Pub Date : 2024-03-14DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00809-x
Sian Lewis
One of the long-term sequelae associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection is ‘brain fog’, which is shown in this study to be linked to systemic inflammation and leakiness of the blood–brain barrier.
{"title":"Barriers and brain fog","authors":"Sian Lewis","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00809-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00809-x","url":null,"abstract":"One of the long-term sequelae associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection is ‘brain fog’, which is shown in this study to be linked to systemic inflammation and leakiness of the blood–brain barrier.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 5","pages":"287-287"},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140132096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-13DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00810-4
Ning-long Xu
Ning-long Xu discusses a 1999 paper that outlined a mechanism by which cortical pyramidal neurons integrate layer-specific inputs.
徐宁龙讨论了 1999 年的一篇论文，该论文概述了皮层锥体神经元整合特定层输入的机制。
{"title":"How the brain’s primary processing units compute to give rise to intelligence","authors":"Ning-long Xu","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00810-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00810-4","url":null,"abstract":"Ning-long Xu discusses a 1999 paper that outlined a mechanism by which cortical pyramidal neurons integrate layer-specific inputs.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 5","pages":"288-288"},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140120188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-08DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00808-y
Sian Lewis
Innate fear-like responses are thought to involve the amygdala, but here a tetra-synaptic pathway is identified that mediates odour-evoked innate fear in mice.
{"title":"Fear bypasses the amygdala","authors":"Sian Lewis","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00808-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00808-y","url":null,"abstract":"Innate fear-like responses are thought to involve the amygdala, but here a tetra-synaptic pathway is identified that mediates odour-evoked innate fear in mice.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 5","pages":"287-287"},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140065514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-05DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00799-w
Yesenia Cabrera, Karin J. Koymans, Gina R. Poe, Helmut W. Kessels, Eus J. W. Van Someren, Rick Wassing
Expressions such as ‘sleep on it’ refer to the resolution of distressing experiences across a night of sound sleep. Sleep is an active state during which the brain reorganizes the synaptic connections that form memories. This Perspective proposes a model of how sleep modifies emotional memory traces. Sleep-dependent reorganization occurs through neurophysiological events in neurochemical contexts that determine the fates of synapses to grow, to survive or to be pruned. We discuss how low levels of acetylcholine during non-rapid eye movement sleep and low levels of noradrenaline during rapid eye movement sleep provide a unique window of opportunity for plasticity in neuronal representations of emotional memories that resolves the associated distress. We integrate sleep-facilitated adaptation over three levels: experience and behaviour, neuronal circuits, and synaptic events. The model generates testable hypotheses for how failed sleep-dependent adaptation to emotional distress is key to mental disorders, notably disorders of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress with the common aetiology of insomnia. Sleep is an active state during which the synaptic connections that form memories are remodelled. In this Perspective, Wassing and colleagues discuss how failures in sleep-dependent adaptation to emotionally distressing experiences might be a key contributor to post-traumatic stress disorder and related conditions.
{"title":"Overnight neuronal plasticity and adaptation to emotional distress","authors":"Yesenia Cabrera, Karin J. Koymans, Gina R. Poe, Helmut W. Kessels, Eus J. W. Van Someren, Rick Wassing","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00799-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00799-w","url":null,"abstract":"Expressions such as ‘sleep on it’ refer to the resolution of distressing experiences across a night of sound sleep. Sleep is an active state during which the brain reorganizes the synaptic connections that form memories. This Perspective proposes a model of how sleep modifies emotional memory traces. Sleep-dependent reorganization occurs through neurophysiological events in neurochemical contexts that determine the fates of synapses to grow, to survive or to be pruned. We discuss how low levels of acetylcholine during non-rapid eye movement sleep and low levels of noradrenaline during rapid eye movement sleep provide a unique window of opportunity for plasticity in neuronal representations of emotional memories that resolves the associated distress. We integrate sleep-facilitated adaptation over three levels: experience and behaviour, neuronal circuits, and synaptic events. The model generates testable hypotheses for how failed sleep-dependent adaptation to emotional distress is key to mental disorders, notably disorders of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress with the common aetiology of insomnia. Sleep is an active state during which the synaptic connections that form memories are remodelled. In this Perspective, Wassing and colleagues discuss how failures in sleep-dependent adaptation to emotionally distressing experiences might be a key contributor to post-traumatic stress disorder and related conditions.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 4","pages":"253-271"},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140039839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-05DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00796-z
Mark M. Churchland, Krishna V. Shenoy
The study of the cortical control of movement experienced a conceptual shift over recent decades, as the basic currency of understanding shifted from single-neuron tuning towards population-level factors and their dynamics. This transition was informed by a maturing understanding of recurrent networks, where mechanism is often characterized in terms of population-level factors. By estimating factors from data, experimenters could test network-inspired hypotheses. Central to such hypotheses are ‘output-null’ factors that do not directly drive motor outputs yet are essential to the overall computation. In this Review, we highlight how the hypothesis of output-null factors was motivated by the venerable observation that motor-cortex neurons are active during movement preparation, well before movement begins. We discuss how output-null factors then became similarly central to understanding neural activity during movement. We discuss how this conceptual framework provided key analysis tools, making it possible for experimenters to address long-standing questions regarding motor control. We highlight an intriguing trend: as experimental and theoretical discoveries accumulate, the range of computational roles hypothesized to be subserved by output-null factors continues to expand. How does motor-cortex activity well before movement not drive motor outputs? In this Review, Churchland and Shenoy detail how searching for answers transitioned the understanding of neural activity during movement from single-neuron tuning towards population-level factors and revealed an essential computational role of output-null factors.
{"title":"Preparatory activity and the expansive null-space","authors":"Mark M. Churchland, Krishna V. Shenoy","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00796-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00796-z","url":null,"abstract":"The study of the cortical control of movement experienced a conceptual shift over recent decades, as the basic currency of understanding shifted from single-neuron tuning towards population-level factors and their dynamics. This transition was informed by a maturing understanding of recurrent networks, where mechanism is often characterized in terms of population-level factors. By estimating factors from data, experimenters could test network-inspired hypotheses. Central to such hypotheses are ‘output-null’ factors that do not directly drive motor outputs yet are essential to the overall computation. In this Review, we highlight how the hypothesis of output-null factors was motivated by the venerable observation that motor-cortex neurons are active during movement preparation, well before movement begins. We discuss how output-null factors then became similarly central to understanding neural activity during movement. We discuss how this conceptual framework provided key analysis tools, making it possible for experimenters to address long-standing questions regarding motor control. We highlight an intriguing trend: as experimental and theoretical discoveries accumulate, the range of computational roles hypothesized to be subserved by output-null factors continues to expand. How does motor-cortex activity well before movement not drive motor outputs? In this Review, Churchland and Shenoy detail how searching for answers transitioned the understanding of neural activity during movement from single-neuron tuning towards population-level factors and revealed an essential computational role of output-null factors.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 4","pages":"213-236"},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140039840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-04DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00804-2
Darran Yates
Increased levels of matrix metalloproteinase 8, expressed by circulating myeloid cells, may have a role in stress-induced changes in social behaviour in mice.
循环髓系细胞表达的基质金属蛋白酶8水平升高，可能与压力诱导的小鼠社会行为变化有关。
{"title":"MMP8 and stress susceptibility","authors":"Darran Yates","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00804-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00804-2","url":null,"abstract":"Increased levels of matrix metalloproteinase 8, expressed by circulating myeloid cells, may have a role in stress-induced changes in social behaviour in mice.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 4","pages":"209-209"},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140028512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-04DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00803-3
Katherine Whalley
Populations of neurons in the mouse hippocampus use distinct representational strategies to encode familiarity and episodic social memory.
小鼠海马体中的神经元群使用不同的表征策略来编码熟悉度和情节性社会记忆。
{"title":"Social representation","authors":"Katherine Whalley","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00803-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00803-3","url":null,"abstract":"Populations of neurons in the mouse hippocampus use distinct representational strategies to encode familiarity and episodic social memory.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 4","pages":"210-210"},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140026502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01Epub Date: 2022-06-16DOI: 10.1177/11297298221102875
Qian-Hui Tang, Han Yang, Jing Chen, Qiu-Ning Lin, Zhong Qin, Ming Hu, Xiao Qin
It is challenging for a surgeon to determine the appropriate vascular access for hemodialysis patients whose cephalic vein is usually inaccessible. The purpose of the study is to compare the complications and patency rates between transposed arteriovenous fistulas (tAVF) and arteriovenous graft (AVG) for the hemodialysis patients. Studies were recruited from PubMed, Cochrane library, EMBASE, the web of science databases, and reviewing reference lists of related studies from the inception dates to September 2, 2021. Statistical analyses were conducted using the statistical tool Review Manager version5.3 (Cochrane Collaboration, London, UK). I2 > 50% was defined as a high degree of heterogeneity, and then a random-effects model was used. Otherwise, the fixed-effects model was used. Odds ratio with its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was used. Thirty-three trials (26 retrospective studies, four randomized controlled trials, two prospective trials, and one controlled-comparative study) with 6430 enrolled participants were identified in our analysis. The results showed that tAVF was accompanied with lower thrombosis rate (103/1184 (8.69%) vs 257/1367 (18.80%); I2 = 45%; 95% CI, 0.34 (0.26, 0.45)) and infection rate (43/2031 (2.12%) vs 180/2147 (8.38%); I2 = 0%; 95% CI, 0.20 (0.14, 0.30)) than arteriovenous graft. The significantly better primary patency rates, secondary patency rates, and primary assisted patency rates during follow-up were found in tAVF. However, the failure rate and the prevalence of hematoma were significantly lower in AVG group. No evidence showed the rate of overall mortality, steal syndrome, and aneurysm reduced in tAVF. Our results showed that tAVF is a promising vascular access technique for hemodialysis patients whose cephalic vein is inaccessible. Our data showed that tAVF has less thrombosis, infection risk, and better patency rates when compared with AVG. However, more attentions need to be paid to transposed arteriovenous fistulas maturation and hematoma.
{"title":"Comparison between transposed arteriovenous fistulas and arteriovenous graft for the hemodialysis patients: A meta-analysis and systematic review.","authors":"Qian-Hui Tang, Han Yang, Jing Chen, Qiu-Ning Lin, Zhong Qin, Ming Hu, Xiao Qin","doi":"10.1177/11297298221102875","DOIUrl":"10.1177/11297298221102875","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is challenging for a surgeon to determine the appropriate vascular access for hemodialysis patients whose cephalic vein is usually inaccessible. The purpose of the study is to compare the complications and patency rates between transposed arteriovenous fistulas (tAVF) and arteriovenous graft (AVG) for the hemodialysis patients. Studies were recruited from PubMed, Cochrane library, EMBASE, the web of science databases, and reviewing reference lists of related studies from the inception dates to September 2, 2021. Statistical analyses were conducted using the statistical tool Review Manager version5.3 (Cochrane Collaboration, London, UK). <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> > 50% was defined as a high degree of heterogeneity, and then a random-effects model was used. Otherwise, the fixed-effects model was used. Odds ratio with its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was used. Thirty-three trials (26 retrospective studies, four randomized controlled trials, two prospective trials, and one controlled-comparative study) with 6430 enrolled participants were identified in our analysis. The results showed that tAVF was accompanied with lower thrombosis rate (103/1184 (8.69%) vs 257/1367 (18.80%); <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 45%; 95% CI, 0.34 (0.26, 0.45)) and infection rate (43/2031 (2.12%) vs 180/2147 (8.38%); <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 0%; 95% CI, 0.20 (0.14, 0.30)) than arteriovenous graft. The significantly better primary patency rates, secondary patency rates, and primary assisted patency rates during follow-up were found in tAVF. However, the failure rate and the prevalence of hematoma were significantly lower in AVG group. No evidence showed the rate of overall mortality, steal syndrome, and aneurysm reduced in tAVF. Our results showed that tAVF is a promising vascular access technique for hemodialysis patients whose cephalic vein is inaccessible. Our data showed that tAVF has less thrombosis, infection risk, and better patency rates when compared with AVG. However, more attentions need to be paid to transposed arteriovenous fistulas maturation and hematoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"3 1","pages":"369-389"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79650886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-26DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00801-5
Katherine Whalley
Blood pressure pulsations modulate the activity of neurons in the rodent olfactory bulb via the mechanosensitive ion channel PIEZO2
血压脉动通过机械敏感性离子通道 PIEZO2 调节啮齿动物嗅球神经元的活动
{"title":"Olfactory neurons can feel the (heart) beat","authors":"Katherine Whalley","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00801-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00801-5","url":null,"abstract":"Blood pressure pulsations modulate the activity of neurons in the rodent olfactory bulb via the mechanosensitive ion channel PIEZO2","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 4","pages":"210-210"},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139972827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00797-y
Inna Slutsky
The presymptomatic phase of Alzheimer disease (AD) starts with the deposition of amyloid-β in the cortex and begins a decade or more before the emergence of cognitive decline. The trajectory towards dementia and neurodegeneration is shaped by the pathological load and the resilience of neural circuits to the effects of this pathology. In this Perspective, I focus on recent advances that have uncovered the vulnerability of neural circuits at early stages of AD to hyperexcitability, particularly when the brain is in a low-arousal states (such as sleep and anaesthesia). Notably, this hyperexcitability manifests before overt symptoms such as sleep and memory deficits. Using the principles of control theory, I analyse the bidirectional relationship between homeostasis of neuronal activity and sleep and propose that impaired activity homeostasis during sleep leads to hyperexcitability and subsequent sleep disturbances, whereas sleep disturbances mitigate hyperexcitability via negative feedback. Understanding the interplay among activity homeostasis, neuronal excitability and sleep is crucial for elucidating the mechanisms of vulnerability to and resilience against AD pathology and for identifying new therapeutic avenues. Altered network activity during sleep is observed in some individuals with Alzheimer disease and in mouse models of the disorder. In this Perspective, Inna Slutsky proposes that hyperexcitability and sleep disturbances in Alzheimer disease result from disruption of the mechanisms that maintain activity homeostasis in the brain.
{"title":"Linking activity dyshomeostasis and sleep disturbances in Alzheimer disease","authors":"Inna Slutsky","doi":"10.1038/s41583-024-00797-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41583-024-00797-y","url":null,"abstract":"The presymptomatic phase of Alzheimer disease (AD) starts with the deposition of amyloid-β in the cortex and begins a decade or more before the emergence of cognitive decline. The trajectory towards dementia and neurodegeneration is shaped by the pathological load and the resilience of neural circuits to the effects of this pathology. In this Perspective, I focus on recent advances that have uncovered the vulnerability of neural circuits at early stages of AD to hyperexcitability, particularly when the brain is in a low-arousal states (such as sleep and anaesthesia). Notably, this hyperexcitability manifests before overt symptoms such as sleep and memory deficits. Using the principles of control theory, I analyse the bidirectional relationship between homeostasis of neuronal activity and sleep and propose that impaired activity homeostasis during sleep leads to hyperexcitability and subsequent sleep disturbances, whereas sleep disturbances mitigate hyperexcitability via negative feedback. Understanding the interplay among activity homeostasis, neuronal excitability and sleep is crucial for elucidating the mechanisms of vulnerability to and resilience against AD pathology and for identifying new therapeutic avenues. Altered network activity during sleep is observed in some individuals with Alzheimer disease and in mouse models of the disorder. In this Perspective, Inna Slutsky proposes that hyperexcitability and sleep disturbances in Alzheimer disease result from disruption of the mechanisms that maintain activity homeostasis in the brain.","PeriodicalId":49142,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"25 4","pages":"272-284"},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139901760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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