Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00851-9
Binod Timalsina, Sangkyu Lee, Bong-Kiun Kaang
Synapses are highly specialized neuronal structures that are essential for neurotransmission, and they are dynamically regulated throughout the lifetime. Although accumulating evidence indicates that these structures are crucial for information processing and storage in the brain, their precise roles beyond neurotransmission are yet to be fully appreciated. Genetically encoded fluorescent tools have deepened our understanding of synaptic structure and function, but developing an ideal methodology to selectively visualize, label and manipulate synapses remains challenging. Here, we provide an overview of currently available synapse labelling techniques and describe their extension to enable synapse manipulation. We categorize these approaches on the basis of their conceptual bases and target molecules, compare their advantages and limitations and propose potential modifications to improve their effectiveness. These methods have broad utility, particularly for investigating mechanisms of synaptic function and synaptopathy. An array of genetically encoded tools are now available to label and manipulate synapses in different experimental species. Kaang and colleagues provide an overview of these techniques, highlighting their advantages, disadvantages and utility for investigating synaptic function.
{"title":"Advances in the labelling and selective manipulation of synapses","authors":"Binod Timalsina, Sangkyu Lee, Bong-Kiun Kaang","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00851-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00851-9","url":null,"abstract":"Synapses are highly specialized neuronal structures that are essential for neurotransmission, and they are dynamically regulated throughout the lifetime. Although accumulating evidence indicates that these structures are crucial for information processing and storage in the brain, their precise roles beyond neurotransmission are yet to be fully appreciated. Genetically encoded fluorescent tools have deepened our understanding of synaptic structure and function, but developing an ideal methodology to selectively visualize, label and manipulate synapses remains challenging. Here, we provide an overview of currently available synapse labelling techniques and describe their extension to enable synapse manipulation. We categorize these approaches on the basis of their conceptual bases and target molecules, compare their advantages and limitations and propose potential modifications to improve their effectiveness. These methods have broad utility, particularly for investigating mechanisms of synaptic function and synaptopathy. An array of genetically encoded tools are now available to label and manipulate synapses in different experimental species. Kaang and colleagues provide an overview of these techniques, highlighting their advantages, disadvantages and utility for investigating synaptic function.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 10","pages":"668-687"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142036403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00849-3
Brett J. Hilton, Jarred M. Griffin, James W. Fawcett, Frank Bradke
Mammalian neurons lose the ability to regenerate their central nervous system axons as they mature during embryonic or early postnatal development. Neuronal maturation requires a transformation from a situation in which neuronal components grow and assemble to one in which these components are fixed and involved in the machinery for effective information transmission and computation. To regenerate after injury, neurons need to overcome this fixed state to reactivate their growth programme. A variety of intracellular processes involved in initiating or sustaining neuronal maturation, including the regulation of gene expression, cytoskeletal restructuring and shifts in intracellular trafficking, have been shown to prevent axon regeneration. Understanding these processes will contribute to the identification of targets to promote repair after injury or disease. During their maturation, mammalian neurons lose the capacity to regrow their axons after an injury. Here, Hilton et al. explore the neuron maturation processes that limit axon regeneration, including changes in gene expression, cytoskeletal dynamics, and intracellular signalling and trafficking.
{"title":"Neuronal maturation and axon regeneration: unfixing circuitry to enable repair","authors":"Brett J. Hilton, Jarred M. Griffin, James W. Fawcett, Frank Bradke","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00849-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00849-3","url":null,"abstract":"Mammalian neurons lose the ability to regenerate their central nervous system axons as they mature during embryonic or early postnatal development. Neuronal maturation requires a transformation from a situation in which neuronal components grow and assemble to one in which these components are fixed and involved in the machinery for effective information transmission and computation. To regenerate after injury, neurons need to overcome this fixed state to reactivate their growth programme. A variety of intracellular processes involved in initiating or sustaining neuronal maturation, including the regulation of gene expression, cytoskeletal restructuring and shifts in intracellular trafficking, have been shown to prevent axon regeneration. Understanding these processes will contribute to the identification of targets to promote repair after injury or disease. During their maturation, mammalian neurons lose the capacity to regrow their axons after an injury. Here, Hilton et al. explore the neuron maturation processes that limit axon regeneration, including changes in gene expression, cytoskeletal dynamics, and intracellular signalling and trafficking.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 10","pages":"649-667"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142007531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00853-7
Evelina Fedorenko, Anna A. Ivanova, Tamar I. Regev
{"title":"Reply to ‘The language network is topographically diverse and driven by rapid syntactic inferences’","authors":"Evelina Fedorenko, Anna A. Ivanova, Tamar I. Regev","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00853-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00853-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 10","pages":"706-706"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41583-024-00853-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141913400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00852-8
Elliot Murphy, Oscar Woolnough
{"title":"The language network is topographically diverse and driven by rapid syntactic inferences","authors":"Elliot Murphy, Oscar Woolnough","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00852-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00852-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 10","pages":"705-705"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41583-024-00852-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141913401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00846-6
Panagiotis Fotiadis, Linden Parkes, Kathryn A. Davis, Theodore D. Satterthwaite, Russell T. Shinohara, Dani S. Bassett
Precisely how the anatomical structure of the brain gives rise to a repertoire of complex functions remains incompletely understood. A promising manifestation of this mapping from structure to function is the dependency of the functional activity of a brain region on the underlying white matter architecture. Here, we review the literature examining the macroscale coupling between structural and functional connectivity, and we establish how this structure–function coupling (SFC) can provide more information about the underlying workings of the brain than either feature alone. We begin by defining SFC and describing the computational methods used to quantify it. We then review empirical studies that examine the heterogeneous expression of SFC across different brain regions, among individuals, in the context of the cognitive task being performed, and over time, as well as its role in fostering flexible cognition. Last, we investigate how the coupling between structure and function is affected in neurological and psychiatric conditions, and we report how aberrant SFC is associated with disease duration and disease-specific cognitive impairment. By elucidating how the dynamic relationship between the structure and function of the brain is altered in the presence of neurological and psychiatric conditions, we aim to not only further our understanding of their aetiology but also establish SFC as a new and sensitive marker of disease symptomatology and cognitive performance. Overall, this Review collates the current knowledge regarding the regional interdependency between the macroscale structure and function of the human brain in both neurotypical and neuroatypical individuals. How the complex functionality of the human brain depends on its underlying white matter architecture is incompletely understood. In this Review, Fotiadis et al. synthesize the heterogeneous macroscale expression of normative structure–function coupling and then discuss how it is affected in neurological and psychiatric conditions.
{"title":"Structure–function coupling in macroscale human brain networks","authors":"Panagiotis Fotiadis, Linden Parkes, Kathryn A. Davis, Theodore D. Satterthwaite, Russell T. Shinohara, Dani S. Bassett","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00846-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00846-6","url":null,"abstract":"Precisely how the anatomical structure of the brain gives rise to a repertoire of complex functions remains incompletely understood. A promising manifestation of this mapping from structure to function is the dependency of the functional activity of a brain region on the underlying white matter architecture. Here, we review the literature examining the macroscale coupling between structural and functional connectivity, and we establish how this structure–function coupling (SFC) can provide more information about the underlying workings of the brain than either feature alone. We begin by defining SFC and describing the computational methods used to quantify it. We then review empirical studies that examine the heterogeneous expression of SFC across different brain regions, among individuals, in the context of the cognitive task being performed, and over time, as well as its role in fostering flexible cognition. Last, we investigate how the coupling between structure and function is affected in neurological and psychiatric conditions, and we report how aberrant SFC is associated with disease duration and disease-specific cognitive impairment. By elucidating how the dynamic relationship between the structure and function of the brain is altered in the presence of neurological and psychiatric conditions, we aim to not only further our understanding of their aetiology but also establish SFC as a new and sensitive marker of disease symptomatology and cognitive performance. Overall, this Review collates the current knowledge regarding the regional interdependency between the macroscale structure and function of the human brain in both neurotypical and neuroatypical individuals. How the complex functionality of the human brain depends on its underlying white matter architecture is incompletely understood. In this Review, Fotiadis et al. synthesize the heterogeneous macroscale expression of normative structure–function coupling and then discuss how it is affected in neurological and psychiatric conditions.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 10","pages":"688-704"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141893898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00855-5
Darran Yates
A study finds that microglia depletion has no effect on experience-dependent maturation of visual cortex circuitry in mice.
一项研究发现，消耗小胶质细胞对小鼠视觉皮层回路的经验依赖性成熟没有影响。
{"title":"Circuit refinement without microglia","authors":"Darran Yates","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00855-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00855-5","url":null,"abstract":"A study finds that microglia depletion has no effect on experience-dependent maturation of visual cortex circuitry in mice.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 9","pages":"594-594"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141875450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00845-7
Daniel Senkowski, Andreas K. Engel
Carrying out any everyday task, be it driving in traffic, conversing with friends or playing basketball, requires rapid selection, integration and segregation of stimuli from different sensory modalities. At present, even the most advanced artificial intelligence-based systems are unable to replicate the multisensory processes that the human brain routinely performs, but how neural circuits in the brain carry out these processes is still not well understood. In this Perspective, we discuss recent findings that shed fresh light on the oscillatory neural mechanisms that mediate multisensory integration (MI), including power modulations, phase resetting, phase–amplitude coupling and dynamic functional connectivity. We then consider studies that also suggest multi-timescale dynamics in intrinsic ongoing neural activity and during stimulus-driven bottom–up and cognitive top–down neural network processing in the context of MI. We propose a new concept of MI that emphasizes the critical role of neural dynamics at multiple timescales within and across brain networks, enabling the simultaneous integration, segregation, hierarchical structuring and selection of information in different time windows. To highlight predictions from our multi-timescale concept of MI, real-world scenarios in which multi-timescale processes may coordinate MI in a flexible and adaptive manner are considered. How the brain routinely processes information from different sensory modalities during everyday tasks is not well understood. In this Perspective, Engel and Senkowski propose how oscillatory neural mechanisms operating at multiple timescales within and across brain networks can mediate such multisensory integration.
执行任何日常任务，无论是在车流中驾驶、与朋友交谈还是打篮球，都需要快速选择、整合和分离来自不同感官模式的刺激。目前，即使是最先进的人工智能系统也无法复制人脑日常执行的多感官过程，但人们对大脑神经回路如何执行这些过程仍不甚了解。在这篇 "视角 "中，我们将讨论最近的研究发现，这些发现为介导多感觉统合（MI）的振荡神经机制提供了新的启示，包括功率调制、相位重置、相位-振幅耦合和动态功能连接。然后，我们将考虑一些研究，这些研究还表明，在多感官整合的背景下，内在的持续神经活动以及刺激驱动的自下而上和认知的自上而下神经网络处理过程中也存在多时间尺度的动态变化。我们提出了多元智能的新概念，强调神经动态在大脑网络内部和之间的多时间尺度上的关键作用，使不同时间窗口的信息能够同时整合、分离、分层结构化和选择。为了突出我们多时间尺度 MI 概念的预测，我们考虑了现实世界中多时间尺度过程可能以灵活和自适应的方式协调 MI 的情景。
{"title":"Multi-timescale neural dynamics for multisensory integration","authors":"Daniel Senkowski, Andreas K. Engel","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00845-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00845-7","url":null,"abstract":"Carrying out any everyday task, be it driving in traffic, conversing with friends or playing basketball, requires rapid selection, integration and segregation of stimuli from different sensory modalities. At present, even the most advanced artificial intelligence-based systems are unable to replicate the multisensory processes that the human brain routinely performs, but how neural circuits in the brain carry out these processes is still not well understood. In this Perspective, we discuss recent findings that shed fresh light on the oscillatory neural mechanisms that mediate multisensory integration (MI), including power modulations, phase resetting, phase–amplitude coupling and dynamic functional connectivity. We then consider studies that also suggest multi-timescale dynamics in intrinsic ongoing neural activity and during stimulus-driven bottom–up and cognitive top–down neural network processing in the context of MI. We propose a new concept of MI that emphasizes the critical role of neural dynamics at multiple timescales within and across brain networks, enabling the simultaneous integration, segregation, hierarchical structuring and selection of information in different time windows. To highlight predictions from our multi-timescale concept of MI, real-world scenarios in which multi-timescale processes may coordinate MI in a flexible and adaptive manner are considered. How the brain routinely processes information from different sensory modalities during everyday tasks is not well understood. In this Perspective, Engel and Senkowski propose how oscillatory neural mechanisms operating at multiple timescales within and across brain networks can mediate such multisensory integration.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 9","pages":"625-642"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141875451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-31DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00854-6
Jake Rogers
Longitudinal precision functional mapping reveals that acute desynchronization of functional connectivity organization induced by the psychedelic psilocybin can persist long-term in the human brain.
纵向精密功能图谱显示，迷幻药迷幻素诱导的急性功能连接组织不同步现象可在人脑中长期存在。
{"title":"Psilocybin desynchronization persists in the human brain","authors":"Jake Rogers","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00854-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00854-6","url":null,"abstract":"Longitudinal precision functional mapping reveals that acute desynchronization of functional connectivity organization induced by the psychedelic psilocybin can persist long-term in the human brain.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 9","pages":"593-593"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141860419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-29DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00850-w
Katherine Whalley
Two studies use large-scale genome sequencing data to identify variants in a noncoding gene that cause a neurodevelopmental syndrome in many individuals.
{"title":"Variants in a noncoding gene drive prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder","authors":"Katherine Whalley","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00850-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00850-w","url":null,"abstract":"Two studies use large-scale genome sequencing data to identify variants in a noncoding gene that cause a neurodevelopmental syndrome in many individuals.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 9","pages":"594-594"},"PeriodicalIF":28.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141792946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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