Pub Date : 2023-11-23DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00760-3
Jenelle L. Wallace, Alex A. Pollen
The delayed and prolonged postmitotic maturation of human neurons, compared with neurons from other species, may contribute to human-specific cognitive abilities and neurological disorders. Here we review the mechanisms of neuronal maturation, applying lessons from model systems to understand the specific features of protracted human cortical maturation and species differences. We cover cell-intrinsic features of neuronal maturation, including transcriptional, epigenetic and metabolic mechanisms, as well as cell-extrinsic features, including the roles of activity and synapses, the actions of glial cells and the contribution of the extracellular matrix. We discuss evidence for species differences in biochemical reaction rates, the proposed existence of an epigenetic maturation clock and the contributions of both general and modular mechanisms to species-specific maturation timing. Finally, we suggest approaches to measure, improve and accelerate the maturation of human neurons in culture, examine crosstalk and interactions among these different aspects of maturation and propose conceptual models to guide future studies. Human cortical neurons undergo a protracted period of postmitotic maturation compared with those of other species. Wallace and Pollen review the cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic mechanisms that govern neuronal postmitotic development and consider the factors that may contribute to species-specific maturation rates.
{"title":"Human neuronal maturation comes of age: cellular mechanisms and species differences","authors":"Jenelle L. Wallace, Alex A. Pollen","doi":"10.1038/s41583-023-00760-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-023-00760-3","url":null,"abstract":"The delayed and prolonged postmitotic maturation of human neurons, compared with neurons from other species, may contribute to human-specific cognitive abilities and neurological disorders. Here we review the mechanisms of neuronal maturation, applying lessons from model systems to understand the specific features of protracted human cortical maturation and species differences. We cover cell-intrinsic features of neuronal maturation, including transcriptional, epigenetic and metabolic mechanisms, as well as cell-extrinsic features, including the roles of activity and synapses, the actions of glial cells and the contribution of the extracellular matrix. We discuss evidence for species differences in biochemical reaction rates, the proposed existence of an epigenetic maturation clock and the contributions of both general and modular mechanisms to species-specific maturation timing. Finally, we suggest approaches to measure, improve and accelerate the maturation of human neurons in culture, examine crosstalk and interactions among these different aspects of maturation and propose conceptual models to guide future studies. Human cortical neurons undergo a protracted period of postmitotic maturation compared with those of other species. Wallace and Pollen review the cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic mechanisms that govern neuronal postmitotic development and consider the factors that may contribute to species-specific maturation rates.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138299692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-15DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00773-y
Lisa Heinke
A new biotinylation-based approach identifies previously unknown cell surface proteins of the axonal initial segment (AIS) and shows a role for contactin-1 in assembly of the AIS extracellular matrix.
{"title":"Playing tag at the axon","authors":"Lisa Heinke","doi":"10.1038/s41583-023-00773-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-023-00773-y","url":null,"abstract":"A new biotinylation-based approach identifies previously unknown cell surface proteins of the axonal initial segment (AIS) and shows a role for contactin-1 in assembly of the AIS extracellular matrix.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"109126886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00770-1
Federica De Lazzari
Federica De Lazzari describes Arvid Carlsson’s 1957 paper, which provided evidence for the importance of dopamine in brain function.
Federica De Lazzari描述了Arvid Carlsson 1957年的论文，该论文为多巴胺在大脑功能中的重要性提供了证据。
{"title":"Sometimes science needs a stubborn mind: the discovery of dopamine","authors":"Federica De Lazzari","doi":"10.1038/s41583-023-00770-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-023-00770-1","url":null,"abstract":"Federica De Lazzari describes Arvid Carlsson’s 1957 paper, which provided evidence for the importance of dopamine in brain function.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92158496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-13DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00772-z
Katherine Whalley
The organization and diversity of neuronal and glial primary cilia and their connectivity in the human cortex is characterized in detail.
本研究详细描述了人类大脑皮层中神经元和神经胶质初级纤毛的组织和多样性及其连接性。
{"title":"Mapping cilia connections in the human brain","authors":"Katherine Whalley","doi":"10.1038/s41583-023-00772-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-023-00772-z","url":null,"abstract":"The organization and diversity of neuronal and glial primary cilia and their connectivity in the human cortex is characterized in detail.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92155656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-10DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00768-9
Dmitri A. Rusakov
Fluorescent indicators can provide quantitative insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of signalling molecules released by brain circuits. However, a mismatch between the experimental context and the experimental imaging settings often introduces unexpected errors and biases in such measurements. Appreciating this mismatch should help researchers to arrive at unbiased estimates. Fluorescent indicators can provide quantitative insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of signalling molecules released by brain circuits. However, a mismatch between the experimental context and the experimental imaging settings often introduces unexpected errors and biases in such measurements. Appreciating this mismatch should help to arrive at unbiased estimates.
{"title":"Avoiding bias in fluorescence sensor readout","authors":"Dmitri A. Rusakov","doi":"10.1038/s41583-023-00768-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-023-00768-9","url":null,"abstract":"Fluorescent indicators can provide quantitative insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of signalling molecules released by brain circuits. However, a mismatch between the experimental context and the experimental imaging settings often introduces unexpected errors and biases in such measurements. Appreciating this mismatch should help researchers to arrive at unbiased estimates. Fluorescent indicators can provide quantitative insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of signalling molecules released by brain circuits. However, a mismatch between the experimental context and the experimental imaging settings often introduces unexpected errors and biases in such measurements. Appreciating this mismatch should help to arrive at unbiased estimates.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72210099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-08DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00771-0
Jake Rogers
The macaque homologue of the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex tracks the reliability of social information and determines whether this information is used to guide choices during decision making.
猕猴同源的背内侧前额叶皮层会跟踪社会信息的可靠性，并决定在决策过程中是否使用这些信息来指导选择。
{"title":"Reliable social switch","authors":"Jake Rogers","doi":"10.1038/s41583-023-00771-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-023-00771-0","url":null,"abstract":"The macaque homologue of the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex tracks the reliability of social information and determines whether this information is used to guide choices during decision making.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71522092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-02DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00766-x
Katherine Whalley
Ketamine is ‘trapped’ in the pores of NMDA receptors in the lateral habenula, mediating sustained antidepressant effects in mice.
氯胺酮被 "困住 "在小鼠外侧脑膜的NMDA受体孔中，从而产生持续的抗抑郁作用。
{"title":"Caught in a trap","authors":"Katherine Whalley","doi":"10.1038/s41583-023-00766-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-023-00766-x","url":null,"abstract":"Ketamine is ‘trapped’ in the pores of NMDA receptors in the lateral habenula, mediating sustained antidepressant effects in mice.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71425399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00765-y
Caroline Barranco
Grid cells develop in rats soon after they leave the nest. Here, Ulsaker-Janke et al. show that preventing exposure to straight boundaries from birth delays, but does not prevent, grid cell maturation in adult rats.
{"title":"Boundary deprivation does not prevent grid cell maturation","authors":"Caroline Barranco","doi":"10.1038/s41583-023-00765-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-023-00765-y","url":null,"abstract":"Grid cells develop in rats soon after they leave the nest. Here, Ulsaker-Janke et al. show that preventing exposure to straight boundaries from birth delays, but does not prevent, grid cell maturation in adult rats.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71425398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00767-w
Darran Yates
A new study shows that, in a numerical judgement task, individuals show differences in neuronal coding of numbers below and above approximately four in the medial temporal lobe.
{"title":"Coding number estimates","authors":"Darran Yates","doi":"10.1038/s41583-023-00767-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-023-00767-w","url":null,"abstract":"A new study shows that, in a numerical judgement task, individuals show differences in neuronal coding of numbers below and above approximately four in the medial temporal lobe.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71425400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00756-z
Mototaka Suzuki, Cyriel M. A. Pennartz, Jaan Aru
Deep learning and predictive coding architectures commonly assume that inference in neural networks is hierarchical. However, largely neglected in deep learning and predictive coding architectures is the neurobiological evidence that all hierarchical cortical areas, higher or lower, project to and receive signals directly from subcortical areas. Given these neuroanatomical facts, today’s dominance of cortico-centric, hierarchical architectures in deep learning and predictive coding networks is highly questionable; such architectures are likely to be missing essential computational principles the brain uses. In this Perspective, we present the shallow brain hypothesis: hierarchical cortical processing is integrated with a massively parallel process to which subcortical areas substantially contribute. This shallow architecture exploits the computational capacity of cortical microcircuits and thalamo-cortical loops that are not included in typical hierarchical deep learning and predictive coding networks. We argue that the shallow brain architecture provides several critical benefits over deep hierarchical structures and a more complete depiction of how mammalian brains achieve fast and flexible computational capabilities. Architectures in neural networks commonly assume that inference is hierarchical. In this Perspective, Suzuki et al. present the shallow brain hypothesis, a neural processing mechanism based on neuroanatomical and electrophysiological evidence that intertwines hierarchical cortical processing with a massively parallel process to which subcortical areas substantially contribute.
{"title":"How deep is the brain? The shallow brain hypothesis","authors":"Mototaka Suzuki, Cyriel M. A. Pennartz, Jaan Aru","doi":"10.1038/s41583-023-00756-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-023-00756-z","url":null,"abstract":"Deep learning and predictive coding architectures commonly assume that inference in neural networks is hierarchical. However, largely neglected in deep learning and predictive coding architectures is the neurobiological evidence that all hierarchical cortical areas, higher or lower, project to and receive signals directly from subcortical areas. Given these neuroanatomical facts, today’s dominance of cortico-centric, hierarchical architectures in deep learning and predictive coding networks is highly questionable; such architectures are likely to be missing essential computational principles the brain uses. In this Perspective, we present the shallow brain hypothesis: hierarchical cortical processing is integrated with a massively parallel process to which subcortical areas substantially contribute. This shallow architecture exploits the computational capacity of cortical microcircuits and thalamo-cortical loops that are not included in typical hierarchical deep learning and predictive coding networks. We argue that the shallow brain architecture provides several critical benefits over deep hierarchical structures and a more complete depiction of how mammalian brains achieve fast and flexible computational capabilities. Architectures in neural networks commonly assume that inference is hierarchical. In this Perspective, Suzuki et al. present the shallow brain hypothesis, a neural processing mechanism based on neuroanatomical and electrophysiological evidence that intertwines hierarchical cortical processing with a massively parallel process to which subcortical areas substantially contribute.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61564286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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