Studies in History and Philosophy of Science最新文献

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Verisimilitude or Probability? The history and analysis of a recurring conflation 真实性还是概率？反复出现的合并的历史和分析

IF 1.4 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-05-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.03.001

Jakob Süskind

Verisimilitude and epistemic probability are two fundamentally different concepts, and yet they are often being closely associated. This article outlines the theoretical difference between the two concepts and examines how related concepts – concepts that express either a closeness to truth or a closeness to certainty – were intertwined throughout the history of philosophy. It identifies those related concepts in ancient authors such as Plato, Aristotle, Galen, Cicero and Augustine, as well as in modern authors like J.S. Mill and more recent developments in philosophy and logic. By analysing the two broad families of concepts both theoretically and historically, and by advancing possible explanations for the frequent lack of distinction between them, the article seeks to promote greater clarity in both historical studies and contemporary philosophical thought.

真实感和认知概率是两个根本不同的概念，但它们往往密切相关。本文概述了这两个概念之间的理论差异，并考察了相关概念——表达接近真理或接近确定性的概念——在哲学史上是如何交织在一起的。它从柏拉图、亚里士多德、盖伦、西塞罗和奥古斯丁等古代作家，以及J.S.密尔等现代作家，以及哲学和逻辑学的最新发展中，发现了这些相关的概念。通过从理论上和历史上分析这两大类概念，并对它们之间经常缺乏区别提出可能的解释，本文试图促进历史研究和当代哲学思想的更清晰。

引用次数: 0

From dollars to Joules: Integrating energetics into economic theory 从美元到焦耳：将能量学融入经济理论

IF 1.4 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-05-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.05.001

Oliver Schlaudt

For as long as ecological economics has existed, non-economic, physical quantities have played a crucial role in it, in particular the energy metric. However, the correct systematic place of these quantities in economic theory, in particular their relation to the metric of economic value, remains one of the unsolved problems of the ecological approach to economics. In this article, I aim to make progress on this issue by systematically exploring the possible roles of energy and related metrics in economics, drawing on both historical and current literature. Two applications stand out: energetics as a general framework for an evolutionary and historical approach in economics and energetics as an analytical tool for critiquing monetary metrics.

自从生态经济学存在以来，非经济的物理量就在其中扮演着至关重要的角色，尤其是能量度量。然而，这些数量在经济理论中的正确系统地位，特别是它们与经济价值度量的关系，仍然是生态学经济学方法未解决的问题之一。在这篇文章中，我的目标是通过系统地探索能源和相关指标在经济学中的可能作用，借鉴历史和当前的文献，在这个问题上取得进展。两种应用脱颖而出：能量学作为经济学中进化和历史方法的一般框架，能量学作为批评货币指标的分析工具。

引用次数: 0

Disciplinary identity and the idea of a unified social science: A survey of British academics 学科认同与统一社会科学理念：英国学术界调查

IF 1.4 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-04-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.04.002

Federico Brandmayr

There is substantial philosophical disagreement over whether the social sciences are united by a set of fundamental epistemic and methodological principles, echoing broader debates about the unity and disunity of science more generally. This question does not merely concern philosophers but also social scientists themselves. Social scientists form beliefs about the unity or disunity of the social sciences which likely influence their research practices, such as their choices of specialty areas and whether they pursue interdisciplinary projects. To assess such beliefs, the article presents the results of a survey of 1188 British academics working in social science departments. It shows that researchers in core disciplines like economics, sociology, and political science are more likely to identify as social scientists, while those in peripheral fields such as history and psychology are less attached to the category. Despite widespread support for interdisciplinarity, results reveal deep epistemological divergences across disciplines and a greater proximity to the humanities rather than the natural sciences.

在社会科学是否由一套基本的认识论和方法论原则所统一的问题上，哲学界存在着很大的分歧，这与关于科学的统一性和不统一性的更广泛的争论如出一辙。这个问题不仅关系到哲学家，也关系到社会科学家本身。社会科学家形成了关于社会科学统一性或不统一性的信念，这些信念很可能会影响他们的研究实践，比如他们对专业领域的选择以及是否开展跨学科项目。为了评估这种观念，文章介绍了对 1188 名在社会科学部门工作的英国学者进行调查的结果。调查显示，经济学、社会学和政治学等核心学科的研究人员更倾向于认同自己是社会科学家，而历史学和心理学等边缘学科的研究人员则不太认同社会科学家这一类别。尽管跨学科性得到广泛支持，但研究结果表明，各学科之间存在深刻的认识论分歧，而且更接近人文学科而非自然科学。

引用次数: 0

Unity or disunity of the sciences? The German debate around 1900 科学的统一还是分裂？1900 年前后德国的争论

IF 1.4 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-04-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.04.001

Martin Kusch

This paper gives an overview of the intense and prolonged debates concerning the relationships between the natural, social and historical sciences in German-speaking academia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In particular, the paper focuses on discussions over cultural history (Schäfer versus Gothein; Buckle and Du Bois-Raymond versus Droysen and Lorenz; von Below versus Lamprecht); the position of psychology (Steinthal, Lazarus, Wundt, Dilthey); the role of the social sciences (Mohl versusTreitschke and Dilthey); the goals of economics (Knies, Schmoller, Treitschke, Menger, Weber); neo-Kantian conceptions and their rivals (Lange, Cohen, Windelband, Rickert, Dilthey, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche); and the road from Marxism to sociology (Marx, Lassalle, Stammler, Tönnies, Sombart, Simmel). I conclude by gesturing at ways in which these debates were related to social-political controversies.

本文概述了十九世纪末二十世纪初德语学术界关于自然科学、社会科学和历史科学之间关系的激烈而持久的争论。本文尤其关注以下方面的讨论：文化史（舍费尔对戈泰因；巴克尔和杜布瓦-雷蒙德对德罗伊森和洛伦兹；冯-贝洛对兰普雷希特）；心理学的地位（施泰因塔尔、拉扎勒斯、翁德、狄尔泰）；社会科学的作用（莫尔对特雷茨克和狄尔泰）；经济学的目标（克尼斯、施莫勒、特雷茨克、门格尔、韦伯）；新康德主义的概念及其对手（朗格、科恩、温德尔班德、里克特、狄尔泰、叔本华、尼采）；以及从马克思主义到社会学的道路（马克思、拉萨尔、斯塔姆勒、托尼斯、松巴特、西美尔）。最后，我将探讨这些辩论与社会政治争论的关系。

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Quantum phenomenology: Measurement, reflection, correlation 量子现象学：测量、反射、关联

IF 1.4 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-04-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.02.004

Dan Zahavi

In his book A Phenomenological Approach to Quantum Mechanics: Cutting the Chain of Correlations Steven French presents an interpretation of Fritz London’s and Edmond Bauer’s 1939 monograph La théorie de l’observation en mécanique quantique that acknowledges and engages with the phenomenological theorizing underlying their approach to the measurement problem. My aim in the following contribution is twofold. I will first offer some historical and systematic arguments for why it might indeed be worthwhile to explore the link between phenomenology and quantum mechanics. In the second part of the paper, I will then look closer at French’s interpretation, especially his understanding of reflection, and express some reservations about a central argument of his.

史蒂文-弗伦奇（Steven French）对弗里茨-伦敦（Fritz London）和埃德蒙德-鲍尔（Edmond Bauer）1939 年的专著《量子力学的观测理论》（La théorie de l'observation en mécanique quantique）进行了解读，承认并参与了他们解决测量问题的现象学理论。我的以下贡献有两个目的。首先，我将提供一些历史性和系统性的论据，说明为什么现象学与量子力学之间的联系确实值得探讨。在论文的第二部分，我将仔细研究弗伦奇的解释，尤其是他对反思的理解，并对他的一个核心论点持保留意见。

引用次数: 0

An Unpublished Article by David Bohm David Bohm未发表的一篇文章

IF 1.4 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.11.001

Chris Talbot editor

David Bohm’s orginal abstract is given below.

大卫-博姆的原始摘要如下。

引用次数: 0

The art of estimation and the mathematization of force in Leibniz 莱布尼茨的估计艺术和力的数学化。

IF 1.4 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-03-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.12.009

Jeffrey Elawani , Filippo Costantini

From 1686 onward, Leibniz is engaged in a dispute with Cartesian physicists on the correct expression for the quantity of force in moving bodies. In the 1690s, he puts forth an argument for his own expression that is allegedly based on the science of quantity in general (or the art of estimation). Leibniz states that the latter requires the quantity of force to be determined by the real repetitions of a measure. It would follow that his expression for force is the correct one. Now, commentators have not been sensitive to the ingenuity of the argument presented here. In this paper, focussing on the exchange between Johann Bernoulli and Leibniz, we want to show how this argument consists essentially in pushing for a certain conception of the mathematization of force based, in turn, on a serious conception of measurement of quantities. This conception exploits the conservative properties of physical systems in order to apply general principles of determination of quantity to the special case of the quantity of force. We conclude by confronting our interpretation with others which posit a stronger connection between measurement and metaphysics in Leibniz.

从1686年起，莱布尼茨就与笛卡尔学派的物理学家就运动物体的力的正确表达进行了争论。在17世纪90年代，他为自己的表述提出了一个论点，据称是基于一般数量科学（或估计艺术）。莱布尼茨指出，后者要求力的量由测量的实际重复来决定。由此可见，他对力的表述是正确的。现在，评论员们对这里提出的论点的独创性并不敏感。在这篇论文中，我们关注约翰·伯努利和莱布尼茨之间的交流，我们想要展示这种争论本质上是如何在推动某种力的数学化概念的基础上，反过来，在一个严肃的量的测量概念上。这个概念利用了物理系统的保守性，以便将量的确定的一般原理应用于力的量的特殊情况。最后，我们将我们的解释与莱布尼茨的测量与形而上学之间存在更强联系的其他人进行比较。

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引用次数: 0

Human nature and therapeutic forms in B. Mandeville B.曼德维尔的人性与治疗形式。

IF 1.4 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-03-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.03.002

Cláudio Alexandre S. Carvalho

Medical science has been recognized as an important component of the project for the anatomy of the “invisible Part of Man” presented in The Fable of the Bees, allowing Bernard Mandeville to describe the naturalistic foundations of morality and politics. Paradoxically, the acknowledgment of “self-denial” originating in the social mechanisms that conceal and repress egoistic impulses and interests has contributed to a stereotypical reading of Mandeville’s Treatise of the Hypochondriack and Hysterick Diseases, according to which a materialistic management of the passions is the primary, if not the only, way to access and treat dysfunctions. Starting with a study of Mandeville's conception of the principles of human nature, exposed in The Fable of the Bees, this article will revise that presumption by focusing on the therapeutic forms of observation emerging in the three dialogues of the Treatise.

医学被认为是《蜜蜂的寓言》中提出的“人的无形部分”解剖项目的一个重要组成部分，使伯纳德·曼德维尔能够描述道德和政治的自然主义基础。矛盾的是，承认“自我否定”起源于隐藏和压抑利己主义冲动和利益的社会机制，导致了对曼德维尔《忧郁症和歇斯底里症专论》的刻板解读，根据这种刻板解读，对激情的物质主义管理是获取和治疗功能障碍的主要方法，如果不是唯一的方法的话。本文将从研究曼德维尔在《蜜蜂的寓言》中所揭示的人性原则的概念开始，通过关注《人性论》中三个对话中出现的观察的治疗形式来修正这一假设。

引用次数: 0

Leveraging participatory sense-making and public engagement with science for AI democratization 利用参与式感知决策和公众参与科学促进人工智能民主化

IF 1.4 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-03-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.02.003

Collin Lucken , Tim Elmo Feiten

Our paper explores new potentials for productive dialogue between public engagement with science (PEWS) and radical embodied cognitive science (RECS). We establish a strong connection between the two fields by highlighting parallels between the views they reject: the ‘deficit model’ in science communication and the ‘information processing paradigm’ in cognitive science. Furthermore, we show that the positive visions of PEWS and RECS are similarly aligned: The concept of participatory sense-making from enactive cognitive science provides an account of why active, dialogical engagement in science communication is so effective. Conversely, processes in which affected communities actively engage developments in science and technology through contribution and contestation provide an invaluable case study for RECS accounts of emergent dynamics in techno-cultural systems. After establishing the connection between PEWS and RECS, we motivate the need for what we call ‘participatory cognitive strategies’. Finally, a brief case study shows the potential for these strategies in actively involving different groups of stakeholders throughout the development of large-scale AI systems, allowing us to make a conceptual contribution to ongoing debates about the meaning of ‘democratizing AI’ in this project and in the larger AI initiative of which it is a part.

我们的论文探索了公众参与科学（PEWS）和激进体现认知科学（RECS）之间富有成效的对话的新潜力。我们通过强调他们所拒绝的观点之间的相似之处，在这两个领域之间建立了强有力的联系：科学传播中的“赤字模型”和认知科学中的“信息处理范式”。此外，我们表明PEWS和RECS的积极愿景是相似的：来自行动认知科学的参与性意义构建的概念提供了为什么在科学传播中积极的对话参与是如此有效的解释。相反，受影响的社区通过贡献和争论积极参与科学技术发展的过程，为RECS对技术文化系统中新兴动态的描述提供了宝贵的案例研究。在建立PEWS和RECS之间的联系之后，我们激发了对我们所谓的“参与式认知策略”的需求。最后，一个简短的案例研究表明，在整个大规模人工智能系统的开发过程中，这些策略在积极参与不同利益相关者群体方面的潜力，使我们能够对正在进行的关于“民主化人工智能”在这个项目中的意义的辩论做出概念上的贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Logical empiricist anti-exceptionalism in its Austro-German context 奥德语境中的逻辑经验主义反例外论

IF 1.4 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-03-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.03.003

Thomas Uebel

引用次数: 0

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