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Systematizing the interpretation of quantum theory via reconstruction 通过重构使量子理论的解释系统化。
IF 1.8 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102100
Philip Goyal
For a century, quantum theory has posed a fundamental challenge to philosophical thinking. On its face, it repudiates many of the key features of the mechanical conception of physical reality. However, the challenge of developing a precise, coherent alternative to that conception has yet to be met. Here, I argue that a major hindrance to the project of quantum interpretation is its existing interpretative methodologies, which suffer from a lack of systematicity in their judgements about what aspects of the theory are interpretational relevant. In particular, I argue that current interpretations tend to marginalize the informal part of the theory in favour of its formal part, and place inappropriate emphasis on the natural language component of the formalism over its detailed mathematical structure. To counterbalance these biases, I propose that an interpretation-free zone be constructed around the theory, wherein an interpreter initially adopt a descriptive stance which considers all parts of the theory, and that the results of this deliberation (and the judgements about what facts are interpretationally relevant) are reported as part of their interpretation.
I argue that the interpretation of quantum theory poses special challenges and difficulties which necessitate this interpretation-free zone, and that existing interpretative methodologies are insufficient to address them. Further, I argue that a reconstructive interpretative methodology, which harnesses the recent results of the quantum reconstruction program, provides a powerful means to identify almost all facts that could be interpretationally relevant, and naturally meets these challenges and difficulties. Moreover, I argue that the quantum reconstruction program offers a powerful way to discover new physical principles, and offers a systematic pathway to build a rich, coherent conception of quantum reality.
一个世纪以来,量子理论对哲学思维构成了根本性的挑战。从表面上看,它否定了物理实在的机械概念的许多关键特征。然而,制定一个精确、连贯的替代概念的挑战尚未得到满足。在这里,我认为量子解释项目的一个主要障碍是其现有的解释方法,这些方法在判断理论的哪些方面与解释相关方面缺乏系统性。特别是,我认为目前的解释倾向于将理论的非正式部分边缘化,而支持其形式部分,并且不恰当地强调形式主义的自然语言成分,而不是其详细的数学结构。为了抵消这些偏见,我建议在理论周围建立一个无解释区,其中口译员最初采取考虑理论所有部分的描述性立场,并且这种审议的结果(以及关于哪些事实与解释相关的判断)被报告为其解释的一部分。我认为,量子理论的解释提出了特殊的挑战和困难,需要这个无解释区,而现有的解释方法不足以解决这些问题。此外,我认为,利用量子重建计划的最新结果的重建解释方法,提供了一种强大的手段来识别几乎所有可能与解释相关的事实,并自然地应对这些挑战和困难。此外,我认为量子重建计划提供了一种发现新的物理原理的有力途径,并提供了一个系统的途径来建立一个丰富的、连贯的量子现实概念。
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引用次数: 0
“Sciences versus lettres: a state-sanctioned dualism (France, 1808–2020 ?)” 科学与文学:国家认可的二元论(法国,1808-2020 ?)
IF 1.8 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102095
Wolf Feuerhahn
The thesis that the humanities and social sciences cannot be reduced to the natural sciences is generally considered to be typically German. This article aims to propose an alternative history of these divisions and debates, and to examine the history of secondary and university institutions in France since the early 19th century. To do this, we propose to mobilize a historical pragmatics attentive to the names of fields of knowledge. What emerges then is the opposition between the sciences and the lettres, which we will show has been a defining feature to this day. Charged with cognitive, moral, and political implications, this opposition has continued to spark controversy. This dualism was instituted by Napoleon following the Concordat signed with the Pope (1801–1802). The aim was to put an end to the Revolution and to give moral issues a central place in school education. This led to the domination of an exceptionalism of the lettres and their primacy in the French academic hierarchy. The article traces the history of this dualism and exceptionalism up to the present day, with a particular focus on the inversion of the hierarchy between sciences and lettres from the 1960s. In general, this article aims to show that questions of divisions between broad areas of knowledge and between disciplines are never purely epistemological issues, but also moral and political ones.
人文社会科学不能归结为自然科学的观点通常被认为是典型的德国观点。本文旨在提出这些分歧和辩论的另一种历史,并研究自19世纪初以来法国中学和大学机构的历史。为了做到这一点,我们建议动员一个关注知识领域名称的历史语用学。然后出现的是科学和文学之间的对立,我们将展示这是今天的一个决定性特征。由于受到认知、道德和政治方面的影响,这种反对不断引发争议。这种二元论是拿破仑在与教皇签署的协约(1801-1802)之后建立的。其目的是结束革命,并将道德问题置于学校教育的中心位置。这导致了一种例外主义的统治和他们在法国学术等级的首要地位。这篇文章追溯了这种二元论和例外论的历史,直到今天,特别关注了20世纪60年代科学和文学之间的等级倒置。总的来说,本文旨在表明,广泛的知识领域之间和学科之间的划分问题从来不是纯粹的认识论问题,也是道德和政治问题。
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引用次数: 0
The views of Danylo Samoylovich (1744–1805) on the prevention, course and treatment of the plague 萨莫洛维奇(1744-1805)对鼠疫的预防、过程和治疗的看法。
IF 1.8 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102099
Olga Gaidai
In the paper I analyse Danylo Samoylovich's views on the prevention, course and treatment of the plague. In addition to the traditional method of source analysis, I also use other theoretical tools: anthropology of knowledge, theory of modernisation as well as institutionalisation, medicalisation and professionalisation. Both Russian and Ukrainian authors call Samoylovich the father of national epidemiology. There is no doubt that his accomplishments have been exaggerated in Russia and Ukraine, but in no way does this detract from Samoylovich's significance, both in his contributions to theoretical medical thought and to practical preventive and therapeutic measures, especially in epidemiology. Samoylovich was part of the modernisation of the Russian Empire, forced through by Catherine II and her entourage. As someone who served in a variety of roles in anti-plague actions, including quarantine physician and chief physician of plague hospitals, Samoylovich can be regarded as a symbol of the institutionalisation and professionalisation of health care in the Russian Empire. By promoting preventive and therapeutic principles, applying them on a large scale, he contributed significantly to the medicalisation of society.
本文分析了萨莫伊洛维奇关于鼠疫的预防、病程和治疗的观点。除了传统的来源分析方法外,我还使用其他理论工具:知识人类学,现代化理论以及制度化,医学化和专业化。俄罗斯和乌克兰的作家都称萨莫伊洛维奇为国家流行病学之父。毫无疑问,他的成就在俄罗斯和乌克兰被夸大了,但这丝毫没有减损萨莫洛维奇的重要性,无论是他对理论医学思想的贡献,还是对实际预防和治疗措施的贡献,特别是在流行病学方面的贡献。萨莫伊洛维奇是俄罗斯帝国现代化的一部分,由叶卡捷琳娜二世和她的随从强行推行萨莫伊洛维奇在鼠疫防治行动中担任过各种职务,包括检疫医师和鼠疫医院的主任医师,他被视为俄罗斯帝国医疗保健制度化和专业化的象征。通过推广预防和治疗原则,并大规模应用这些原则,他对社会的医学化做出了重大贡献。
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引用次数: 0
A goal-directed approach to disease classification 目标导向的疾病分类方法。
IF 1.8 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102098
Adrian Erasmus
Disease classification plays an important role in numerous medical goals, from improving communication between researchers, physicians, and insurers to diagnosis and therapeutic prediction. Therefore, it's important to understand the principles behind our classificatory practices with a view to adopting the approach to disease classification that best serves the practical interests of medical science. In this paper, I discuss three prominent approaches to disease classification: the etiological approach, symptom-based approach, and pathophysiological approach, highlighting strengths and weaknesses of each. My main goal is to defend a pragmatic goal-directed approach to disease classification. I argue that choices about which classificatory approach to use should principally depend on the medical goal being pursued. Drawing from existing pragmatic accounts of classification in science, I suggest that the goal in question determines what kind of information about a disease is important and this, in turn, determines which classificatory approach to apply in service of that goal.
疾病分类在许多医疗目标中发挥着重要作用,从改善研究人员、医生和保险公司之间的沟通到诊断和治疗预测。因此,了解我们的分类实践背后的原则是很重要的,以便采用最符合医学实际利益的疾病分类方法。在本文中,我讨论了疾病分类的三种主要方法:病因学方法,基于症状的方法和病理生理学方法,并突出了每种方法的优缺点。我的主要目标是捍卫一种务实的目标导向的疾病分类方法。我认为,选择使用哪种分类方法应主要取决于所追求的医疗目标。根据现有的科学分类的实用主义描述,我认为所讨论的目标决定了关于疾病的哪种信息是重要的,而这反过来又决定了为实现这一目标而采用哪种分类方法。
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引用次数: 0
Consciousness and the measurement problem 意识和测量问题
IF 1.8 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102102
Denizhan Eren, Majid D. Beni
This paper examines two approaches to the measurement problem in quantum mechanics, invoking the concept of consciousness and highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each. The first approach is the model proposed by David Chalmers and Kelvin McQueen, based on the idea of the Consciousness Collapses Wave Function (CCWF), originally attributed to John von Neumann and Eugene Wigner. The second approach is the phenomenological framework known as the London-Bauer-French (LBF) approach. We contend that significant challenges have been raised against key features of the CCWF model. However, these criticisms require further arguments to effectively undermine its most crucial claim: that the model can be tested to determine whether consciousness collapses the wave function. We will demonstrate that while CCWF offers a mathematically defined collapse mechanism that yields straightforward, experimentally testable predictions about collapse per se, these tests do not, by themselves, establish that consciousness is the cause of collapse. Nevertheless, despite this limitation, their model provides conceptual clarity in addressing the measurement problem, as it utilizes a mathematically defined collapse mechanism that offers a straightforward and testable solution. In contrast, the LBF approach lacks conceptual clarity regarding the measurement problem, as it continues to depend on the standard quantum formalism.
本文考察了量子力学中测量问题的两种方法,引用了意识的概念,并强调了每种方法的优缺点。第一种方法是由David Chalmers和Kelvin McQueen基于意识坍缩波函数(CCWF)的概念提出的模型,CCWF最初被认为是由John von Neumann和Eugene Wigner提出的。第二种方法是现象学框架,称为伦敦-鲍尔-弗伦奇(LBF)方法。我们认为,对CCWF模型的关键特征提出了重大挑战。然而,这些批评需要进一步的论证来有效地削弱其最重要的主张:该模型可以被测试以确定意识是否会使波函数崩溃。我们将证明,虽然CCWF提供了一个数学定义的坍缩机制,可以产生关于坍缩本身的直接的、实验可测试的预测,但这些测试本身并不能确定意识是坍缩的原因。然而,尽管存在这些限制,他们的模型在解决测量问题方面提供了概念上的清晰度,因为它利用了一个数学定义的坍缩机制,提供了一个直接的和可测试的解决方案。相比之下,LBF方法缺乏关于测量问题的概念清晰度,因为它继续依赖于标准量子形式主义。
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引用次数: 0
Social emergence and unpredictability 社会涌现和不可预测性
IF 1.8 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102096
Simon Lohse
I analyse arguments for social emergentism based on the notion of unpredictability. After examining and ultimately rejecting weak emergentism as relevant theoretical counterpart to (predictive) reductionism, I discuss three arguments asserting that social phenomena should be considered strongly emergent as they are in-principle unpredictable. The main results are a clearer grasp of the premises underlying an emergentist case for unpredictability and that none of the discussed arguments succeeds when confronted with the actual practice of contemporary social science. This conclusion contributes to a deeper understanding of the concept of unpredictability and the prospects of a theory of emergence in social science.
我基于不可预测性的概念分析社会紧急主义的论点。在检查并最终拒绝弱涌现论作为(预测)还原论的相关理论对应物之后,我讨论了三个论点,主张社会现象应被视为强涌现,因为它们原则上是不可预测的。主要的结果是更清楚地掌握了不可预测性的紧急案例的前提,并且当面对当代社会科学的实际实践时,所讨论的论点都没有成功。这一结论有助于更深入地理解不可预测性的概念和社会科学中涌现理论的前景。
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引用次数: 0
Reply by the Author 作者回复
IF 1.8 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102072
Jan Cornelius Schmidt
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引用次数: 0
Understanding the ‘spaceflight treatment’ in plant space biology: Experimental practices, metadata workflows, and data re-analysis 理解植物空间生物学中的“航天处理”:实验实践、元数据工作流程和数据再分析。
IF 1.8 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102073
Paola Castaño , Sabina Leonelli
The boundaries between targeted interventions, background factors, and confounders are concerns in all biological experimentation. Plant space biology takes these concerns to new territories not just geographically but also epistemically because of the operational constraints of collecting data in the multi-stressor spaceflight environment. In consequence, a central challenge in this field is the disentanglement of the various factors involved in the experiments and their tracing to biological effects on the plants.
This paper characterizes the unique challenges of fundamental plant biology experiments and examines how secondary data analysis relying on metadata curation is providing novel ways to interpret, compare, and potentially integrate results obtained in these experiments. We propose an understanding of metadata workflows in comparative analyses of complex datasets as a form of post hoc experimental control that makes data tractable for interpretation in three ways: by providing a picture of the relevant intervening factors in experiments, refining the realm of comparison by keeping some conditions constant as background and others targets of analysis, and distinguishing between dependent and independent variables. More broadly, we maintain that this work can be regarded as an extension of experimental practice as it restructures the empirical resources on which researchers build analyses of past experiments and can contribute to the design of future ones.
目标干预、背景因素和混杂因素之间的界限是所有生物实验中关注的问题。植物空间生物学将这些问题带到新的领域,不仅在地理上,而且在认知上,因为在多压力源航天环境中收集数据的操作限制。因此,这一领域的一个核心挑战是解开实验中涉及的各种因素的纠缠,并追踪它们对植物的生物效应。本文描述了基础植物生物学实验的独特挑战,并探讨了依赖于元数据管理的二次数据分析如何提供新的方法来解释、比较和潜在地整合这些实验中获得的结果。我们建议将复杂数据集比较分析中的元数据工作流程理解为一种事后实验控制形式,使数据易于通过三种方式进行解释:通过提供实验中相关干预因素的图片,通过保持某些条件恒定作为背景和其他分析目标来细化比较领域,以及区分因变量和自变量。更广泛地说,我们认为这项工作可以被视为实验实践的延伸,因为它重构了研究人员对过去实验进行分析的经验资源,并可以为未来实验的设计做出贡献。
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引用次数: 0
IF 1.8 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102088
Mauricio Suárez
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引用次数: 0
Intertheoretical relationships based on three-model framework 基于三模型框架的理论间关系
IF 1.8 2区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102077
Kohei Morita
Intertheoretical relationships have been traditionally investigated through the notions of reduction and emergence. Recently, the focus has shifted towards the relationship between models for elaborating intertheoretical relationships in physics. This article demonstrates that three, rather than two, types of models are essential for elucidating some intertheoretical relationships. Beyond the conventional higher- and lower-level models, an intermediate-level model is crucial for establishing connections between the theories. This framework is not only applicable to some practical cases but also effectively captures the characteristics of two significant intertheoretical relationships: between classical and quantum mechanics, and between thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. By applying this framework to these cases, this study highlights both the similarity and the difference in these intertheoretical relationships.
传统上,理论间关系是通过还原和涌现的概念来研究的。最近,焦点已经转移到模型之间的关系,以阐述物理学中的理论间关系。本文论证了三种而不是两种类型的模型对于阐明某些理论间关系是必不可少的。除了传统的高级和低级模型之外,中级模型对于建立理论之间的联系至关重要。这一框架不仅适用于一些实际情况,而且有效地抓住了经典力学与量子力学、热力学与统计力学两种重要理论间关系的特点。通过将这一框架应用于这些案例,本研究突出了这些理论间关系的相似性和差异性。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science
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