedro A. M. Mediano, Morten L. Kringelbach, Luiz Pessoa, Federico Turkheimer
As scientists, we want solid answers, but we also want to answer questions that matter. Yet, the brain’s complexity forces trade-offs between these desiderata, bringing about two distinct research approaches in neuroscience that we describe as ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’. Recognizing the validity of both approaches dispels misunderstandings and unnecessary tension and promotes constructive interactions.
{"title":"Top-down and bottom-up neuroscience: overcoming the clash of research cultures","authors":"Fernando E. Rosas, Andrea I. Luppi, Pedro A. M. Mediano, Morten L. Kringelbach, Luiz Pessoa, Federico Turkheimer","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00946-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-025-00946-x","url":null,"abstract":"As scientists, we want solid answers, but we also want to answer questions that matter. Yet, the brain’s complexity forces trade-offs between these desiderata, bringing about two distinct research approaches in neuroscience that we describe as ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’. Recognizing the validity of both approaches dispels misunderstandings and unnecessary tension and promotes constructive interactions.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 9","pages":"513-515"},"PeriodicalIF":26.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144677247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-17DOI: 10.1038/s41583-025-00951-0
Jake Rogers
Population activity of hippocampal place cells in mice flexibly encodes reward-relative representations of experience, which can amplify behaviorally relevant sequences of events in memory.
小鼠海马位置细胞的群体活动灵活地编码经验的奖励相关表征，这可以放大记忆中与行为相关的事件序列。
{"title":"Reward encoded relative to experience","authors":"Jake Rogers","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00951-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-025-00951-0","url":null,"abstract":"Population activity of hippocampal place cells in mice flexibly encodes reward-relative representations of experience, which can amplify behaviorally relevant sequences of events in memory.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 9","pages":"517-517"},"PeriodicalIF":26.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144652571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-16DOI: 10.1038/s41583-025-00949-8
Chengyu T. Li, Wu Wei
Brain cell atlases are revolutionizing neuroscience by using single-cell and spatial genomics to reveal the brain’s cellular diversity across development, function and disease. Fully realizing the potential of these atlases requires continued technology improvement, multimodal data integration and strategies to address ethical challenges, paving the way for transformative discoveries in neuroscience and clinical applications.
{"title":"Towards single-cell-resolution global maps of mammalian brains","authors":"Chengyu T. Li, Wu Wei","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00949-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-025-00949-8","url":null,"abstract":"Brain cell atlases are revolutionizing neuroscience by using single-cell and spatial genomics to reveal the brain’s cellular diversity across development, function and disease. Fully realizing the potential of these atlases requires continued technology improvement, multimodal data integration and strategies to address ethical challenges, paving the way for transformative discoveries in neuroscience and clinical applications.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"26 10","pages":"579-580"},"PeriodicalIF":26.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144640384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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