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Philosophical community from a historical perspective 从历史的角度看哲学共同体
IF 1.4 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.02.002
Noa Lahav Ayalon
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引用次数: 0
A French view of London 从法国的角度看伦敦
IF 1.4 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-03-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.02.001
Steven French
In 1939 London and Bauer published a ‘little book’ that shaped the debate over the role of consciousness in resolving the measurement problem in quantum mechanics. Mistakenly understood as merely summarising von Neumann’s account, both sides in the debate failed to appreciate its phenomenological underpinnings. London not only originally studied phenomenology but continued thinking about and discussing this approach in the years leading up to the publication of his work with Bauer, most notably with Gurwitsch, who likewise had a dual background in phenomenological philosophy and physics. In the book, A Phenomenological Approach to Quantum Mechanics: Cutting the Chain of Correlations (French, 2023), the historical background to London and Bauer’s work is set out prior to situating it within the context of Husserl’s philosophy as a whole. It is concluded that the London and Bauer phenomenological account offers a potentially fruitful way forward through various dichotomies, such as that between psi-ontic and psi-epistemic accounts and between interpretational and reconstructive approaches more generally, as well as with regard to understanding quantum physics more generally.
In this paper London and Bauer’s insistence that quantum mechanics should be seen as a theory of knowledge in its own right is emphasized, where this must be taken as phenomenologically grounded. Hopefully this work will be viewed as contributing to a revised phenomenological understanding of modern physics, standing alongside Ryckman’s The Reign of Relativity (Ryckman, 2005) and Berghofer and Wiltsche’s edited collection Phenomenological Approaches to Physics (Berghofer & Wiltsche, 2020).
1939 年,伦敦和鲍尔出版了一本 "小书",引发了关于意识在解决量子力学测量问题中的作用的争论。争论双方都误认为这本书只是对冯-诺依曼的论述进行了总结,而没有意识到这本书的现象学基础。伦敦不仅最初学习过现象学,而且在他与鲍尔的研究成果发表之前的几年里一直在思考和讨论这种方法,其中最著名的是与古尔维奇的讨论,后者同样具有现象学哲学和物理学的双重背景。在《量子力学的现象学方法》一书中:切断相关链》(法文版,2023 年)一书中,在将伦敦和鲍尔的工作置于胡塞尔哲学的整体背景下之前,先阐述了其工作的历史背景。本文强调了伦敦和鲍尔的坚持,即量子力学本身应被视为一种知识理论,而这必须以现象学为基础。希望这部著作能与雷克曼的《相对论的统治》(The Reign of Relativity)(雷克曼,2005 年)以及伯格霍夫和威尔茨彻编辑的《物理学的现象学方法》(Phenomenological Approaches to Physics)(伯格霍夫和威尔茨彻,2020 年)一起,被视为对现代物理学现象学理解的修正。
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引用次数: 0
Bolstering superficial measurement robustness with community-based data foundations 支持基于社区的数据基础的表面测量稳健性
IF 1.4 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.01.001
Vadim Keyser , Hannah Howland
Robustness analysis is a methodological process of identifying results that converge over a variety of independent identifications, models, measurements, or derivations. In this discussion, we focus on measurement robustness, where convergent results are obtained over different measurement methods, indicating reliable detection. Our aim is to identify a methodological problem with convergent results applicable to measurement practice in inequitable social contexts. We argue that even under ideal function of measurement robustness, there is still a deeper methodological problem about measurement choices and strategies: the ‘sacrifice of representational adequacy for generality’ (SRAG). We detail SRAG and then apply it using two case studies, where convergent measurements conceal pollution masking and pollution burden. Finally, we offer a solution to SRAG through the analysis of robust community-based data practices. By describing the community-led efforts behind Shingle Mountain and the Joppa Environmental Health Project, we illustrate how an effective cross-checking structure can correct measurement goals and strategies, thereby, promoting representational adequacy.
稳健性分析是一种识别结果的方法学过程,这些结果收敛于各种独立的识别、模型、测量或推导。在本讨论中,我们关注测量鲁棒性,在不同的测量方法中获得收敛的结果,表明可靠的检测。我们的目的是找出一个方法上的问题与收敛的结果适用于测量实践在不公平的社会背景。我们认为,即使在理想的测量稳健性函数下,关于测量选择和策略仍然存在更深层次的方法问题:“牺牲代表性充分性以获得一般性”(SRAG)。我们详细介绍了SRAG,然后使用两个案例研究来应用它,其中收敛测量掩盖了污染掩蔽和污染负担。最后,我们通过分析健壮的基于社区的数据实践,为SRAG提供了一个解决方案。通过描述Shingle Mountain和Joppa环境健康项目背后的社区主导的努力,我们说明了有效的交叉检查结构如何能够纠正测量目标和策略,从而促进代表性的充足性。
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引用次数: 0
Reply: An Order of Things?. 答:事物的秩序?
IF 1.4 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-02-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.12.001
Hans-Jörg Rheinberger
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引用次数: 0
Non-empirical physics from a historical perspective: New pathways in history and philosophy of physics 历史视域下的非经验物理学:物理学历史与哲学的新路径
IF 1.4 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-02-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.01.004
Pablo Ruiz de Olano , Richard Dawid , C.D. McCoy
In this Special Issue, we explore the rise of non-empirical physics from a historical perspective. This exercise is meant, furthermore, as an attempt to open new pathways in contemporary history and philosophy of physics. We use this introduction to provide the theoretical background necessary to flesh out this program and to appreciate the manner in which the different articles in the collection substantiate it. To do this, we proceed in the following manner. First, we briefly lay out the development of contemporary philosophy of physics, and the manner in which the range of topics covered in the specialized literature expanded over the past few decades. After that, we chronicle the advent of non-empirical physics during the second half of the twentieth century, and we introduce the philosophical debates triggered by this development. These debates, as we show, did introduce new topics of discussion in the literature. However, these discussions did not arise as a deliberate attempt to add new ideas to the philosophy of physics repertoire. Instead, they emerged as a natural consequence of the historical development of physics itself. Taking this observation as our starting point, we argue that engaging with the controversies around non-empirical physics, and with the historical circumstances behind their appearance, provides a more fruitful, more historically grounded approach towards updating the canon of philosophy of physics. We then single out some areas in which further historical work is particularly promising, and we highlight the contributions made by each one of our authors. We conclude by inviting others to join the philosophical program sketched here, and to add their own insights to the ones contained in this Special Issue.
在本期特刊中,我们从历史的角度探讨了非经验物理学的兴起。此外,这项工作的目的是试图在当代物理学的历史和哲学中开辟新的途径。我们用这个介绍来提供必要的理论背景来充实这个程序,并欣赏收集的不同文章充实它的方式。要做到这一点,我们以以下方式进行。首先,我们简要地列出了当代物理学哲学的发展,以及在过去几十年中,专业文献所涵盖的主题范围的扩展方式。在那之后,我们编年史的出现非经验物理学在20世纪下半叶,我们介绍由这一发展引发的哲学辩论。正如我们所展示的,这些辩论确实在文献中引入了新的讨论话题。然而,这些讨论并不是有意为物理学哲学增添新思想。相反,它们是物理学本身历史发展的自然结果。以这一观察作为我们的出发点,我们认为,参与围绕非经验物理学的争论,以及它们出现背后的历史环境,为更新物理学哲学经典提供了一种更富有成果、更基于历史的方法。然后,我们挑出了一些进一步的历史工作特别有希望的领域,并强调了我们每个作者所做的贡献。最后,我们邀请其他人加入这里概述的哲学计划,并将他们自己的见解添加到本期特刊中所包含的内容中。
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引用次数: 0
Resisting Newton in provincial France, 1750s–1770s: Opposition from the margins to the Parisian academic community 18世纪50年代至70年代法国外省对牛顿的抵制:来自巴黎学术界边缘的反对。
IF 1.4 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.12.004
Marco Storni
In the eighteenth century, the requirements for participation in scientific life were progressively narrowed, leading to a gradual closure of the community of the learned. This shift was influenced by the dissemination of Newton's natural philosophy across Europe, which catalysed the rejection of previously dominant principles and methods, while heralding the adoption of a new approach, based on mathematics and experimentalism. This paper examines various forms of resistance to the emergence of a community of Newtonian savants in post-1750 France, focusing on institutions and authors located at its margins. First, I analyse the relationship between provincial and central academies through the case study of the Académie des Belles-Lettres de Caen. Here, the persistent opposition to Newton was partly due to cultural conservatism but was also a form of resistance to the centralisation and concentration of expertise, and the resulting homogenisation of practices, promoted by the Paris Academy. Secondly, I examine the opposition to Newton by some authors working outside the academic milieu, who contributed to the “provincialisation” of knowledge by addressing a provincial public in their writings. Their aim was not only to engage in a dialogue with the savants of the authoritative institutions, which was almost impossible at the time, but also to appear as polemicists on the public stage, attracting a readership thirsty for scientific perspectives alternative to those considered mainstream.
在18世纪,参与科学生活的要求逐渐缩小,导致有学问的群体逐渐关闭。这种转变受到牛顿自然哲学在欧洲传播的影响,它催化了对先前占主导地位的原则和方法的拒绝,同时预示着采用一种基于数学和实验主义的新方法。本文考察了对1750年后法国出现的牛顿学者群体的各种形式的抵制,重点是位于其边缘的机构和作者。首先,本文以卡昂文学学院为例,分析了省级学院与中央学院的关系。在这里,对牛顿的持续反对部分是由于文化保守主义,但也是一种对专业知识集中和集中的抵制形式,以及由此产生的实践同质化,由巴黎学院推动。其次,我考察了一些在学术环境之外工作的作者对牛顿的反对,他们通过在他们的著作中向地方公众发表讲话,促成了知识的“地方化”。他们的目标不仅是与权威机构的学者进行对话,这在当时几乎是不可能的,而且还以辩论家的身份出现在公共舞台上,吸引渴望科学观点的读者,而不是那些被认为是主流的观点。
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引用次数: 0
Through the convex Looking Glass: A Helmholtzian lesson for the connection between dynamics and chronogeometry in spacetime theories 透过凸面镜:时空理论中动力学和时间几何之间联系的亥姆霍兹式课程。
IF 1.4 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.11.002
Pablo Acuña
Over the last two decades, the rise of the dynamicist view in the philosophy of spacetime theories has motivated a discussion about the way in which chronogeometric structure and dynamics are connected. Geometricists defend that chronogeometry determines and explains dynamics, whereas dynamicists state that it is the other way around. Both parties assume that the arrow of explanation at issue involves a claim of fundamentality and priority of one of the elements over the other. I challenge this assumption, and I propose a third way to understand the connection. Drawing a lesson from Herman von Helmholtz's and David Hilbert's views on the foundations of geometry, I argue that in spacetime theories chronogeometry and dynamics are inextricably interconnected counterparts, so claims of fundamental explanation and priority, regardless of the direction of the alleged arrow, are misconceptions. The link between chronogeometry and dynamics in spacetime theories is properly understood in terms of a bidirectional arrow, not in terms of a unidirectional arrow of fundamental explanation.
在过去的二十年里,时空理论哲学中动力论观点的兴起激发了关于时间几何结构和动力学之间联系方式的讨论。几何学家认为时间几何学决定并解释了动力学,而动力学家则相反。双方都认为,争论中的解释之箭涉及到一种要素的根本性和优先性的主张。我对这种假设提出了挑战,并提出了第三种理解这种联系的方法。从赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹和大卫·希尔伯特关于几何基础的观点中吸取教训,我认为,在时空理论中,时间几何和动力学是不可分割地相互关联的对立物,因此,无论所谓的箭头的方向如何,基本解释和优先级的主张都是误解。时空理论中时间几何学和动力学之间的联系是用双向箭头来正确理解的,而不是用基本解释的单向箭头。
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引用次数: 0
Rewriting the Quantum “Revolution” 重写量子 "革命"。
IF 1.4 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.12.006
Diana Taschetto
This paper is a critical analysis of the structure of the quantum revolution. I consider the factual question of how, historically and theoretically, the classical gave way to the quantum, and I argue for an answer that shows, contra Thomas Kuhn’s influential philosophy of science, that it is the logic, and not the sociology and psychology, of research that correctly explains the classical-to-the-quantum paradigm shift. My approach is based not on archival studies but on a careful reading, in their original historical context, of Max Planck’s and Albert Einstein’s well-known papers; the burden of my argument, which at points will be outspoken, consists, then, in identifying and removing the impediments that prevent us from reading these papers in themselves. For this task I critically consider both the main, and mutually antagonistic, accounts of the origin of the quantum theory currently available in the literature—namely, the orthodox story, according to which Planck inaugurated the quantum theory in 1900, and that proposed by Thomas Kuhn in Black-Body Theory and Quantum Discontinuity—and I show that both of them are essentially incorrect. Both overlook the scientific status of the probabilistic kinetic theory of heat as of 1900, of which both Planck and Einstein were acutely aware. The orthodox story will be refuted by showing that Planck did not postulate energy discreteness to derive his black-body radiation law in 1900; and Kuhn, though he argued, as I do here, against the orthodoxy, did so on different grounds, and his own alternative is refuted by showing that Planck’s black-body radiation formula did not trigger a Kuhnian “crisis” in classical physics. This conceptual housekeeping will serve its purpose by removing the obstacles that make it impossible to analyze Planck’s and Einstein’s papers in themselves; once this is done, my conclusions follow.
本文是对量子革命结构的批判性分析。我考虑的事实问题是,从历史上和理论上讲,经典是如何让位于量子的,我主张一个答案,与托马斯·库恩(Thomas Kuhn)有影响力的科学哲学相反,它表明,正确解释从经典到量子范式转变的是研究的逻辑,而不是社会学和心理学。我的方法不是基于档案研究,而是基于对马克斯·普朗克(Max Planck)和阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦(Albert Einstein)著名论文的原始历史背景的仔细阅读;因此,我的论点的重点在于找出并消除阻碍我们阅读这些论文本身的障碍,我将在某些方面直言不讳。为了完成这项任务,我批判性地考虑了目前文献中关于量子理论起源的两种主要的、相互对立的说法——即普朗克在1900年创立量子理论的正统说法,以及托马斯·库恩在《黑体理论和量子不连续》中提出的说法——我表明,这两种说法本质上都是不正确的。他们都忽视了1900年热的概率动态论的科学地位,而普朗克和爱因斯坦都敏锐地意识到了这一点。通过证明普朗克在1900年推导黑体辐射定律时没有假设能量离散性,正统的说法将被驳斥;而库恩,尽管他和我在这里一样,反对正统理论,但却是基于不同的理由,他自己的观点被反驳了,因为他证明了普朗克的黑体辐射公式并没有引发经典物理学中的库恩“危机”。这种概念上的整理将有助于消除使分析普朗克和爱因斯坦论文本身成为不可能的障碍;一旦完成,我的结论随之而来。
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引用次数: 0
IF 1.4 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.12.008
Edna Suárez-Díaz
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引用次数: 0
Intellectual inflation: one way for scientific research to degenerate 智力膨胀:科学研究退化的一种方式。
IF 1.4 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.01.003
Javier Anta
This paper aims to analyze a specific way in which a scientific programme or area can, in Lakatosian terms, degenerate: namely, through a developmental process of intellectual inflation. Adopting a pluralist approach to the notion of scientific progress, we propose that the historical development of a particular scientific area can be analyzed as being intellectually inflationary during a bounded period of time if it has considerably increased its productive output (thus demonstrating productive progressive) while the overall semantic or epistemic value of those products have not improved in a significant fashion (thus lacking progress in a semantic or epistemic sense). Then, we apply this concept to thoroughly assess whether there have been some intellectually inflationary patterns in the development of (i) information-theoretical evolutionary biology in 1961–2023, and (ii) ensemblist non-equilibrium statistical mechanics in 1938–2023. And finally, we argue that tracking and analyzing intellectually inflationary patterns in the history of sciences might contribute to vindicate a non-productivist picture of current scientific research.
本文旨在分析一种特定的方式,在这种方式中,一个科学项目或领域可以,在拉卡托斯术语中,退化:即通过智力膨胀的发展过程。对科学进步的概念采用多元主义的方法,我们提出,如果一个特定科学领域的历史发展在一定的时间内显著增加了其生产产出(从而显示出生产进步),而这些产品的整体语义或认知价值却没有显著改善(因此缺乏语义或认知意义上的进步),那么它可以被分析为智力膨胀。然后,我们应用这一概念来全面评估在(i) 1961-2023年的信息论进化生物学和(ii) 1938-2023年的系综非平衡统计力学的发展中是否存在一些智力膨胀模式。最后,我们认为,追踪和分析科学史上的智力膨胀模式,可能有助于证明当前科学研究的非生产主义图景是正确的。
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引用次数: 0
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Studies in History and Philosophy of Science
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