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Histology agnosticism: Infra-molecularizing disease? 组织学不可知论:分子内疾病?
IF 1 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.02.002
Jonah Campbell , Alberto Cambrosio , Mark Basik
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引用次数: 0
IF 1 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.01.002
Jane Maienschein, Kate MacCord
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引用次数: 0
Beauty in experiment: A qualitative analysis of aesthetic experiences in scientific practice 实验中的美:对科学实践中审美体验的定性分析
IF 1 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-02-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.02.003
Milena Ivanova, Bridget Ritz, Marcela Duque, Brandon Vaidyanathan

A growing literature in philosophy of science focuses on the role of aesthetics in scientific practice, with the experiment recently recognized for its aesthetic value. However, the literature on aesthetics in experimentation grows out of case studies from the history of science, leaving open the question as to how contemporary scientists experience aesthetics in their experimental work. In this paper we offer the first qualitative, empirical analysis of aesthetic experiences regarding experimental practice, drawing from in-depth interviews with 215 scientists in four countries. We identify six categories of aesthetic experience we find in experimentation, their function, and new questions emerging from our study.

科学哲学中有越来越多的文献关注美学在科学实践中的作用,最近实验的美学价值也得到了认可。然而,关于实验中的美学的文献都是从科学史的案例研究中发展而来的,对于当代科学家如何在实验工作中体验美学这个问题还没有定论。在本文中,我们通过对四个国家 215 名科学家的深入访谈,首次对实验实践中的美学体验进行了定性实证分析。我们确定了在实验中发现的六类审美体验、它们的功能以及研究中出现的新问题。
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引用次数: 0
IF 1 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.01.001
John E. Huss
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引用次数: 0
IF 1 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.01.003
Michael R. Dietrich
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引用次数: 0
On compatibility between realism and fictionalism: A response to Suárez' proposal 论现实主义与虚构主义的兼容性:对苏亚雷斯提议的回应
IF 1 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2023.12.005
Nélida Gentile, Susana Lucero

In a series of articles, Mauricio Suárez defends the neutrality of fictionalism with respect to the scientific realism-anti-realism debate. Suárez understands fictionalism from a strictly methodological point of view, linked to the practice of model building in the context of the philosophy of science. He moves away from the type of fictionalism analysed in other areas of philosophy such as metaphysics, the philosophy of language, aesthetics or the philosophy of mathematics. Following Vaihinger's position, he emphasizes the inferential role of fiction in scientific modelling and argues that scientific fictionalism is not incompatible with scientific realism, as is often believed. We argue against Suárez's position and reject the ubiquitous character assigned to fictions in scientific discourse, as well as the deflationary view of scientific realism defended by Suárez. We conclude that when the semantic, epistemic, and metaphysical aspects at stake in the realism-antirealism debate are taken into account, the alleged compatibility between scientific realism and fictionalism starts to generate some tension.

在一系列文章中,毛里西奥-苏亚雷斯(Mauricio Suárez)捍卫了虚构主义在科学现实主义-反现实主义辩论中的中立性。苏亚雷斯从严格的方法论角度来理解虚构主义,认为它与科学哲学背景下的模型构建实践有关。他远离了形而上学、语言哲学、美学或数学哲学等其他哲学领域所分析的虚构主义类型。他沿袭了 Vaihinger 的立场,强调虚构在科学建模中的推论作用,并认为科学虚构主义与科学现实主义并非如人们通常认为的那样互不相容。我们反对苏亚雷斯的立场,反对在科学话语中赋予虚构无处不在的特性,也反对苏亚雷斯所捍卫的科学现实主义的通货紧缩观点。我们的结论是,如果考虑到现实主义与反现实主义之争中的语义、认识论和形而上学方面的问题,科学现实主义与虚构主义之间所谓的兼容性就会开始产生一些紧张关系。
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引用次数: 0
ML interpretability: Simple isn't easy ML 可解释性:简单并不容易
IF 1 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2023.12.007
Tim Räz

The interpretability of ML models is important, but it is not clear what it amounts to. So far, most philosophers have discussed the lack of interpretability of black-box models such as neural networks, and methods such as explainable AI that aim to make these models more transparent. The goal of this paper is to clarify the nature of interpretability by focussing on the other end of the “interpretability spectrum”. The reasons why some models, linear models and decision trees, are highly interpretable will be examined, and also how more general models, MARS and GAM, retain some degree of interpretability. It is found that while there is heterogeneity in how we gain interpretability, what interpretability is in particular cases can be explicated in a clear manner.

ML 模型的可解释性很重要,但它的意义何在却并不清楚。迄今为止,大多数哲学家都在讨论神经网络等黑箱模型缺乏可解释性的问题,以及旨在使这些模型更加透明的可解释人工智能等方法。本文的目的是通过关注 "可解释性光谱 "的另一端来澄清可解释性的本质。本文将探讨一些模型(线性模型和决策树)具有高度可解释性的原因,以及更一般的模型(MARS 和 GAM)如何保留一定程度的可解释性。研究发现,虽然我们获得可解释性的方式存在差异,但在特定情况下,可解释性是什么可以用一种明确的方式加以解释。
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引用次数: 0
Cosmological inflation and meta-empirical theory assessment 宇宙膨胀与元经验理论评估。
IF 1 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2023.12.006
William J. Wolf

I apply Dawid's Meta-Empirical Assessment (MEA) methodology to the theory of cosmological inflation. I argue that applying this methodology does not currently offer a compelling case for ascribing non-empirical confirmation to cosmological inflation. In particular, I argue that despite displaying strong instances of Unexpected Explanatory Coherence (UEA), it is premature to evaluate the theory on the basis of the No Alternatives Argument (NAA). More significantly though, I argue that the theory of cosmological inflation fails to sustain a convincing Meta-Inductive Argument (MIA) because the empirical evidence and theoretical successes that it seeks to draw meta-empirical support from do not warrant a meta-inductive inference to inflation. I conclude by assessing how future developments could pave the way towards crafting a more compelling case for the non-empirical confirmation of cosmological inflation.

我将达维德的元经验评估(MEA)方法应用于宇宙膨胀理论。我认为,目前应用这种方法并不能为宇宙学膨胀理论提供令人信服的非经验证实。特别是,我认为,尽管宇宙学暴胀理论显示出很强的意外解释一致性(UEA),但根据 "无替代论证"(NAA)来评估该理论还为时过早。但更重要的是,我认为宇宙学膨胀理论无法支持一个令人信服的元归纳论证(MIA),因为它试图从元经验支持中获得的经验证据和理论成功并不能证明元归纳推论是关于膨胀的。最后,我将评估未来的发展如何能为宇宙学膨胀的非经验证实铺平道路。
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引用次数: 0
Expanding the notion of mechanism to further understanding of biopsychosocial disorders? Depression and medically-unexplained pain as cases in point 拓展机制概念,进一步理解生物心理社会失调症?以抑郁症和医学上无法解释的疼痛为例。
IF 1 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-12-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2023.12.002
Jan Pieter Konsman

Evidence-Based Medicine has little consideration for mechanisms and philosophers of science and medicine have recently made pleas to increase the place of mechanisms in the medical evidence hierarchy. However, in this debate the notions of mechanisms seem to be limited to ‘mechanistic processes’ and ‘complex-systems mechanisms,’ understood as ‘componential causal systems’. I believe that this will not do full justice to how mechanisms are used in biological, psychological and social sciences and, consequently, in a more biopsychosocial approach to medicine. Here, I propose, following (Kuorikoski, 2009), to pay more attention to ‘abstract forms of interaction’ mechanisms. The present work scrutinized review articles on depression and medically unexplained pain, which are considered to be of multifactorial pathogenesis, for their use of mechanisms. In review articles on these disorders there seemed to be a range of uses between more ‘abstract forms of interaction’ and ‘componential causal system’ mechanisms. I therefore propose to expand the notions of mechanisms considered in medicine to include that of more ‘abstract forms of interaction’ to better explain and manage biopsychosocial disorders.

循证医学很少考虑机制问题,科学哲学家和医学哲学家最近呼吁提高机制在医学证据等级中的地位。然而,在这场辩论中,机制的概念似乎仅限于 "机械过程 "和 "复杂系统机制",即 "成分因果系统"。我认为,这并不完全符合机制在生物、心理和社会科学中的应用,因此也不符合生物-心理-社会医学方法。在此,我建议按照库里科斯基(Kuorikoski,2009 年)的观点,更多地关注 "抽象的互动形式 "机制。本研究仔细研究了关于抑郁症和医学上无法解释的疼痛的评论文章,这些疾病被认为是多因素致病。在关于这些疾病的综述文章中,似乎存在着介于 "抽象的相互作用形式 "和 "成分因果系统 "机制之间的使用范围。因此,我建议扩大医学中的机制概念,将更多 "抽象的相互作用形式 "纳入其中,以更好地解释和管理生物心理社会失调症。
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引用次数: 0
Is Bohr's correspondence principle just Hankel's principle of permanence? 玻尔的对应原理只是汉克尔的永恒原理吗?
IF 1 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-12-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2023.12.003
Iulian D. Toader

No, but the paper argues that Bohr understood his correspondence principle, or at least an aspect of that principle expressed by the notion of rational generalization, as grounded in Hankel's principle of permanence, adapted to new historical and theoretical contexts. This is shown to illuminate some otherwise obscure aspects of Bohr's approach to quantum theory, as well as a seemingly strange criticism against this approach, due to Feyerabend and Bohm.

不,但本文认为,玻尔理解他的对应原理,或至少是合理概括概念所表达的该原理的一个方面,是以汉克尔的永恒性原理为基础,并根据新的历史和理论背景进行调整的。这将阐明玻尔的量子理论方法中一些原本模糊不清的方面,以及费耶阿本德和玻姆对这一方法提出的看似奇怪的批评。
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引用次数: 0
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Studies in History and Philosophy of Science
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