Pub Date : 2025-06-21DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.005
Florian Laguens
Arthur S. Eddington (1882–1944) is known as one of the most influential astronomers of the interwar period, and a promoter of Einstein's theory of general relativity. This article focuses on two of his books, namely Space, Time and Gravitation (1920) and The Mathematical Theory of Relativity (1923). The first section claims that Eddington intended both to be textbooks, the role and content of which is detailed as well as Eddington pedagogical views. This then leads to instantiate the porosity and plasticity of the textbook genre, and to draw attention to a less studied aspect of relativistic textbooks, namely their philosophical scope. The closing section comments, for the first time, on Eddington's courses on Einstein's theory, based on archival sources.
阿瑟·s·爱丁顿（Arthur S. Eddington, 1882-1944）是两次世界大战之间最有影响力的天文学家之一，也是爱因斯坦广义相对论的推动者。本文重点介绍他的两本书，即《空间、时间和引力》（1920）和《数学相对论》（1923）。第一部分论述了爱丁顿既打算成为教科书，又详细阐述了教科书的作用和内容，以及爱丁顿的教学观点。这就导致了教科书类型的多孔性和可塑性的实例化，并引起人们对相对论教科书中较少研究的方面的关注，即它们的哲学范围。结束语部分第一次根据档案资料对爱丁顿关于爱因斯坦理论的课程进行了评论。
{"title":"Eddington teacher of general relativity another tale of two textbooks","authors":"Florian Laguens","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Arthur S. Eddington (1882–1944) is known as one of the most influential astronomers of the interwar period, and a promoter of Einstein's theory of general relativity. This article focuses on two of his books, namely <em>Space, Time and Gravitation</em> (1920) and <em>The Mathematical Theory of Relativity</em> (1923). The first section claims that Eddington intended both to be textbooks, the role and content of which is detailed as well as Eddington pedagogical views. This then leads to instantiate the porosity and plasticity of the textbook genre, and to draw attention to a less studied aspect of relativistic textbooks, namely their philosophical scope. The closing section comments, for the first time, on Eddington's courses on Einstein's theory, based on archival sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"112 ","pages":"Pages 47-56"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144330828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-14DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.007
Alice Dreger
{"title":"","authors":"Alice Dreger","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"112 ","pages":"Pages 44-46"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144288714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-13DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.002
Arezoo Islami , Harald A. Wiltsche
In his book, A Phenomenological Approach to Quantum Mechanics: Cutting the Chain of Correlations, Steven French argues that quantum mechanics, understood through the phenomenological lens of London and Bauer, turns physics into a “genuine science”, and thus completes the project Edmund Husserl had started in his last major publication, The Crisis of European Sciences. What makes quantum mechanics a genuine science, according to French, is that it is fully grounded in the “lifeworld and transcendental subjectivity”, just as Husserl dreamt. While we agree with French that London and Bauer’s reading of quantum mechanics is inspired by and thus makes a step towards Husserl’s phenomenology, we argue that a more encompassing phenomenological investigation is still needed if we are to avoid another crisis. More specifically, our claim is that French underestimates the “constitutional history” of the kinds of mathematical idealities that underlie quantum mechanics.
{"title":"The French crisis: Rethinking the phenomenology of quantum mechanics","authors":"Arezoo Islami , Harald A. Wiltsche","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In his book, <em>A Phenomenological Approach to Quantum Mechanics: Cutting the Chain of Correlations</em>, Steven French argues that quantum mechanics, understood through the phenomenological lens of London and Bauer, turns physics into a “genuine science”, and thus completes the project Edmund Husserl had started in his last major publication, <em>The Crisis of European Sciences</em>. What makes quantum mechanics a genuine science, according to French, is that it is fully grounded in the “lifeworld and transcendental subjectivity”, just as Husserl dreamt. While we agree with French that London and Bauer’s reading of quantum mechanics is inspired by and thus makes a step towards Husserl’s phenomenology, we argue that a more encompassing phenomenological investigation is still needed if we are to avoid another crisis. More specifically, our claim is that French underestimates the “constitutional history” of the kinds of mathematical idealities that underlie quantum mechanics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"112 ","pages":"Pages 33-43"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-13DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.001
Yasmin Haddad
Clustering humans based on their genetic ancestry is a common practice in human genomics. Genetically similar populations can be seen as statistical constructs that are labeled by population descriptors such as “race,” “ethnicity,” and “genetic ancestry.” Recently, there has been a shift towards replacing the descriptor “race” with “genetic ancestry” because the latter is considered more objective. A descriptor is deemed objective if it adequately captures an underlying feature of the biological world, such as genetic similarities or differences between human sub-populations. However, claims of objectivity do not sufficiently explain the rationale for the choice and use of population descriptors such as “ancestry.” This paper proposes an axiological approach to capture the choice and use of population descriptors in human genomics, by showing that the population descriptor “ancestry” is value-laden and that there is a legitimate role for values in the choice and use of population descriptors in genomics.
{"title":"The value-ladenness of ancestry","authors":"Yasmin Haddad","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Clustering humans based on their genetic ancestry is a common practice in human genomics. Genetically similar populations can be seen as statistical constructs that are labeled by population descriptors such as “race,” “ethnicity,” and “genetic ancestry.” Recently, there has been a shift towards replacing the descriptor “race” with “genetic ancestry” because the latter is considered more objective. A descriptor is deemed objective if it adequately captures an underlying feature of the biological world, such as genetic similarities or differences between human sub-populations. However, claims of objectivity do not sufficiently explain the rationale for the choice and use of population descriptors such as “ancestry.” This paper proposes an axiological approach to capture the choice and use of population descriptors in human genomics, by showing that the population descriptor “ancestry” is value-laden and that there is a legitimate role for values in the choice and use of population descriptors in genomics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"112 ","pages":"Pages 23-32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-11DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.008
Beans Velocci
{"title":"Why did the clinic make gender?","authors":"Beans Velocci","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"112 ","pages":"Pages 21-22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144255019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-09DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.006
Rosa W. Runhardt
Reactivity takes place when being measured or classified affects a subject's attitudes and behaviour to such an extent that this affects results in (subsequent) measurement or classification. How one should recognize and evaluate such changes over time is a prominent topic in the psychometric literature, where it falls under the broader concept of response shift. A key question in that literature is if reactive changes are ever natural, that is, whether there are cases in which the measurement results before and after the shift are both accurate to the underlying phenomenon. This is thought to depend on what causal regularities obtain in the area of study, but also on whether the phenomenon is in part constituted by normative and changeable evaluations by the respondent. While the naturalness of reactivity is typically discussed exclusively at the level of measures of individual respondents, much philosophical attention has also been spent in recent years on the reactivity in measurement of macro-social entities, like countries and institutions. This article offers conceptual clarification for that new field by mapping concepts from psychometrics to the measurement of macro-social phenomena. In particular, this article distinguishes two existing arguments about the naturalness of reactivity in psychometrics (‘the argument from regularity’ and ‘the argument from strong evaluation’) and shows what is needed to extrapolate them fruitfully, by focusing on two examples of public measures, viz., democracy indicators and university rankings.
{"title":"Reactivity, validity, and measurement in the social sciences","authors":"Rosa W. Runhardt","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reactivity takes place when being measured or classified affects a subject's attitudes and behaviour to such an extent that this affects results in (subsequent) measurement or classification. How one should recognize and evaluate such changes over time is a prominent topic in the psychometric literature, where it falls under the broader concept of <em>response shift</em>. A key question in that literature is if reactive changes are ever <em>natural</em>, that is, whether there are cases in which the measurement results before and after the shift are both accurate to the underlying phenomenon. This is thought to depend on what causal regularities obtain in the area of study, but also on whether the phenomenon is in part constituted by normative and changeable evaluations by the respondent. While the naturalness of reactivity is typically discussed exclusively at the level of measures of individual respondents, much philosophical attention has also been spent in recent years on the reactivity in measurement of <em>macro</em>-social entities, like countries and institutions. This article offers conceptual clarification for that new field by mapping concepts from psychometrics to the measurement of macro-social phenomena. In particular, this article distinguishes two existing arguments about the naturalness of reactivity in psychometrics (‘the argument from regularity’ and ‘the argument from strong evaluation’) and shows what is needed to extrapolate them fruitfully, by focusing on two examples of public measures, viz., democracy indicators and university rankings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"112 ","pages":"Pages 1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144243309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-09DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.004
Helen E. Longino
Three concepts from Critical Contextual Empiricism are resonant in the context of “expert”-“lay” interactions: Interaction, pluralism, and community. These are broad concepts applied in many different contexts. I will engage with them here in several specific ways: 1. Their role in Critical Contextual Empiricism and in recent philosophical work on pluralism; 2. Their introduction in two contexts of expert-lay engagement in areas of center-margin social tension in northern Israel and 3. Reflections on the experience of engaging with those communities and the different ways they took up the concept.
{"title":"Interaction, pluralism, and community in conflictual contexts","authors":"Helen E. Longino","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three concepts from Critical Contextual Empiricism are resonant in the context of “expert”-“lay” interactions: Interaction, pluralism, and community. These are broad concepts applied in many different contexts. I will engage with them here in several specific ways: 1. Their role in Critical Contextual Empiricism and in recent philosophical work on pluralism; 2. Their introduction in two contexts of expert-lay engagement in areas of center-margin social tension in northern Israel and 3. Reflections on the experience of engaging with those communities and the different ways they took up the concept.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"112 ","pages":"Pages 12-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144243308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-09DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.009
Sandra Eder
{"title":"Historicizing gender","authors":"Sandra Eder","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"112 ","pages":"Pages 10-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144243307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-24DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.005
Kristina H. Rolin
This study examines epistemic exploitation in the context of social scientific and other research with human participants. Despite researchers' good intentions, attempts to engage members of marginalized social groups can involve elements of epistemic exploitation. Epistemic exploitation occurs when privileged persons compel marginalized persons to produce an education about the nature of the oppression they face. Epistemic exploitation is harmful not only to those who are exploited but also to research that depends on people's voluntary participation. It increases the risk that potential research participants systematically decline invitations to participate in research. To illustrate this, I discuss the phenomenon of research fatigue in studies of the Sámi, Indigenous people living in Northern Europe. While research fatigue can be interpreted as resistance to epistemic exploitation, it has a downside. It prevents people from enjoying the benefits of research that could improve their lives in many ways. I discuss four types of institutional remedies to epistemic exploitation: raising awareness, allocating resources for education, rewarding epistemic diversity work, and requiring ethical review. Acknowledging the limitations of institutional interventions, I argue that community-based research is a promising avenue for counteracting epistemic exploitation.
{"title":"Resisting epistemic exploitation: From institutional remedies to community-based research","authors":"Kristina H. Rolin","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines epistemic exploitation in the context of social scientific and other research with human participants. Despite researchers' good intentions, attempts to engage members of marginalized social groups can involve elements of epistemic exploitation. Epistemic exploitation occurs when privileged persons compel marginalized persons to produce an education about the nature of the oppression they face. Epistemic exploitation is harmful not only to those who are exploited but also to research that depends on people's voluntary participation. It increases the risk that potential research participants systematically decline invitations to participate in research. To illustrate this, I discuss the phenomenon of research fatigue in studies of the Sámi, Indigenous people living in Northern Europe. While research fatigue can be interpreted as resistance to epistemic exploitation, it has a downside. It prevents people from enjoying the benefits of research that could improve their lives in many ways. I discuss four types of institutional remedies to epistemic exploitation: raising awareness, allocating resources for education, rewarding epistemic diversity work, and requiring ethical review. Acknowledging the limitations of institutional interventions, I argue that community-based research is a promising avenue for counteracting epistemic exploitation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"111 ","pages":"Pages 63-71"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144123141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-21DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.003
Pratama Yudha Pradheksa , Ahmad Imron Rozuli
This article examines how the ulama (Islamic scholars) construct and categorize risk in relation to an Islamic fatwa that forbids the construction of a nuclear power plant in Muria, Indonesia. The primary objective of this article is not to ascertain the veracity of risk but rather to comprehensively analyze the multitude of assertions made by the ulama regarding risk within the fatwa. This article presents findings that indicate the risk associated with the Muria nuclear power plant is primarily shaped and being constructed by democratic principles of accountability and transparency, as analyzed through Science and Technology Studies (STS) concepts such as risk, expertise, and counter-experts. The possible contribution of Islamic values—maslaha (benefits) and mafsadah (harms)—in advancing technological advancements with ethical considerations to benefit the public at large is discussed in this article. It also promotes public participation in science and technology, emphasizing the importance of discussing decisions about nuclear power plants with the impacted communities.
{"title":"Risk, Islam, and counter-experts: Analyzing the fatwa against the Muria nuclear power plant","authors":"Pratama Yudha Pradheksa , Ahmad Imron Rozuli","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article examines how the ulama (Islamic scholars) construct and categorize risk in relation to an Islamic fatwa that forbids the construction of a nuclear power plant in Muria, Indonesia. The primary objective of this article is not to ascertain the veracity of risk but rather to comprehensively analyze the multitude of assertions made by the ulama regarding risk within the fatwa. This article presents findings that indicate the risk associated with the Muria nuclear power plant is primarily shaped and being constructed by democratic principles of accountability and transparency, as analyzed through Science and Technology Studies (STS) concepts such as risk, expertise, and counter-experts. The possible contribution of Islamic values—<em>maslaha</em> (benefits) and <em>mafsadah</em> (harms)—in advancing technological advancements with ethical considerations to benefit the public at large is discussed in this article. It also promotes public participation in science and technology, emphasizing the importance of discussing decisions about nuclear power plants with the impacted communities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"111 ","pages":"Pages 56-62"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144098776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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