Studies in History and Philosophy of Science最新文献

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A goal-directed approach to disease classification 目标导向的疾病分类方法。

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102098

Adrian Erasmus

Disease classification plays an important role in numerous medical goals, from improving communication between researchers, physicians, and insurers to diagnosis and therapeutic prediction. Therefore, it's important to understand the principles behind our classificatory practices with a view to adopting the approach to disease classification that best serves the practical interests of medical science. In this paper, I discuss three prominent approaches to disease classification: the etiological approach, symptom-based approach, and pathophysiological approach, highlighting strengths and weaknesses of each. My main goal is to defend a pragmatic goal-directed approach to disease classification. I argue that choices about which classificatory approach to use should principally depend on the medical goal being pursued. Drawing from existing pragmatic accounts of classification in science, I suggest that the goal in question determines what kind of information about a disease is important and this, in turn, determines which classificatory approach to apply in service of that goal.

疾病分类在许多医疗目标中发挥着重要作用，从改善研究人员、医生和保险公司之间的沟通到诊断和治疗预测。因此，了解我们的分类实践背后的原则是很重要的，以便采用最符合医学实际利益的疾病分类方法。在本文中，我讨论了疾病分类的三种主要方法：病因学方法，基于症状的方法和病理生理学方法，并突出了每种方法的优缺点。我的主要目标是捍卫一种务实的目标导向的疾病分类方法。我认为，选择使用哪种分类方法应主要取决于所追求的医疗目标。根据现有的科学分类的实用主义描述，我认为所讨论的目标决定了关于疾病的哪种信息是重要的，而这反过来又决定了为实现这一目标而采用哪种分类方法。

引用次数: 0

Consciousness and the measurement problem 意识和测量问题

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102102

Denizhan Eren, Majid D. Beni

This paper examines two approaches to the measurement problem in quantum mechanics, invoking the concept of consciousness and highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each. The first approach is the model proposed by David Chalmers and Kelvin McQueen, based on the idea of the Consciousness Collapses Wave Function (CCWF), originally attributed to John von Neumann and Eugene Wigner. The second approach is the phenomenological framework known as the London-Bauer-French (LBF) approach. We contend that significant challenges have been raised against key features of the CCWF model. However, these criticisms require further arguments to effectively undermine its most crucial claim: that the model can be tested to determine whether consciousness collapses the wave function. We will demonstrate that while CCWF offers a mathematically defined collapse mechanism that yields straightforward, experimentally testable predictions about collapse per se, these tests do not, by themselves, establish that consciousness is the cause of collapse. Nevertheless, despite this limitation, their model provides conceptual clarity in addressing the measurement problem, as it utilizes a mathematically defined collapse mechanism that offers a straightforward and testable solution. In contrast, the LBF approach lacks conceptual clarity regarding the measurement problem, as it continues to depend on the standard quantum formalism.

本文考察了量子力学中测量问题的两种方法，引用了意识的概念，并强调了每种方法的优缺点。第一种方法是由David Chalmers和Kelvin McQueen基于意识坍缩波函数（CCWF）的概念提出的模型，CCWF最初被认为是由John von Neumann和Eugene Wigner提出的。第二种方法是现象学框架，称为伦敦-鲍尔-弗伦奇（LBF）方法。我们认为，对CCWF模型的关键特征提出了重大挑战。然而，这些批评需要进一步的论证来有效地削弱其最重要的主张：该模型可以被测试以确定意识是否会使波函数崩溃。我们将证明，虽然CCWF提供了一个数学定义的坍缩机制，可以产生关于坍缩本身的直接的、实验可测试的预测，但这些测试本身并不能确定意识是坍缩的原因。然而，尽管存在这些限制，他们的模型在解决测量问题方面提供了概念上的清晰度，因为它利用了一个数学定义的坍缩机制，提供了一个直接的和可测试的解决方案。相比之下，LBF方法缺乏关于测量问题的概念清晰度，因为它继续依赖于标准量子形式主义。

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引用次数: 0

Social emergence and unpredictability 社会涌现和不可预测性

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102096

Simon Lohse

I analyse arguments for social emergentism based on the notion of unpredictability. After examining and ultimately rejecting weak emergentism as relevant theoretical counterpart to (predictive) reductionism, I discuss three arguments asserting that social phenomena should be considered strongly emergent as they are in-principle unpredictable. The main results are a clearer grasp of the premises underlying an emergentist case for unpredictability and that none of the discussed arguments succeeds when confronted with the actual practice of contemporary social science. This conclusion contributes to a deeper understanding of the concept of unpredictability and the prospects of a theory of emergence in social science.

我基于不可预测性的概念分析社会紧急主义的论点。在检查并最终拒绝弱涌现论作为（预测）还原论的相关理论对应物之后，我讨论了三个论点，主张社会现象应被视为强涌现，因为它们原则上是不可预测的。主要的结果是更清楚地掌握了不可预测性的紧急案例的前提，并且当面对当代社会科学的实际实践时，所讨论的论点都没有成功。这一结论有助于更深入地理解不可预测性的概念和社会科学中涌现理论的前景。

引用次数: 0

Reply by the Author 作者回复

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102072

Jan Cornelius Schmidt

引用次数: 0

Understanding the ‘spaceflight treatment’ in plant space biology: Experimental practices, metadata workflows, and data re-analysis 理解植物空间生物学中的“航天处理”：实验实践、元数据工作流程和数据再分析。

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102073

Paola Castaño , Sabina Leonelli

The boundaries between targeted interventions, background factors, and confounders are concerns in all biological experimentation. Plant space biology takes these concerns to new territories not just geographically but also epistemically because of the operational constraints of collecting data in the multi-stressor spaceflight environment. In consequence, a central challenge in this field is the disentanglement of the various factors involved in the experiments and their tracing to biological effects on the plants.

This paper characterizes the unique challenges of fundamental plant biology experiments and examines how secondary data analysis relying on metadata curation is providing novel ways to interpret, compare, and potentially integrate results obtained in these experiments. We propose an understanding of metadata workflows in comparative analyses of complex datasets as a form of post hoc experimental control that makes data tractable for interpretation in three ways: by providing a picture of the relevant intervening factors in experiments, refining the realm of comparison by keeping some conditions constant as background and others targets of analysis, and distinguishing between dependent and independent variables. More broadly, we maintain that this work can be regarded as an extension of experimental practice as it restructures the empirical resources on which researchers build analyses of past experiments and can contribute to the design of future ones.

目标干预、背景因素和混杂因素之间的界限是所有生物实验中关注的问题。植物空间生物学将这些问题带到新的领域，不仅在地理上，而且在认知上，因为在多压力源航天环境中收集数据的操作限制。因此，这一领域的一个核心挑战是解开实验中涉及的各种因素的纠缠，并追踪它们对植物的生物效应。本文描述了基础植物生物学实验的独特挑战，并探讨了依赖于元数据管理的二次数据分析如何提供新的方法来解释、比较和潜在地整合这些实验中获得的结果。我们建议将复杂数据集比较分析中的元数据工作流程理解为一种事后实验控制形式，使数据易于通过三种方式进行解释：通过提供实验中相关干预因素的图片，通过保持某些条件恒定作为背景和其他分析目标来细化比较领域，以及区分因变量和自变量。更广泛地说，我们认为这项工作可以被视为实验实践的延伸，因为它重构了研究人员对过去实验进行分析的经验资源，并可以为未来实验的设计做出贡献。

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引用次数: 0

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102088

Mauricio Suárez

引用次数: 0

Intertheoretical relationships based on three-model framework 基于三模型框架的理论间关系

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102077

Kohei Morita

Intertheoretical relationships have been traditionally investigated through the notions of reduction and emergence. Recently, the focus has shifted towards the relationship between models for elaborating intertheoretical relationships in physics. This article demonstrates that three, rather than two, types of models are essential for elucidating some intertheoretical relationships. Beyond the conventional higher- and lower-level models, an intermediate-level model is crucial for establishing connections between the theories. This framework is not only applicable to some practical cases but also effectively captures the characteristics of two significant intertheoretical relationships: between classical and quantum mechanics, and between thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. By applying this framework to these cases, this study highlights both the similarity and the difference in these intertheoretical relationships.

传统上，理论间关系是通过还原和涌现的概念来研究的。最近，焦点已经转移到模型之间的关系，以阐述物理学中的理论间关系。本文论证了三种而不是两种类型的模型对于阐明某些理论间关系是必不可少的。除了传统的高级和低级模型之外，中级模型对于建立理论之间的联系至关重要。这一框架不仅适用于一些实际情况，而且有效地抓住了经典力学与量子力学、热力学与统计力学两种重要理论间关系的特点。通过将这一框架应用于这些案例，本研究突出了这些理论间关系的相似性和差异性。

引用次数: 0

A pink lie in French medicine 法国医学中的粉红色谎言

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102075

Juliette Ferry-Danini

This paper sets to explain how one of the most prescribed and sold pharmaceutical drugs in France – Spasfon (phloroglucinol), introduced on the French market in the 1960s, became and remained so successful in the absence of solid scientific evidence. Integrating the epistemology of ignorance and a feminist approach to the history of medicine, my goal is to understand how this case of ignorance was initially constructed and how it has maintained itself to this day. I argue that sexism is one key factor explaining how ignorance was constructed around this very popular – and incidentally pink – pharmaceutical drug.

这篇论文试图解释在没有可靠的科学证据的情况下，法国处方和销售最多的药物之一——Spasfon（间苯三酚）是如何在20世纪60年代进入法国市场的。将无知的认识论和女性主义方法整合到医学史中，我的目标是理解无知的案例最初是如何形成的，以及它是如何维持到今天的。我认为性别歧视是一个关键因素，可以解释人们是如何对这种非常受欢迎的——碰巧是粉红色的——药物产生无知的。

引用次数: 0

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102085

Chiara Ambrosio

引用次数: 0

IF 1.8 2区哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.102086

Alexander Bird

引用次数: 0

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