Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102415
Joris Koetsveld , Alex Wagemakers , Matthijs Brouwer , Bob de Wever , Ankje de Vries , Steven van Gucht , Anita Buskermolen , Diederik van Beek , Hein Sprong , Joppe W. Hovius
Ixodes ricinus is the main vector of the causative agents of Lyme neuroborreliosis. This tick species can also transmit tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), spotted fever group (SFG) Rickettsia and Borrelia miyamotoi to humans. These tick-borne pathogens are present in Dutch ticks and have also been associated with human neurological infections, but well characterized disease cases are seldom reported. We therefore assessed the evidence for TBEV, SFG Rickettsia or B. miyamotoi infection in clinically well-described patients suspected of Lyme neuroborreliosis.
We retrospectively included patients with specific predefined clinical criteria from patients that were tested for Lyme neuroborreliosis between 2010 and 2014 at an academic Lyme borreliosis Center. Serology was performed on available serum samples, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was tested by molecular methods.
Out of 514 potentially eligible patients, 176 individual patients were included. None of CSF samples was positive for the tested tick-borne pathogens, except for one previously described patient with Borrelia miyamotoi disease (BMD). Serology revealed 27, 14 and three patients with antibodies against SFG Rickettsia, B. miyamotoi and TBEV, respectively. No distinctive clinical symptoms or signs could be associated with seropositivity against any of these tick-borne pathogens.
Apart from the previously published BMD case, we were unable to find convincing evidence of new cases of tick-borne encephalitis, spotted fever rickettsiosis or BMD in a cohort of patients suspected of Lyme neuroborreliosis. While antibodies against these tick-borne pathogens were detected, we could not associate these findings to clinical symptoms or signs. Therefore, prospective studies on humans with tick exposure are necessary to describe the prevalence, etiology and clinical symptoms of these tick-borne diseases other than Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis.
{"title":"Limited evidence of infection with other tick-borne pathogens in patients tested for Lyme neuroborreliosis in the Netherlands","authors":"Joris Koetsveld , Alex Wagemakers , Matthijs Brouwer , Bob de Wever , Ankje de Vries , Steven van Gucht , Anita Buskermolen , Diederik van Beek , Hein Sprong , Joppe W. Hovius","doi":"10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102415","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Ixodes ricinus</em> is the main vector of the causative agents of Lyme neuroborreliosis. This tick species can also transmit tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), spotted fever group (SFG) <em>Rickettsia</em> and <em>Borrelia miyamotoi</em> to humans<em>.</em> These tick-borne pathogens are present in Dutch ticks and have also been associated with human neurological infections, but well characterized disease cases are seldom reported. We therefore assessed the evidence for TBEV, SFG <em>Rickettsia</em> or <em>B. miyamotoi</em> infection in clinically well-described patients suspected of Lyme neuroborreliosis.</div><div>We retrospectively included patients with specific predefined clinical criteria from patients that were tested for Lyme neuroborreliosis between 2010 and 2014 at an academic Lyme borreliosis Center. Serology was performed on available serum samples, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was tested by molecular methods.</div><div>Out of 514 potentially eligible patients, 176 individual patients were included. None of CSF samples was positive for the tested tick-borne pathogens, except for one previously described patient with <em>Borrelia miyamotoi</em> disease (BMD). Serology revealed 27, 14 and three patients with antibodies against SFG <em>Rickettsia, B. miyamotoi</em> and TBEV, respectively. No distinctive clinical symptoms or signs could be associated with seropositivity against any of these tick-borne pathogens.</div><div>Apart from the previously published BMD case, we were unable to find convincing evidence of new cases of tick-borne encephalitis, spotted fever rickettsiosis or BMD in a cohort of patients suspected of Lyme neuroborreliosis. While antibodies against these tick-borne pathogens were detected, we could not associate these findings to clinical symptoms or signs. Therefore, prospective studies on humans with tick exposure are necessary to describe the prevalence, etiology and clinical symptoms of these tick-borne diseases other than Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49320,"journal":{"name":"Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases","volume":"15 6","pages":"Article 102415"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142693768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102416
Austin R. Earley , Kiersten J. Kugeler , Paul S. Mead , Alison F. Hinckley
Tick-borne diseases are commonly reported in the United States, but frequency of tick bites and care-seeking behaviors following tick bites are poorly understood. We used nationally representative survey data to describe the frequency of tick bites among people living in the United States and how often, where, and why care-seeking associated with tick bites occurs. We found that over 31 million people (nearly 1 in 10) living in the United States might experience a tick bite each year and highlight regional trends in associated care-seeking behaviors. These findings emphasize the need for effective tick bite prevention education and regionally tailored healthcare provider recommendations for management of tick-borne diseases.
{"title":"Frequency of tick bites and associated care-seeking behaviors in the United States","authors":"Austin R. Earley , Kiersten J. Kugeler , Paul S. Mead , Alison F. Hinckley","doi":"10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tick-borne diseases are commonly reported in the United States, but frequency of tick bites and care-seeking behaviors following tick bites are poorly understood. We used nationally representative survey data to describe the frequency of tick bites among people living in the United States and how often, where, and why care-seeking associated with tick bites occurs. We found that over 31 million people (nearly 1 in 10) living in the United States might experience a tick bite each year and highlight regional trends in associated care-seeking behaviors. These findings emphasize the need for effective tick bite prevention education and regionally tailored healthcare provider recommendations for management of tick-borne diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49320,"journal":{"name":"Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases","volume":"15 6","pages":"Article 102416"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102393
Olaf Kahl , Ben Mans , Ard Nijhof
{"title":"New rules for the submission of review articles to Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases","authors":"Olaf Kahl , Ben Mans , Ard Nijhof","doi":"10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102393","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49320,"journal":{"name":"Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases","volume":"15 6","pages":"Article 102393"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142299401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102414
Olaf Kahl , Ben Mans , Ard M. Nijhof
{"title":"Editorial Board reshuffle at Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases","authors":"Olaf Kahl , Ben Mans , Ard M. Nijhof","doi":"10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102414","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49320,"journal":{"name":"Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases","volume":"15 6","pages":"Article 102414"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142693765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102408
Cierra Briggs , Drew Casey , Anna Grace Deakins , Jeremy G. Powell , Kelly Loftin , Emily G. McDermott
Panola Mountain Ehrlichia (PME) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen, transmitted by Amblyomma americanum ticks in the southeastern United States. It is closely related to Ehrlichia ruminantium, the causative agent of heartwater disease. Heartwater disease is an often-fatal illness of ruminant livestock present in Africa and the Caribbean. The taxonomic relationship between PME and E. ruminantium has raised concerns about the pathogenicity of PME in livestock. To determine whether cattle could be naturally infected with PME in an endemic area, we conducted a one-year longitudinal study of Angus-breed beef calves in Fayetteville, Arkansas. One hundred seventy-seven calves born between September and October 2022 were sampled for blood and ticks in February, May, and September 2023. Blood and ticks from each animal were tested for bacteria in the family, Anaplasmataceae using quantitative and conventional PCR, and positive samples were sequenced for species identification. Panola Mountain Ehrlichia was detected in 2.34 % of male A. americanum collected in February, and 1.27 % of female, 0.95 % of male, and 0.43 % of nymphal A. americanum collected in May. No PME-positive ticks were collected in September. Active PME infections were detected in two calves: one which tested positive in May 2023 and one which tested positive in September 2023. Neither animal exhibited any signs of disease, and the animal PME-positive in May tested negative in September. Cattle are susceptible to PME, but the pathogen does not appear to cause obvious disease. However, all animals in this study were under one year old, and older animals may be more susceptible. Cattle are at risk of tick-borne illness in the winter as well as spring, and off-season acaricide applications may improve disease management.
{"title":"Natural Panola Mountain Ehrlichia infections in cattle in a longitudinal study of Angus beef calves","authors":"Cierra Briggs , Drew Casey , Anna Grace Deakins , Jeremy G. Powell , Kelly Loftin , Emily G. McDermott","doi":"10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Panola Mountain <em>Ehrlichia</em> (PME) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen, transmitted by <em>Amblyomma americanum</em> ticks in the southeastern United States. It is closely related to <em>Ehrlichia ruminantium</em>, the causative agent of heartwater disease. Heartwater disease is an often-fatal illness of ruminant livestock present in Africa and the Caribbean. The taxonomic relationship between PME and <em>E. ruminantium</em> has raised concerns about the pathogenicity of PME in livestock. To determine whether cattle could be naturally infected with PME in an endemic area, we conducted a one-year longitudinal study of Angus-breed beef calves in Fayetteville, Arkansas. One hundred seventy-seven calves born between September and October 2022 were sampled for blood and ticks in February, May, and September 2023. Blood and ticks from each animal were tested for bacteria in the family, <em>Anaplasmataceae</em> using quantitative and conventional PCR, and positive samples were sequenced for species identification. Panola Mountain <em>Ehrlichia</em> was detected in 2.34 % of male <em>A. americanum</em> collected in February, and 1.27 % of female, 0.95 % of male, and 0.43 % of nymphal <em>A. americanum</em> collected in May. No PME-positive ticks were collected in September. Active PME infections were detected in two calves: one which tested positive in May 2023 and one which tested positive in September 2023. Neither animal exhibited any signs of disease, and the animal PME-positive in May tested negative in September. Cattle are susceptible to PME, but the pathogen does not appear to cause obvious disease. However, all animals in this study were under one year old, and older animals may be more susceptible. Cattle are at risk of tick-borne illness in the winter as well as spring, and off-season acaricide applications may improve disease management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49320,"journal":{"name":"Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases","volume":"15 6","pages":"Article 102408"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142607034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102417
Johanna Rapp, Andrea Springer, Christina Strube
Climate-change induced weather extremes like floods are increasing in frequency and intensity, with potential consequences for disease vector ecology. We report on a flooding event during the winter of 2023/2024 in Hanover city, Germany. Our observations demonstrate that I. ricinus, the most important vector of tick-borne diseases in Europe, can survive prolonged periods under water and quickly resume host-seeking activity once conditions normalize. Despite being submerged for a total of 25 days, nymphal and adult ticks were observed questing four weeks of the water receding, with densities comparable to pre-flood levels. These findings underscore the resilience of I. ricinus and highlight the potential of ticks to pose infection risks even after extreme weather events.
{"title":"Ixodes ricinus ticks survive flooding","authors":"Johanna Rapp, Andrea Springer, Christina Strube","doi":"10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102417","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate-change induced weather extremes like floods are increasing in frequency and intensity, with potential consequences for disease vector ecology. We report on a flooding event during the winter of 2023/2024 in Hanover city, Germany. Our observations demonstrate that <em>I. ricinus</em>, the most important vector of tick-borne diseases in Europe, can survive prolonged periods under water and quickly resume host-seeking activity once conditions normalize. Despite being submerged for a total of 25 days, nymphal and adult ticks were observed questing four weeks of the water receding, with densities comparable to pre-flood levels. These findings underscore the resilience of <em>I. ricinus</em> and highlight the potential of ticks to pose infection risks even after extreme weather events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49320,"journal":{"name":"Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases","volume":"15 6","pages":"Article 102417"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102376
Lars Eisen , Jeremy Gray , Olaf Kahl , Per-Eric Lindgren , Åke Lundkvist , John H.-O. Pettersson , Peter Wilhelmsson
{"title":"Tribute to Prof. Dr. Thomas Gustav Tore Jaenson, Uppsala University, Sweden","authors":"Lars Eisen , Jeremy Gray , Olaf Kahl , Per-Eric Lindgren , Åke Lundkvist , John H.-O. Pettersson , Peter Wilhelmsson","doi":"10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102376","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102376","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49320,"journal":{"name":"Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases","volume":"15 6","pages":"Article 102376"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141690868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102413
Camille Guillot , Jérôme Pelletier , Cécile Aenishaenslin , Heather Coatsworth , Antonia Dibernardo , Jules K. Koffi , Manisha A. Kulkarni , Jean-Philippe Rocheleau , Christy Wilson , Curtis Russell , Mark P. Nelder , Jacqueline Badcock , Justin Carr , Sylvia Checkley , Katie M. Clow , Stephanie Cooper , Susan Cork , Ariane Dumas , Shaun Dergousoff , Nicoletta Faraone , Catherine Bouchard
Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus are vectors of a range of pathogens of public health significance in North America. These ticks transmit pathogens to and from wild animal reservoir host species, but also bite humans and expose them to the pathogens. We describe the geographical and temporal distribution of the pathogen Babesia odocoilei, the causative agent of cervid babesiosis. Ixodes spp. ticks collected through active and passive surveillance were submitted to the National Microbiology Laboratory of the Public Health Agency of Canada for analysis of the presence of B. odocoilei from 2018 to 2021. Generalized linear models were constructed to evaluate the temporal change of B. odocoilei prevalence across Canada. Babesia odocoilei-positive I. scapularis are widespread across south-central and eastern regions of Canada, with an overall prevalence of 12.0 % in both nymphs (CI 95 % : 11.4–12.6) and adults (CI 95 % : 11.9–12.1) collected in passive surveillance and 13.2 % (CI 95 % : 12.9–13.5) and 10.0 % (CI 95 % : 9.8–10.2) in nymphs and adult, respectively, collected in active surveillance. A single I. pacificus tick tested positive in active surveillance out of 29 ticks collected in British Columbia, while no B odocoilei-positive I. scapularis were found in passive surveillance among the 11 adult ticks tested. Although B. odocoilei infection prevalence of adult I. scapularis was significantly higher in 2019 (14.1 %) than in 2018 (7.4 %), it remained stable from 2019 to 2021, suggesting that this pathogen may already be well established in endemic tick populations. The results provided in this article represent, to date, the most comprehensive picture of B. odocoilei distribution and prevalence in ticks in Canada and highlight the interest of maintaining One Health surveillance approaches to give added insight into disease transmission cycles for less well-characterized microorganisms.
{"title":"The distribution of Babesia odocoilei in Ixodes species ticks in Canada: Implications for one health surveillance","authors":"Camille Guillot , Jérôme Pelletier , Cécile Aenishaenslin , Heather Coatsworth , Antonia Dibernardo , Jules K. Koffi , Manisha A. Kulkarni , Jean-Philippe Rocheleau , Christy Wilson , Curtis Russell , Mark P. Nelder , Jacqueline Badcock , Justin Carr , Sylvia Checkley , Katie M. Clow , Stephanie Cooper , Susan Cork , Ariane Dumas , Shaun Dergousoff , Nicoletta Faraone , Catherine Bouchard","doi":"10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Ixodes scapularis</em> and <em>Ixodes pacificus</em> are vectors of a range of pathogens of public health significance in North America. These ticks transmit pathogens to and from wild animal reservoir host species, but also bite humans and expose them to the pathogens. We describe the geographical and temporal distribution of the pathogen <em>Babesia odocoilei</em>, the causative agent of cervid babesiosis. <em>Ixodes</em> spp. ticks collected through active and passive surveillance were submitted to the National Microbiology Laboratory of the Public Health Agency of Canada for analysis of the presence of <em>B. odocoilei</em> from 2018 to 2021<em>.</em> Generalized linear models were constructed to evaluate the temporal change of <em>B. odocoilei</em> prevalence across Canada. <em>Babesia odocoilei</em>-positive <em>I. scapularis</em> are widespread across south-central and eastern regions of Canada, with an overall prevalence of 12.0 % in both nymphs (CI 95 % : 11.4–12.6) and adults (CI 95 % : 11.9–12.1) collected in passive surveillance and 13.2 % (CI 95 % : 12.9–13.5) and 10.0 % (CI 95 % : 9.8–10.2) in nymphs and adult, respectively, collected in active surveillance. A single <em>I. pacificus</em> tick tested positive in active surveillance out of 29 ticks collected in British Columbia, while no <em>B odocoilei</em>-positive <em>I. scapularis</em> were found in passive surveillance among the 11 adult ticks tested. Although <em>B. odocoilei</em> infection prevalence of adult <em>I. scapularis</em> was significantly higher in 2019 (14.1 %) than in 2018 (7.4 %), it remained stable from 2019 to 2021, suggesting that this pathogen may already be well established in endemic tick populations. The results provided in this article represent, to date, the most comprehensive picture of <em>B. odocoilei</em> distribution and prevalence in ticks in Canada and highlight the interest of maintaining One Health surveillance approaches to give added insight into disease transmission cycles for less well-characterized microorganisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49320,"journal":{"name":"Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases","volume":"15 6","pages":"Article 102413"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142689337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102407
Kate Halsby , Liesl Gildea , Harish Madhava , Frederick J. Angulo , Andreas Pilz , Wilhelm Erber , Jennifer Moisi , Katharina Schley , Ann Colosia , Johann Sellner
<div><div>Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is caused by a viral infection and can lead to acute and persistent damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems. Recently, the incidence of TBE in Europe has risen, and epidemiological patterns of disease have changed, emphasising the need for improved understanding of this vaccine-preventable disease. Although TBE is endemic in many countries, the disease spectrum of TBE is not well described. We sought to characterise the clinical manifestations and outcomes of TBE by estimating the proportions of TBE patients with each type of manifestation and the risk of adverse outcomes for children and adults separately. A systematic literature review was conducted on 2 August 2022 for articles published in any language since 1 January 2007. Additional relevant studies were found in reference lists of identified articles. The review was limited to countries where only the European subtype of TBEV circulates. Of the 1,632 unique titles and abstracts identified and reviewed, 21 were retained for data analysis. The 21 studies were split into a main analysis (15 studies reporting patients hospitalised with laboratory-confirmed TBE) and a secondary analysis (6 studies reporting hospitalised and non-hospitalised patients who sought medical treatment for laboratory-confirmed TBE). The main analysis included 5,012 adults and 640 children. The predominant clinical manifestation in adults was encephalitis (61 %), followed by meningitis (33 %), radiculitis (14 %), and myelitis (6 %) (the manifestations were evaluated independently, so they will not sum to 100 %). With outliers removed, similar proportions of adults had encephalitis (48 %) and meningitis (44 %). Among cases in children, meningitis (77 %) was the most common manifestation, whereas encephalitis (23 %) and myelitis (1.3 %) were less frequent. Among hospitalised patients with TBE, the proportion of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and deaths were similar for adults (15.5 % and 0.9 %, respectively) and children (16.4 % and 0 %, respectively.) The percentage of patients with sequelae when examined >12 months from acute TBE was 39.5 % for adults and 16.2 % for children. The evidence was challenging to aggregate due to study heterogeneity, variability in categorising clinical manifestations of central nervous system disease, variability of denominator populations, and differences in healthcare systems and diagnostic practices across countries. Our study disclosed distinct patterns of clinical manifestation among hospitalised adult and child patients with TBE and a high proportion of ICU admissions and long-term neurological sequelae across both age groups. These findings reinforce the continued need for preventive measures in the populations at risk. Moreover, variability of study admission criteria, including difficulty with clinical manifestation categorisation, calls for a more standardised approach to summarising TBE manifestations and outcomes acros
{"title":"Clinical manifestations and outcomes of Tick-borne encephalitis: A systematic literature review","authors":"Kate Halsby , Liesl Gildea , Harish Madhava , Frederick J. Angulo , Andreas Pilz , Wilhelm Erber , Jennifer Moisi , Katharina Schley , Ann Colosia , Johann Sellner","doi":"10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is caused by a viral infection and can lead to acute and persistent damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems. Recently, the incidence of TBE in Europe has risen, and epidemiological patterns of disease have changed, emphasising the need for improved understanding of this vaccine-preventable disease. Although TBE is endemic in many countries, the disease spectrum of TBE is not well described. We sought to characterise the clinical manifestations and outcomes of TBE by estimating the proportions of TBE patients with each type of manifestation and the risk of adverse outcomes for children and adults separately. A systematic literature review was conducted on 2 August 2022 for articles published in any language since 1 January 2007. Additional relevant studies were found in reference lists of identified articles. The review was limited to countries where only the European subtype of TBEV circulates. Of the 1,632 unique titles and abstracts identified and reviewed, 21 were retained for data analysis. The 21 studies were split into a main analysis (15 studies reporting patients hospitalised with laboratory-confirmed TBE) and a secondary analysis (6 studies reporting hospitalised and non-hospitalised patients who sought medical treatment for laboratory-confirmed TBE). The main analysis included 5,012 adults and 640 children. The predominant clinical manifestation in adults was encephalitis (61 %), followed by meningitis (33 %), radiculitis (14 %), and myelitis (6 %) (the manifestations were evaluated independently, so they will not sum to 100 %). With outliers removed, similar proportions of adults had encephalitis (48 %) and meningitis (44 %). Among cases in children, meningitis (77 %) was the most common manifestation, whereas encephalitis (23 %) and myelitis (1.3 %) were less frequent. Among hospitalised patients with TBE, the proportion of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and deaths were similar for adults (15.5 % and 0.9 %, respectively) and children (16.4 % and 0 %, respectively.) The percentage of patients with sequelae when examined >12 months from acute TBE was 39.5 % for adults and 16.2 % for children. The evidence was challenging to aggregate due to study heterogeneity, variability in categorising clinical manifestations of central nervous system disease, variability of denominator populations, and differences in healthcare systems and diagnostic practices across countries. Our study disclosed distinct patterns of clinical manifestation among hospitalised adult and child patients with TBE and a high proportion of ICU admissions and long-term neurological sequelae across both age groups. These findings reinforce the continued need for preventive measures in the populations at risk. Moreover, variability of study admission criteria, including difficulty with clinical manifestation categorisation, calls for a more standardised approach to summarising TBE manifestations and outcomes acros","PeriodicalId":49320,"journal":{"name":"Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases","volume":"15 6","pages":"Article 102407"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102410
Tristan A. Nowak , Carly Fernandes , Jill Malfetano , Erica Lasek-Nesselquist , Matthew Combs , Klemen Strle , Russell L. Burke , Yi-Pin Lin
Tolerance and resistance are two host eco-immunological strategies in response to microparasite invasion. In the strategy of “resistance”, host responses are induced to decrease microparasite replication while the “tolerance” strategy allows hosts coexistence with microparasites by minimizing responses to avoid immune-mediated damage. The causative agent of Lyme disease is a group of genotypically diverse bacterial species, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bb), which is transmitted by Ixodes ticks and persists in different reservoir animals. In North America, eastern fence lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) can be fed on by Ixodes ticks but are incompetent to one genotype of Bb (i.e., ospC type A). However, field-collected lizards showed evidence of previous infection by Bb strains with undefined genotypes. Supporting this evidence, we introduced three genotypically different Bb strains individually to eastern fence lizards and found a Bb genotype-dependent manner of infectivity. We compared liver transcriptomics and observed elevated immune responses triggered by a lizard-incompetent Bb strain (strain B31). We showed two lizard-competent strains with one having no immunomodulation (strain B379) but the other developing upregulated immune responses (strain 297). These results suggest that genetic variation in microparasites both induces different host strategies for dealing with infection and determines microparasite fitness in the hosts. These findings demonstrate that Bb and eastern fence lizards can serve as a model to investigate the mechanisms underlying eco-immunological strategies of tolerance vs. resistance during host-microparasite interaction.
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