Studies in History and Philosophy of Science最新文献

英文中文

The sanctity of grief: A critique of the introduction of “prolonged grief disorder” in the DSM (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association) 悲伤的神圣性：对DSM（美国精神病学协会精神疾病诊断与统计手册）中引入的“长期悲伤障碍”的批评。

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2026.102128

Miriam Solomon

Grief following bereavement can be an intense, painful, and incapacitating experience, with significant morbidity and even mortality. Nevertheless, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association (henceforth DSM), since its third edition in 1980, has been steadfast in claiming that (normal) grief is not a condition calling for psychiatric intervention but, instead, a natural process involving acceptance, adjustment and meaning making. The so-called “bereavement exclusion,” specified by DSM-III and DSM-IV from 1980 to 2013, explicitly ruled out the diagnosis of major depressive disorder (which shares significant symptoms with grief, e.g. sadness, sleep disturbances) for some time (two months to two years) following bereavement. The 2013 removal of the bereavement exclusion, in DSM-5, proved controversial, even though the intention was not (as some critics claimed) to “pathologize” grief but rather to distinguish it more carefully from psychiatric disorders (such as major depressive disorder) sometimes triggered by the stress of grief following bereavement. I will argue that a consequence of the DSM-5's removal of the bereavement exclusion is the introduction of a new diagnosis of “prolonged grief disorder” (PGD) in DSM-5-TR (2022). I have found that there are unacknowledged assumptions about the “normality”—indeed even the sanctity--of grief following bereavement as well as assumptions about the “abnormality” of psychiatric disorder that have shaped DSM deliberations. I am critical of these assumptions and argue that they resulted in a PGD category too narrowly defined to address the needs of many bereaved people, as well as the needs of those grieving losses other than bereavement. I make suggestions for approaching the issues with a stronger focus on two important goals of psychiatry, which are to address suffering and to avoid stigmatizing psychiatric disorders.

丧亲之痛可能是一种强烈、痛苦和丧失能力的经历，具有显著的发病率甚至死亡率。然而，美国精神病学协会的《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》（以下简称DSM）自1980年出版第三版以来，一直坚定地宣称（正常的）悲伤不是一种需要精神病学干预的状况，而是一种涉及接受、调整和意义创造的自然过程。从1980年到2013年，DSM-III和DSM-IV规定了所谓的“丧亲排除”，明确排除了在丧亲后一段时间（两个月到两年）诊断为重度抑郁症（与悲伤有共同的显著症状，例如悲伤、睡眠障碍）。2013年，DSM-5删除了丧亲之痛的排除条款，这引起了争议，尽管其目的并非（像一些批评者声称的那样）将悲伤“病态化”，而是更仔细地将其与精神疾病（如重度抑郁症）区分开来，后者有时是由丧亲之痛后的悲伤压力引发的。我认为，DSM-5删除丧亲排除的一个后果是在DSM-5- tr（2022）中引入了“延长悲伤障碍”（PGD）的新诊断。我发现，对于丧亲之痛之后的悲伤的“正常”——实际上甚至是神圣的——存在一些未被承认的假设，以及关于精神疾病的“异常”的假设，这些假设塑造了DSM的审议。我对这些假设持批评态度，并认为它们导致PGD类别的定义过于狭窄，无法满足许多丧亲之人的需求，也无法满足那些因失去亲人而悲伤的人的需求。我建议更关注精神病学的两个重要目标，即解决痛苦和避免将精神疾病污名化，以此来处理这些问题。

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引用次数: 0

The views of Danylo Samoylovich (1744–1805) on the prevention, course and treatment of the plague 萨莫洛维奇（1744-1805）对鼠疫的预防、过程和治疗的看法。

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102099

Olga Gaidai

In the paper I analyse Danylo Samoylovich's views on the prevention, course and treatment of the plague. In addition to the traditional method of source analysis, I also use other theoretical tools: anthropology of knowledge, theory of modernisation as well as institutionalisation, medicalisation and professionalisation. Both Russian and Ukrainian authors call Samoylovich the father of national epidemiology. There is no doubt that his accomplishments have been exaggerated in Russia and Ukraine, but in no way does this detract from Samoylovich's significance, both in his contributions to theoretical medical thought and to practical preventive and therapeutic measures, especially in epidemiology. Samoylovich was part of the modernisation of the Russian Empire, forced through by Catherine II and her entourage. As someone who served in a variety of roles in anti-plague actions, including quarantine physician and chief physician of plague hospitals, Samoylovich can be regarded as a symbol of the institutionalisation and professionalisation of health care in the Russian Empire. By promoting preventive and therapeutic principles, applying them on a large scale, he contributed significantly to the medicalisation of society.

本文分析了萨莫伊洛维奇关于鼠疫的预防、病程和治疗的观点。除了传统的来源分析方法外，我还使用其他理论工具：知识人类学，现代化理论以及制度化，医学化和专业化。俄罗斯和乌克兰的作家都称萨莫伊洛维奇为国家流行病学之父。毫无疑问，他的成就在俄罗斯和乌克兰被夸大了，但这丝毫没有减损萨莫洛维奇的重要性，无论是他对理论医学思想的贡献，还是对实际预防和治疗措施的贡献，特别是在流行病学方面的贡献。萨莫伊洛维奇是俄罗斯帝国现代化的一部分，由叶卡捷琳娜二世和她的随从强行推行萨莫伊洛维奇在鼠疫防治行动中担任过各种职务，包括检疫医师和鼠疫医院的主任医师，他被视为俄罗斯帝国医疗保健制度化和专业化的象征。通过推广预防和治疗原则，并大规模应用这些原则，他对社会的医学化做出了重大贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Revisiting the social contract for science 重新审视科学的社会契约

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102106

R.M. Morgan , E.A. Levin , R. Haslam , M. Biriotti

The conceptual framework that presents scientific researchers in a transactional relationship with wider society, receiving funding and autonomy in exchange for producing beneficial discoveries and outcomes, is generally known as the social contract for science. This contract has been revisited multiple times, with iterations evolving as ‘wicked problems’ have become identified by many as priorities for research, and as funding models have become more generally tied to predefined or applied outcomes. In parallel, within the Arts and Humanities, there has been growing discourse on the characteristics and ramifications of ‘Modernism’, ‘Postmodernism’, ‘Liquid Modernity’, and ‘Metamodernism’. This paper juxtaposes these two separate bodies of thought, and in doing so, identifies that both are underpinned by similar core themes: (1) ‘trust’ (including a loss of trust in professional researchers, or objective, unproblematic truth), (2) ‘acceleration’ (including acceleration of research outputs), and (3) ‘crisis’ (including narratives of risk, urgency, and emergency underpinning research). Comparison also reveals the importance of narrative, ‘polylogue’, and transparency in navigating modern research into ‘metacrises’. Considering the next iteration of the Social Contract for Science may be helpful in navigating uncertainty, complexity, and (in some quarters) dissatisfaction with the current funding model of university research.

科学研究人员与更广泛的社会处于交易关系，以产生有益的发现和成果来换取资金和自主权，这一概念框架通常被称为科学的社会契约。这个合同已经被重新审视了很多次，随着“棘手问题”的迭代演变，许多人已经将其确定为研究的优先事项，而资金模型也越来越普遍地与预定义或应用的结果联系在一起。与此同时，在艺术与人文学科中，关于“现代主义”、“后现代主义”、“流动现代性”和“元现代主义”的特征和分支的论述也在不断增加。本文将这两个独立的思想体系并置，并通过这样做，确定两者都以类似的核心主题为基础：(1)“信任”（包括对专业研究人员的信任丧失，或客观的，毫无疑问的真相），(2)“加速”（包括研究产出的加速），以及(3)“危机”（包括风险，紧迫性和紧急基础研究的叙述）。比较还揭示了叙事、“多语”和透明度在引导现代研究进入“元危机”中的重要性。考虑科学社会契约的下一个迭代可能有助于引导不确定性、复杂性，以及（在某些方面）对当前大学研究资助模式的不满。

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引用次数: 0

A goal-directed approach to disease classification 目标导向的疾病分类方法。

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102098

Adrian Erasmus

Disease classification plays an important role in numerous medical goals, from improving communication between researchers, physicians, and insurers to diagnosis and therapeutic prediction. Therefore, it's important to understand the principles behind our classificatory practices with a view to adopting the approach to disease classification that best serves the practical interests of medical science. In this paper, I discuss three prominent approaches to disease classification: the etiological approach, symptom-based approach, and pathophysiological approach, highlighting strengths and weaknesses of each. My main goal is to defend a pragmatic goal-directed approach to disease classification. I argue that choices about which classificatory approach to use should principally depend on the medical goal being pursued. Drawing from existing pragmatic accounts of classification in science, I suggest that the goal in question determines what kind of information about a disease is important and this, in turn, determines which classificatory approach to apply in service of that goal.

疾病分类在许多医疗目标中发挥着重要作用，从改善研究人员、医生和保险公司之间的沟通到诊断和治疗预测。因此，了解我们的分类实践背后的原则是很重要的，以便采用最符合医学实际利益的疾病分类方法。在本文中，我讨论了疾病分类的三种主要方法：病因学方法，基于症状的方法和病理生理学方法，并突出了每种方法的优缺点。我的主要目标是捍卫一种务实的目标导向的疾病分类方法。我认为，选择使用哪种分类方法应主要取决于所追求的医疗目标。根据现有的科学分类的实用主义描述，我认为所讨论的目标决定了关于疾病的哪种信息是重要的，而这反过来又决定了为实现这一目标而采用哪种分类方法。

引用次数: 0

Is Farr's cholera law of elevation a counterexample to selective realism? 法尔的霍乱上升定律是选择性现实主义的反例吗？

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102105

Chrysi Maria Malouchou Kanellopoulou

William Farr, a renowned nineteenth-century disease theoretician, successfully predicted mortality rates due to cholera in London and Liverpool through the law of elevation, a law inversely correlating mortality from cholera with the elevation of the land. Farr's elevation law and its successful predictions were made within the framework of miasma theory – a theory now considered false, which postulated that diseases, such as cholera, were caught when inhaling toxic odours. Tulodziecki (2021, 2017) points out that Farr's elevation law is a counterexample to selective realism, the position according to which the theoretical elements essentially responsible for the success of a theory are likely to be true. This paper argues that Farr's elevation law was an empirical discovery, essentially independent of the false assumptions of miasma theory, even though the law was considered compatible with these assumptions. Given the empirical nature of Farr's discovery, the success-to-truth inference defended by selective realists does not apply in the first place, and Farr's elevation law is not a counterexample to selective realism.

威廉·法尔，一位19世纪著名的疾病理论家，通过海拔定律成功预测了伦敦和利物浦霍乱的死亡率，该定律将霍乱死亡率与海拔成反比。法尔的海拔上升定律及其成功的预测是在瘴气理论的框架内做出的——这个理论现在被认为是错误的，它假设疾病，如霍乱，是在吸入有毒气味时感染的。Tulodziecki（2021, 2017）指出，法尔的提升定律是选择性现实主义的反例，根据选择性现实主义的立场，对理论成功至关重要的理论要素可能是正确的。本文认为，法尔的海拔定律是一个经验发现，本质上独立于瘴气理论的错误假设，尽管该定律被认为与这些假设相容。考虑到法尔发现的经验性质，选择性现实主义者捍卫的成功到真理的推论首先并不适用，法尔的提升定律不是选择性现实主义的反例。

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引用次数: 0

Social emergence and unpredictability 社会涌现和不可预测性

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102096

Simon Lohse

I analyse arguments for social emergentism based on the notion of unpredictability. After examining and ultimately rejecting weak emergentism as relevant theoretical counterpart to (predictive) reductionism, I discuss three arguments asserting that social phenomena should be considered strongly emergent as they are in-principle unpredictable. The main results are a clearer grasp of the premises underlying an emergentist case for unpredictability and that none of the discussed arguments succeeds when confronted with the actual practice of contemporary social science. This conclusion contributes to a deeper understanding of the concept of unpredictability and the prospects of a theory of emergence in social science.

我基于不可预测性的概念分析社会紧急主义的论点。在检查并最终拒绝弱涌现论作为（预测）还原论的相关理论对应物之后，我讨论了三个论点，主张社会现象应被视为强涌现，因为它们原则上是不可预测的。主要的结果是更清楚地掌握了不可预测性的紧急案例的前提，并且当面对当代社会科学的实际实践时，所讨论的论点都没有成功。这一结论有助于更深入地理解不可预测性的概念和社会科学中涌现理论的前景。

引用次数: 0

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102087

Oscar Westerblad

引用次数: 0

Pragmatic pluralism and problem framing: Why pragmatism demands pluralism 实用主义多元主义与问题框架：为什么实用主义需要多元主义。

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102109

Erman Sözüdoğru

In this paper I focus on the benefits of scientific pluralism in practice. My main motivation is to investigate how do these benefits play out in practice, and how do different systems of knowledge come together to address particular questions? One might accept the epistemic benefits of plurality, yet still deem it undesirable for pragmatic reasons. My argument responds to this objection, which assumes that pragmatic demands can supersede the epistemic benefits of pluralism based on the problems at hand.

I argue that this objection fails because it assumes problems are independent of inquirers. Building on classical pragmatism, I argue that problems are framed by inquirers and cannot be seen as separate from practices. Rather than facing predefined problems, inquirers confront indeterminate situations, requiring judgements on how to formulate the situation. Different framings are possible based on who is involved in making these judgments. A lack of plurality among inquirers leads to frameworks that overlook certain aspects and complexity. Therefore, pluralism is pragmatically beneficial when framing a problem, enabling inquirers to explore various dimensions of complex situations and enrich problem framing.

I illustrate my argument by analysing the early responses to the UK COVID-19 outbreak, showing how the problem was initially framed as biomedical, neglecting social, logistical, and psychological aspects. The lack of plurality in the inquirer community led to shortcomings in the official response. Building on this case, I show that pragmatism demands pluralism when dealing with complex situations, demonstrating that plurality must be promoted in practice, going beyond recognized epistemic benefits.

在本文中，我着重讨论科学多元化在实践中的好处。我的主要动机是研究这些好处在实践中是如何发挥作用的，以及不同的知识体系是如何结合在一起解决特定问题的？人们可能会接受多元性在认知上的好处，但出于实用的原因，仍然认为它是不可取的。我的论点回应了这一反对意见，它假设实用主义的要求可以取代基于手头问题的多元主义的认识上的好处。我认为这种反对意见是站不住脚的，因为它假设问题是独立于调查者的。在古典实用主义的基础上，我认为问题是由询问者提出的，不能被看作是与实践分开的。询问者面对的不是预先确定的问题，而是不确定的情况，需要对如何形成这种情况作出判断。根据参与做出这些判断的人的不同，可能会有不同的框架。问询者缺乏多元性导致框架忽略了某些方面和复杂性。因此，在构建问题时，多元主义在实际中是有益的，它使探究者能够探索复杂情况的各个维度，并丰富问题框架。我通过分析对英国COVID-19疫情的早期反应来说明我的论点，展示了这个问题最初是如何被定性为生物医学问题，而忽视了社会、后勤和心理方面的问题。询问者群体缺乏多元性，导致官方回应存在缺陷。在这个案例的基础上，我表明，在处理复杂的情况时，实用主义要求多元化，表明在实践中必须促进多元化，而不仅仅是公认的认识上的好处。

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引用次数: 0

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102071

Sabine Maasen

引用次数: 0

Consciousness and the measurement problem 意识和测量问题

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102102

Denizhan Eren, Majid D. Beni

This paper examines two approaches to the measurement problem in quantum mechanics, invoking the concept of consciousness and highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each. The first approach is the model proposed by David Chalmers and Kelvin McQueen, based on the idea of the Consciousness Collapses Wave Function (CCWF), originally attributed to John von Neumann and Eugene Wigner. The second approach is the phenomenological framework known as the London-Bauer-French (LBF) approach. We contend that significant challenges have been raised against key features of the CCWF model. However, these criticisms require further arguments to effectively undermine its most crucial claim: that the model can be tested to determine whether consciousness collapses the wave function. We will demonstrate that while CCWF offers a mathematically defined collapse mechanism that yields straightforward, experimentally testable predictions about collapse per se, these tests do not, by themselves, establish that consciousness is the cause of collapse. Nevertheless, despite this limitation, their model provides conceptual clarity in addressing the measurement problem, as it utilizes a mathematically defined collapse mechanism that offers a straightforward and testable solution. In contrast, the LBF approach lacks conceptual clarity regarding the measurement problem, as it continues to depend on the standard quantum formalism.

本文考察了量子力学中测量问题的两种方法，引用了意识的概念，并强调了每种方法的优缺点。第一种方法是由David Chalmers和Kelvin McQueen基于意识坍缩波函数（CCWF）的概念提出的模型，CCWF最初被认为是由John von Neumann和Eugene Wigner提出的。第二种方法是现象学框架，称为伦敦-鲍尔-弗伦奇（LBF）方法。我们认为，对CCWF模型的关键特征提出了重大挑战。然而，这些批评需要进一步的论证来有效地削弱其最重要的主张：该模型可以被测试以确定意识是否会使波函数崩溃。我们将证明，虽然CCWF提供了一个数学定义的坍缩机制，可以产生关于坍缩本身的直接的、实验可测试的预测，但这些测试本身并不能确定意识是坍缩的原因。然而，尽管存在这些限制，他们的模型在解决测量问题方面提供了概念上的清晰度，因为它利用了一个数学定义的坍缩机制，提供了一个直接的和可测试的解决方案。相比之下，LBF方法缺乏关于测量问题的概念清晰度，因为它继续依赖于标准量子形式主义。

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