Studies in History and Philosophy of Science最新文献

英文中文

Meta-Empirical Theory Assessment in the cosmic controversy 宇宙争议中的元经验理论评估：关于暴胀的可行性。

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102076

Beñat Monfort-Urkizu

Meta-Empirical theory Assessment (MEA) argues that the way in which contemporary physical theories are evaluated has changed due to the progressive distancing of theory from observation. Richard Dawid proposed three methodological arguments as a means of capturing this “new” way of meta-empirically assessing theories of fundamental physics. Inflationary cosmology exemplifies a case where empirical evidence is scarce. In this field, Dawid claims that the synergy of his three arguments can justify relying on the limited empirical evidence to support the theory’s viability. Based on the debate that arose from different interpretations of the Planck2013 satellite results, in this paper I examine what the “cosmic controversy” shows about MEA and vice versa. My central thesis is that MEA plays a legitimate role in theory confirmation within the early universe scenario. However, I argue that the inflation debate arose from methodological preconceptions — framed as a tension between empiricism and likelihoodism — to which MEA is not immune.

元经验理论评估（Meta-Empirical theory Assessment， MEA）认为，由于理论与观测的逐渐距离，当代物理理论的评估方式已经发生了变化。理查德·大卫提出了三个方法论论点，作为捕捉这种“新”方法的一种方法，即元经验评估基础物理理论。暴胀宇宙学就是一个缺乏经验证据的例子。在这个领域，大卫声称他的三个论点的协同作用可以证明依靠有限的经验证据来支持理论的可行性。基于对普朗克2013卫星结果的不同解释所产生的争论，在本文中，我研究了关于MEA的“宇宙争议”，反之亦然。我的中心论点是，MEA在早期宇宙场景的理论确认中起着合理的作用。然而，我认为，通货膨胀辩论源于方法论上的先入为主的观念——被框定为经验主义和可能性主义之间的紧张关系——而多边环境评估也不能幸免。

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Are Saudi classrooms ready for an interdisciplinarity that utilizes evolutionary biology in teaching fiction? 沙特的课堂是否已经准备好接受在小说教学中运用进化生物学的跨学科教学？

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102074

Khadijah A. Aljabri

With the growing interest in updating different programs across Saudi universities so that they could allow for more interdisciplinary research, a question emerged regarding the manner by which literary programs are going to be restructured. As such, this research was tackled with the aim to find how a group of Saudi undergraduate students are going to respond to an engagement with science, specifically biology, in the teaching of fiction. The idea seemed particularly interesting considering the fact that science classes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) do not endorse or engage with the theory of evolution in an overt manner. One reason why this is the case is that the theory of evolution is perceived as a blatant contradiction to the Islamic account of creation and the story of Adam and Eve. Psychology classes at the Kingdom's secondary schools are also approached in the same manner. While they do endorse the interactionist approach, they do not engage with any notions derived from evolutionary or biological psychology in any way. The research shows that there is a level of acceptance and even readiness among Saudi students regarding the employment of the bio-cultural approach or evolutionary literary theory in the teaching of literature. However, certain considerations need to be taken into account before opening the literary field up to the sciences in Saudi universities.

随着沙特各大学对更新不同课程的兴趣日益浓厚，这样他们就可以允许更多的跨学科研究，一个关于文学课程将如何重组的问题出现了。因此，这项研究的目的是找出一群沙特本科生在小说教学中对科学，特别是生物学的参与会有什么反应。考虑到沙特阿拉伯王国（KSA）的科学课程并不公开支持或参与进化论，这个想法似乎特别有趣。造成这种情况的一个原因是，进化论被认为是与伊斯兰教的创世论以及亚当和夏娃的故事公然矛盾的。王国中学的心理学课程也以同样的方式进行。虽然他们确实赞同互动主义的方法，但他们不以任何方式参与任何来自进化或生物心理学的概念。研究表明，沙特学生对在文学教学中使用生物文化方法或进化文学理论有一定程度的接受甚至准备。然而，在沙特大学向科学开放文学领域之前，需要考虑到某些因素。

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Nothing comes from nothing but the rho meson: The origin of the bootstrap concept in particle physics 除了介子，什么都不是从什么产生的：粒子物理学中自举概念的起源

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102082

Alexander S. Blum , Jens Salomon

We present a historical and philosophical analysis of the bootstrap concept as it was first introduced in the context of particle physics by Geoffrey Chew and Stanley Mandelstam in the years 1959–1961. By providing a detailed contextual and technical analysis of the work of Chew and Mandelstam, we show that the circular causality implied by the term “bootstrap” was more than just metaphor and rhetoric, but was in fact deeply rooted in the general approach and the mathematical techniques brought to bear on the problem of high-energy scattering processes.

我们对自举概念进行了历史和哲学分析，因为它最初是由Geoffrey Chew和Stanley Mandelstam在1959-1961年间在粒子物理学的背景下引入的。通过对Chew和Mandelstam的工作进行详细的上下文和技术分析，我们表明，术语“bootstrap”所隐含的循环因果关系不仅仅是隐喻和修辞，而且实际上深深植根于一般方法和用于高能散射过程问题的数学技术。

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Between myth and history: von Neumann on consciousness in quantum mechanics 神话与历史之间：冯·诺伊曼论量子力学中的意识

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102083

Federico Laudisa

The von Neumann attitude on such a deep interpretational question as the role of a human observer in order for the quantum description of measurement to be consistent has been long misrepresented. The large majority of the subsequent literature ascribed to von Neumann a radical view, according to which not only the collapse was in itself a truly physical process, but also the only way to accommodate it within a quantum description of a typical measurement was the introduction of human consciousness as a kind of ‘causal’ factor. Inspired by the work of reconstruction pursued by the phenomenological reading of the London-Bauer approach, started by Steven French more than twenty years ago, the account I propose substantiates a significantly more cautious attitude by von Neumann: the time seems then ripe to tell a more balanced story on the relation between the notion of consciousness and the foundations of quantum mechanics in the work of the first scientist – János von Neumann – who explicitly and rigorously addressed the implication of a really universal formulation of quantum physics.

冯·诺伊曼对人类观察者的作用这样一个深刻的解释性问题的态度，为了使测量的量子描述一致，长期以来一直被歪曲。随后的绝大多数文献都认为冯·诺伊曼的观点是激进的，根据他的观点，坍缩本身不仅是一个真正的物理过程，而且将其纳入典型测量的量子描述的唯一方法是将人类意识作为一种“因果”因素引入。20多年前，史蒂芬·弗兰奇（Steven French）开创了伦敦-鲍尔方法（London-Bauer approach），受其现象解读所追求的重建工作的启发，我提出的描述证实了冯·诺伊曼（von Neumann）一种明显更为谨慎的态度：在第一位科学家János冯·诺伊曼（von Neumann）的工作中，意识概念和量子力学基础之间的关系似乎已经成熟，他明确而严谨地阐述了量子物理学真正普遍公式的含义。

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On representation and similarity: The case of mouse models of cancer 论表征与相似性：癌症小鼠模型的案例

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102069

Martin Zach

According to the similarity account, scientists use models to represent their targets by utilizing similarities in certain respects and to certain degrees between a model and its target. According to the critics, however, representation is conceptually distinct from the notion of accurate representation, and rather than being the relation that grounds representation, similarity should be considered as setting a standard of accuracy. Based on the case study of research practices involved in using mouse models to study cancer, this paper argues that while the overarching skepticism regarding the similarity account may be justified, the role of similarity in specific contexts deserves attention. Indeed, it will be shown that similarity plays a significant role in determining whether a mouse model represents a particular aspect of cancer. Thus, authors dismissive of similarity grounding representation, while correct in the general picture, should take into consideration the role that similarity plays in deciding whether a model is or not a representation in concrete scientific practices.

根据相似性说，科学家利用模型和目标之间在某些方面和某种程度上的相似性来表示他们的目标。然而，根据批评者的说法，表征在概念上与准确表征的概念是不同的，相似性不应该作为表征的基础关系，而应该被视为设定准确性的标准。基于使用小鼠模型研究癌症的研究实践的案例研究，本文认为，尽管对相似性解释的总体怀疑可能是合理的，但相似性在特定背景下的作用值得关注。事实上，它将表明相似性在决定小鼠模型是否代表癌症的特定方面起着重要作用。因此，作者对相似性基础表征的不屑一顾，虽然在总体上是正确的，但应该考虑到相似性在决定一个模型在具体的科学实践中是否为表征时所起的作用。

引用次数: 0

French on London and Bauer, and QBism 弗伦奇负责伦敦和鲍尔，还有QBism。

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102084

Jacques L. Pienaar

In this article I compare two interpretations of quantum mechanics (QM) that draw inspiration from phenomenology: the London–Bauer–French interpretation (hereafter LBF) as articulated by Steven French (French, 2024), and QBism (Fuchs, 2010; Fuchs and Stacey, 2019; Fuchs et al., 2014) . I give special attention to certain disagreements between QBism and LBF identified in French (2023, 2024), as well as French’s related claims that QBism may be at odds with key ideas in phenomenology. My main finding is that QBism does not fare so badly with phenomenology as French makes out; in particular it can be made compatible with Zahavi’s correlationism and Husserl’s notion of intersubjectivity, both of which strongly inform LBF. Nevertheless, I concur with French’s argument that QBism is incompatible with the conception of quantum measurement in LBF, hence also with that of Merleau–Ponty, as the latter based his own analysis on that of London & Bauer. I explain why I find QBism’s account preferable in this case.

在本文中，我比较了从现象学中汲取灵感的量子力学（QM）的两种解释：Steven French （French, 2024）阐述的London-Bauer-French解释（以下简称LBF）和QBism （Fuchs, 2010; Fuchs and Stacey, 2019; Fuchs et al., 2014）。我特别关注QBism和French（2023,2024）中确定的LBF之间的某些分歧，以及French的相关主张，即QBism可能与现象学中的关键思想不一致。我的主要发现是，QBism在现象学方面的表现并不像弗朗茨表现得那么糟糕；特别是，它可以与扎哈维的相关主义和胡塞尔的主体间性概念相兼容，这两个概念都为LBF提供了强有力的信息。然而，我同意French的观点，即QBism与LBF中的量子测量概念不相容，因此也与梅洛-庞蒂的概念不相容，因为后者的分析是基于伦敦和鲍尔的分析。我解释了为什么我认为QBism的说法在这种情况下更可取。

引用次数: 0

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102070

Michiru Nagatsu

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Tables turned on table talk 餐桌上的谈话改变了局面。

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102081

Majid D. Beni

Eliminative structural realism is in line with mereological nihilism. This contrasts with reconciliatory, non-eliminativist versions of structural realism, such as rainforest realism, which aim to accommodate quotidian ontology. Recently, the ordinary object ontology of rainforest realism has been defended by drawing on cognitive sciences. This paper critically examines philosophical arguments and scientific evidence, particularly from predictive processing, to argue that these sources do not support the ontology of ordinary objects but instead favour an organism-oriented form of eliminativist structural realism.

消除结构现实主义与流变虚无主义是一致的。这与结构现实主义的和解、非消除主义版本形成鲜明对比，例如雨林现实主义，其目的是适应日常本体论。近年来，热带雨林现实主义的普通对象本体论得到了认知科学的辩护。本文批判性地考察了哲学论点和科学证据，特别是来自预测处理的证据，认为这些来源不支持普通物体的本体论，而是支持一种以生物体为导向的消除主义结构现实主义形式。

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Buffon's new concept of history 布冯的新历史观。

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102078

Raphaël Authier

This article raises the question of the meaning given by Buffon to the notion of history, through a reexamination of three aspects of a problem which has become traditional in a series of critical discussions: to what extent can Buffon's Histoire naturelle be considered as historical? This article aims to clarify Buffon's position by specifying the reasons for which his study of living beings cannot be considered as transformist or evolutionist, by showing that his work nevertheless constitutes a decisive milestone in a movement towards a historical understanding of the objects of natural sciences, and by highlighting the transformation of the very meaning of the concept of history in Buffon's texts. The gap between the Buffonian conception of the living world and that of inorganic nature, as well as the evolution of his thought from 1749 to 1778, cannot be underestimated.

本文通过重新审视布冯的《自然史》在多大程度上可以被认为是历史的这个问题的三个方面，提出了布冯赋予历史概念的意义的问题。本文的目的是澄清布冯的立场，具体说明他对生物的研究不能被认为是变革论者或进化论者的原因，表明他的工作在对自然科学对象的历史理解的运动中构成了一个决定性的里程碑，并强调布冯文本中历史概念的意义的转变。布冯的生命世界观与无机自然界观之间的差距，以及他的思想在1749年至1778年间的演变，都是不可低估的。

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Subconscious value influences on science 潜意识价值对科学的影响。

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102079

Kevin C. Elliott , David B. Resnik , Wendy Lipworth

Philosophical scholarship on science and values has gradually shifted away from asking whether values have any legitimate role to play in scientific judgment and decision-making and toward considering how to responsibly manage value influences to protect the integrity, rigor, reliability, and trustworthiness of science. This scholarship has focused primarily on helping individual scientists deal with cases in which they are aware of the values at stake and are able to make conscious choices about whether to incorporate them into their judgment and decision-making. This means that accounts of the relationship between science and values tend to focus on consciously perceived values and value influences and tend to overlook the effects of subconscious values on scientific judgment and decision-making. In this paper, we aim to show how greater attention to subconscious value influence on judgment and decision-making can deepen our understanding of the relationship between science and values and provide useful guidance for managing value influences. To achieve our goal, we first examine the literature on values, interests, and conflicts of interest (COI) to demonstrate the potential for values to be subconscious and/or to exert subconscious influences on scientific judgment and decision-making. Next, we discuss some of the specific ways those subconscious influences could affect scientific reasoning. Finally, we show that most contemporary proposals for managing values in science are not well-suited to handling subconscious values or value influences, and we briefly point to some management strategies that merit further development.

关于科学和价值观的哲学研究已经逐渐从询问价值观是否在科学判断和决策中发挥任何合法作用，转向考虑如何负责任地管理价值影响，以保护科学的完整性、严谨性、可靠性和可信赖性。这项奖学金主要侧重于帮助个别科学家处理案例，在这些案例中，他们意识到利害攸关的价值，并能够有意识地选择是否将这些价值纳入自己的判断和决策中。这意味着，对科学与价值观之间关系的解释往往侧重于有意识地感知价值观和价值观影响，而往往忽视了潜意识价值观对科学判断和决策的影响。在本文中，我们的目的是展示如何更多地关注潜意识价值对判断和决策的影响，从而加深我们对科学与价值之间关系的理解，并为管理价值影响提供有用的指导。为了实现我们的目标，我们首先研究了关于价值观、利益和利益冲突（COI）的文献，以证明价值观是潜意识的和/或对科学判断和决策施加潜意识影响的潜力。接下来，我们将讨论这些潜意识影响影响科学推理的一些具体方式。最后，我们表明，大多数当代科学价值管理建议并不适合处理潜意识价值或价值影响，我们简要地指出了一些值得进一步发展的管理策略。

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