Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00813-1
Liam Barry-Carroll, Diego Gomez-Nicola
Microglia constitute the largest population of parenchymal macrophages in the brain and are considered a unique subset of central nervous system glial cells owing to their extra-embryonic origins in the yolk sac. During development, microglial progenitors readily proliferate and eventually colonize the entire brain. In this Review, we highlight the origins of microglial progenitors and their entry routes into the brain and discuss the various molecular and non-molecular determinants of their fate, which may inform their specific functions. Specifically, we explore recently identified mechanisms that regulate microglial colonization of the brain, including the availability of space, and describe how the expansion of highly proliferative microglial progenitors facilitates the occupation of the microglial niche. Finally, we shed light on the factors involved in establishing microglial identity in the brain. The developmental colonization of the brain by microglial progenitors and establishment of microglial cell identity set the stage for microglial function in the adult. Barry-Carroll and Gomez-Nicola describe the mechanisms that regulate the development of microglia, including their origins, infiltration and colonization of the brain, proliferation and fate determination.
{"title":"The molecular determinants of microglial developmental dynamics","authors":"Liam Barry-Carroll, Diego Gomez-Nicola","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00813-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00813-1","url":null,"abstract":"Microglia constitute the largest population of parenchymal macrophages in the brain and are considered a unique subset of central nervous system glial cells owing to their extra-embryonic origins in the yolk sac. During development, microglial progenitors readily proliferate and eventually colonize the entire brain. In this Review, we highlight the origins of microglial progenitors and their entry routes into the brain and discuss the various molecular and non-molecular determinants of their fate, which may inform their specific functions. Specifically, we explore recently identified mechanisms that regulate microglial colonization of the brain, including the availability of space, and describe how the expansion of highly proliferative microglial progenitors facilitates the occupation of the microglial niche. Finally, we shed light on the factors involved in establishing microglial identity in the brain. The developmental colonization of the brain by microglial progenitors and establishment of microglial cell identity set the stage for microglial function in the adult. Barry-Carroll and Gomez-Nicola describe the mechanisms that regulate the development of microglia, including their origins, infiltration and colonization of the brain, proliferation and fate determination.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 6","pages":"414-427"},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140642276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-15DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00818-w
Isobel Leake
A large network of brain regions is involved in salient distractor processing.
一个庞大的脑区网络参与了突出分心物的处理。
{"title":"Attentional capture","authors":"Isobel Leake","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00818-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00818-w","url":null,"abstract":"A large network of brain regions is involved in salient distractor processing.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 6","pages":"373-373"},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140556773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-12DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00802-4
Evelina Fedorenko, Anna A. Ivanova, Tamar I. Regev
Language behaviour is complex, but neuroscientific evidence disentangles it into distinct components supported by dedicated brain areas or networks. In this Review, we describe the ‘core’ language network, which includes left-hemisphere frontal and temporal areas, and show that it is strongly interconnected, independent of input and output modalities, causally important for language and language-selective. We discuss evidence that this language network plausibly stores language knowledge and supports core linguistic computations related to accessing words and constructions from memory and combining them to interpret (decode) or generate (encode) linguistic messages. We emphasize that the language network works closely with, but is distinct from, both lower-level — perceptual and motor — mechanisms and higher-level systems of knowledge and reasoning. The perceptual and motor mechanisms process linguistic signals, but, in contrast to the language network, are sensitive only to these signals’ surface properties, not their meanings; the systems of knowledge and reasoning (such as the system that supports social reasoning) are sometimes engaged during language use but are not language-selective. This Review lays a foundation both for in-depth investigations of these different components of the language processing pipeline and for probing inter-component interactions. Many brain areas support complex language processing behaviours. In this Review, Fedorenko et al. disentangle the ‘core’ language system as functionally distinct from the perceptual and motor brain areas and knowledge and reasoning systems it closely interacts with during language comprehension and production.
{"title":"The language network as a natural kind within the broader landscape of the human brain","authors":"Evelina Fedorenko, Anna A. Ivanova, Tamar I. Regev","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00802-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00802-4","url":null,"abstract":"Language behaviour is complex, but neuroscientific evidence disentangles it into distinct components supported by dedicated brain areas or networks. In this Review, we describe the ‘core’ language network, which includes left-hemisphere frontal and temporal areas, and show that it is strongly interconnected, independent of input and output modalities, causally important for language and language-selective. We discuss evidence that this language network plausibly stores language knowledge and supports core linguistic computations related to accessing words and constructions from memory and combining them to interpret (decode) or generate (encode) linguistic messages. We emphasize that the language network works closely with, but is distinct from, both lower-level — perceptual and motor — mechanisms and higher-level systems of knowledge and reasoning. The perceptual and motor mechanisms process linguistic signals, but, in contrast to the language network, are sensitive only to these signals’ surface properties, not their meanings; the systems of knowledge and reasoning (such as the system that supports social reasoning) are sometimes engaged during language use but are not language-selective. This Review lays a foundation both for in-depth investigations of these different components of the language processing pipeline and for probing inter-component interactions. Many brain areas support complex language processing behaviours. In this Review, Fedorenko et al. disentangle the ‘core’ language system as functionally distinct from the perceptual and motor brain areas and knowledge and reasoning systems it closely interacts with during language comprehension and production.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 5","pages":"289-312"},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140547412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00812-2
Robert Coukos, Dimitri Krainc
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by the preferential dysfunction and death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The onset and progression of PD is influenced by a diversity of genetic variants, many of which lack functional characterization. To identify the most high-yield targets for therapeutic intervention, it is important to consider the core cellular compartments and functional pathways upon which the varied forms of pathogenic dysfunction may converge. Here, we review several key PD-linked proteins and pathways, focusing on the mechanisms of their potential convergence in disease pathogenesis. These dysfunctions primarily localize to a subset of subcellular compartments, including mitochondria, lysosomes and synapses. We discuss how these pathogenic mechanisms that originate in different cellular compartments may coordinately lead to cellular dysfunction and neurodegeneration in PD. Parkinson disease (PD) has been linked to dysfunction in a number of key intracellular signalling pathways that contribute to disease pathology. Coukos and Krainc describe the physiological functions of a selection of PD-linked proteins and their convergent effects on mitochondrial, lysosomal and synaptic dysfunction in PD.
{"title":"Key genes and convergent pathogenic mechanisms in Parkinson disease","authors":"Robert Coukos, Dimitri Krainc","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00812-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00812-2","url":null,"abstract":"Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by the preferential dysfunction and death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The onset and progression of PD is influenced by a diversity of genetic variants, many of which lack functional characterization. To identify the most high-yield targets for therapeutic intervention, it is important to consider the core cellular compartments and functional pathways upon which the varied forms of pathogenic dysfunction may converge. Here, we review several key PD-linked proteins and pathways, focusing on the mechanisms of their potential convergence in disease pathogenesis. These dysfunctions primarily localize to a subset of subcellular compartments, including mitochondria, lysosomes and synapses. We discuss how these pathogenic mechanisms that originate in different cellular compartments may coordinately lead to cellular dysfunction and neurodegeneration in PD. Parkinson disease (PD) has been linked to dysfunction in a number of key intracellular signalling pathways that contribute to disease pathology. Coukos and Krainc describe the physiological functions of a selection of PD-linked proteins and their convergent effects on mitochondrial, lysosomal and synaptic dysfunction in PD.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 6","pages":"393-413"},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140545161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-09DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00807-z
Trevor W. Robbins, Paula Banca, David Belin
Compulsive behaviour, an apparently irrational perseveration in often maladaptive acts, is a potential transdiagnostic symptom of several neuropsychiatric disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder and addiction, and may reflect the severe manifestation of a dimensional trait termed compulsivity. In this Review, we examine the psychological basis of compulsions and compulsivity and their underlying neural circuitry using evidence from human neuroimaging and animal models. Several main elements of this circuitry are identified, focused on fronto-striatal systems implicated in goal-directed behaviour and habits. These systems include the orbitofrontal, prefrontal, anterior cingulate and insular cortices and their connections with the basal ganglia as well as sensoriomotor and parietal cortices and cerebellum. We also consider the implications for future classification of impulsive–compulsive disorders and their treatment. Pathological compulsive behaviour is a potential transdiagnostic symptom of several neuropsychiatric disorders. In this Review, Robbins et al. examine the psychological basis of compulsions and compulsivity and their underlying neural circuitry, focused on fronto-striatal systems implicated in goal-directed behaviour and habits.
{"title":"From compulsivity to compulsion: the neural basis of compulsive disorders","authors":"Trevor W. Robbins, Paula Banca, David Belin","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00807-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00807-z","url":null,"abstract":"Compulsive behaviour, an apparently irrational perseveration in often maladaptive acts, is a potential transdiagnostic symptom of several neuropsychiatric disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder and addiction, and may reflect the severe manifestation of a dimensional trait termed compulsivity. In this Review, we examine the psychological basis of compulsions and compulsivity and their underlying neural circuitry using evidence from human neuroimaging and animal models. Several main elements of this circuitry are identified, focused on fronto-striatal systems implicated in goal-directed behaviour and habits. These systems include the orbitofrontal, prefrontal, anterior cingulate and insular cortices and their connections with the basal ganglia as well as sensoriomotor and parietal cortices and cerebellum. We also consider the implications for future classification of impulsive–compulsive disorders and their treatment. Pathological compulsive behaviour is a potential transdiagnostic symptom of several neuropsychiatric disorders. In this Review, Robbins et al. examine the psychological basis of compulsions and compulsivity and their underlying neural circuitry, focused on fronto-striatal systems implicated in goal-directed behaviour and habits.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 5","pages":"313-333"},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140541428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-04DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00816-y
Jake Rogers
A new study captures nearly the full repertoire of primate natural behaviour and reveals that highly distributed cortical activity maintains multifaceted dynamic social relationships.
{"title":"Natural primate neurobiology","authors":"Jake Rogers","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00816-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00816-y","url":null,"abstract":"A new study captures nearly the full repertoire of primate natural behaviour and reveals that highly distributed cortical activity maintains multifaceted dynamic social relationships.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 6","pages":"373-373"},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140349599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-04DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00815-z
Darran Yates
The synaptic protein SynGAP exerts its effects on synaptic plasticity via a structural role rather than its GTPase-activating protein activity.
突触蛋白 SynGAP 通过结构作用而非 GTPase 激活蛋白活性对突触可塑性产生影响。
{"title":"A structural role for SynGAP","authors":"Darran Yates","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00815-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00815-z","url":null,"abstract":"The synaptic protein SynGAP exerts its effects on synaptic plasticity via a structural role rather than its GTPase-activating protein activity.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 5","pages":"287-287"},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140349629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-04DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00806-0
Martin Kampmann
The selective vulnerability of specific neuronal subtypes is a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases. In this Review, I summarize our current understanding of the brain regions and cell types that are selectively vulnerable in different neurodegenerative diseases and describe the proposed underlying cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms. I highlight how recent methodological innovations — including single-cell transcriptomics, CRISPR-based screens and human cell-based models of disease — are enabling new breakthroughs in our understanding of selective vulnerability. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms that determine selective vulnerability and resilience would shed light on the key processes that drive neurodegeneration and point to potential therapeutic strategies to protect vulnerable cell populations. Selective vulnerability of particular neuronal cell types is a characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Martin Kampmann explores our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that lead to selective vulnerability in different diseases.
{"title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms of selective vulnerability in neurodegenerative diseases","authors":"Martin Kampmann","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00806-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00806-0","url":null,"abstract":"The selective vulnerability of specific neuronal subtypes is a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases. In this Review, I summarize our current understanding of the brain regions and cell types that are selectively vulnerable in different neurodegenerative diseases and describe the proposed underlying cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms. I highlight how recent methodological innovations — including single-cell transcriptomics, CRISPR-based screens and human cell-based models of disease — are enabling new breakthroughs in our understanding of selective vulnerability. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms that determine selective vulnerability and resilience would shed light on the key processes that drive neurodegeneration and point to potential therapeutic strategies to protect vulnerable cell populations. Selective vulnerability of particular neuronal cell types is a characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Martin Kampmann explores our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that lead to selective vulnerability in different diseases.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 5","pages":"351-371"},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140349582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-26DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00805-1
Teresa Ravizza, Mirte Scheper, Rossella Di Sapia, Jan Gorter, Eleonora Aronica, Annamaria Vezzani
Epilepsy remains a major health concern as anti-seizure medications frequently fail, and there is currently no treatment to stop or prevent epileptogenesis, the process underlying the onset and progression of epilepsy. The identification of the pathological processes underlying epileptogenesis is instrumental to the development of drugs that may prevent the generation of seizures or control pharmaco-resistant seizures, which affect about 30% of patients. mTOR signalling and neuroinflammation have been recognized as critical pathways that are activated in brain cells in epilepsy. They represent a potential node of biological convergence in structural epilepsies with either a genetic or an acquired aetiology. Interventional studies in animal models and clinical studies give strong support to the involvement of each pathway in epilepsy. In this Review, we focus on available knowledge about the pathophysiological features of mTOR signalling and the neuroinflammatory brain response, and their interactions, in epilepsy. We discuss mitigation strategies for each pathway that display therapeutic effects in experimental and clinical epilepsy. A deeper understanding of these interconnected molecular cascades could enhance our strategies for managing epilepsy. This could pave the way for new treatments to fill the gaps in the development of preventative or disease-modifying drugs, thus overcoming the limitations of current symptomatic medications. There is a pressing need for drugs that effectively control pharmaco-resistant seizures and prevent their generation. In this Review, Vezzani and co-workers discuss the interconnected roles of mTOR signalling and neuroinflammatory processes in epileptogenesis, and how targeting these pathways might prove useful therapeutically.
{"title":"mTOR and neuroinflammation in epilepsy: implications for disease progression and treatment","authors":"Teresa Ravizza, Mirte Scheper, Rossella Di Sapia, Jan Gorter, Eleonora Aronica, Annamaria Vezzani","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00805-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00805-1","url":null,"abstract":"Epilepsy remains a major health concern as anti-seizure medications frequently fail, and there is currently no treatment to stop or prevent epileptogenesis, the process underlying the onset and progression of epilepsy. The identification of the pathological processes underlying epileptogenesis is instrumental to the development of drugs that may prevent the generation of seizures or control pharmaco-resistant seizures, which affect about 30% of patients. mTOR signalling and neuroinflammation have been recognized as critical pathways that are activated in brain cells in epilepsy. They represent a potential node of biological convergence in structural epilepsies with either a genetic or an acquired aetiology. Interventional studies in animal models and clinical studies give strong support to the involvement of each pathway in epilepsy. In this Review, we focus on available knowledge about the pathophysiological features of mTOR signalling and the neuroinflammatory brain response, and their interactions, in epilepsy. We discuss mitigation strategies for each pathway that display therapeutic effects in experimental and clinical epilepsy. A deeper understanding of these interconnected molecular cascades could enhance our strategies for managing epilepsy. This could pave the way for new treatments to fill the gaps in the development of preventative or disease-modifying drugs, thus overcoming the limitations of current symptomatic medications. There is a pressing need for drugs that effectively control pharmaco-resistant seizures and prevent their generation. In this Review, Vezzani and co-workers discuss the interconnected roles of mTOR signalling and neuroinflammatory processes in epileptogenesis, and how targeting these pathways might prove useful therapeutically.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 5","pages":"334-350"},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140294110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：