Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000194
A. M. Ali, Khaled Aziz Al-Kenanei, S. Hussein, Qasim Obaid Bdaiwi
ISSN One hundred isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were obtained from patients admitted to Baghdad hospitals, Iraq during the period between May 2018 until July 2018. These isolates were distributed as 15 isolates from blood, 25 isolates from urinary tract infections, 10 isolates from sputum, 12 isolates from wounds, 15 isolates from ear infections, 15 isolates from bronchial wash of patients suffering from respiratory tract infections in addition to 8 isolates from cystic fibrosis patients. The isolates were initially identified by culturing on MacConkey agar, blood agar and P. aeruginosa agar then diagnosed by performing some morphological and biochemical tests. The second diagnosis was done by API 20E system followed by Vitek 2 compact system. Antibiotic sensitivity test was carried out towards 15 antibiotics using disc diffusion method (Kirby– Bauer method). The results of sensitivity test showed that P. aeruginosa isolates possessed high resistance towards most antibiotics under study, the most antibiotic resistance was towards Gentamicin 87 (87%), whereas the lowest resistance was towards Imipenem 10 (10%). In this study, two types of methods were used in the detection of biofilm formation: the first one was Congo red agar method and the second one was microtiter plate method. In the first method, results showed that biofilm formed by 57/100 (57%)according to black color production on media, whereas in the second method was 69/100 (69%) produce strong adherence according to OD in ELISA reader. Genotypic detection of many virulence factors related to P. aeruginosa was performed using conventional PCR. These included: gene coded for exoenzyme S (exoS), exoenzyme U (exoU), exotoxin A (toxA), two phospholipases C encoded by ( plcH) and ( plcN), alginate (algD), (lasB), rpsl, proteaseIV, and Neuraminidase (nan1). The results revealed that the most frequent gene was exoS as it was detected in 87/100 (87%) isolates, whereas the least frequent gene was nan1 as it was detected in only 9/100 (9%). The frequency of detection of other genes were as follows: toxAi in 55/100 (55%); plcH in 45/100 (45%); exoU in 42/100 (42%); plcN in 33/100 (33%); proteaseIV in 31/100 (31%), algD in 29/100 (29%); lasB in 28/100 (28%), and rpsl in 25/100 (25%). Phylogenetic analysis by Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC-PCR), ERIC-DNA Fingerprinting revealed the diversity of all isolates in Baghdad by using Dice coefficient and the unweighted pair group method with arthmetic average (group method) of phylogenetic analysis. The percentage level of similarity clearly showed that the isolates examined by species were divided into two distinct cluster numbers, in addition to three single isolates (clone), that clustered at a similarity level of (93%). According to the statistical analysis, it was found that the correlation coefficient of ERIC genotyping method with virulence genes in this study and antibiotics sensitivity test was significant at P<0.05 (two
{"title":"Molecular study of some virulence genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from different infections in hospitals of Baghdad","authors":"A. M. Ali, Khaled Aziz Al-Kenanei, S. Hussein, Qasim Obaid Bdaiwi","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000194","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN One hundred isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were obtained from patients admitted to Baghdad hospitals, Iraq during the period between May 2018 until July 2018. These isolates were distributed as 15 isolates from blood, 25 isolates from urinary tract infections, 10 isolates from sputum, 12 isolates from wounds, 15 isolates from ear infections, 15 isolates from bronchial wash of patients suffering from respiratory tract infections in addition to 8 isolates from cystic fibrosis patients. The isolates were initially identified by culturing on MacConkey agar, blood agar and P. aeruginosa agar then diagnosed by performing some morphological and biochemical tests. The second diagnosis was done by API 20E system followed by Vitek 2 compact system. Antibiotic sensitivity test was carried out towards 15 antibiotics using disc diffusion method (Kirby– Bauer method). The results of sensitivity test showed that P. aeruginosa isolates possessed high resistance towards most antibiotics under study, the most antibiotic resistance was towards Gentamicin 87 (87%), whereas the lowest resistance was towards Imipenem 10 (10%). In this study, two types of methods were used in the detection of biofilm formation: the first one was Congo red agar method and the second one was microtiter plate method. In the first method, results showed that biofilm formed by 57/100 (57%)according to black color production on media, whereas in the second method was 69/100 (69%) produce strong adherence according to OD in ELISA reader. Genotypic detection of many virulence factors related to P. aeruginosa was performed using conventional PCR. These included: gene coded for exoenzyme S (exoS), exoenzyme U (exoU), exotoxin A (toxA), two phospholipases C encoded by ( plcH) and ( plcN), alginate (algD), (lasB), rpsl, proteaseIV, and Neuraminidase (nan1). The results revealed that the most frequent gene was exoS as it was detected in 87/100 (87%) isolates, whereas the least frequent gene was nan1 as it was detected in only 9/100 (9%). The frequency of detection of other genes were as follows: toxAi in 55/100 (55%); plcH in 45/100 (45%); exoU in 42/100 (42%); plcN in 33/100 (33%); proteaseIV in 31/100 (31%), algD in 29/100 (29%); lasB in 28/100 (28%), and rpsl in 25/100 (25%). Phylogenetic analysis by Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC-PCR), ERIC-DNA Fingerprinting revealed the diversity of all isolates in Baghdad by using Dice coefficient and the unweighted pair group method with arthmetic average (group method) of phylogenetic analysis. The percentage level of similarity clearly showed that the isolates examined by species were divided into two distinct cluster numbers, in addition to three single isolates (clone), that clustered at a similarity level of (93%). According to the statistical analysis, it was found that the correlation coefficient of ERIC genotyping method with virulence genes in this study and antibiotics sensitivity test was significant at P<0.05 (two","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85381566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000196
Mohammad Reza Montazer Khorasan, M. Rahbar, Abed Zahedi Bialvaei, M. Gouya, F. Shahcheraghi, B. Eshrati
ISSN Food-borne botulism, a potentially lethal neuroparalytic disease, is also a health challenge with a variable prevalence rate in Iran. This work presents the results of a 5-year surveillance of botulism in Iran, with the distribution of the cases by regions and by vehicle of transmission. This descriptive-retrospective study was done on food-borne botulism poisoning cases reported to the Iran’s Ministry of Health during 2011–2015. Data was collected by interview, examination and questionnaires. All the relevant and confirmed botulism outbreaks that occurred in the period under consideration are described. During these 5 years, 1743 cases of suspected botulism were reported from different clinical sources. A total of 99 (5.6%) cases confirmed as food-borne botulism of which the most occurred in West Azarbaijan, Guilan and Golestan provinces, respectively. The main causes of the food-borne botulism were consumption of nonpasteurized dairy products, spawn (a kind of caviar) and smoked fish. Twenty-six (26.2%) laboratory-confirmed incidents were caused by toxin type A, 21 (21.2%) by toxin type B and 15 (15.1%) by toxin type E. Among all confirmed patients, a total of 32 (32.3%) deaths were reported and the case-fatality rate ranged from 4% (in 2014) to 12% (in 2011). Though a relatively rare disease, botulism can be a serious problem of public health, particularly when connected with the consumption of traditional food products; moreover, in the last years, the shortage of specific antitoxin has caused some concern in the Public Health Authorities. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"National surveillance of food-borne botulism in Iran during 2011–2015","authors":"Mohammad Reza Montazer Khorasan, M. Rahbar, Abed Zahedi Bialvaei, M. Gouya, F. Shahcheraghi, B. Eshrati","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000196","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN Food-borne botulism, a potentially lethal neuroparalytic disease, is also a health challenge with a variable prevalence rate in Iran. This work presents the results of a 5-year surveillance of botulism in Iran, with the distribution of the cases by regions and by vehicle of transmission. This descriptive-retrospective study was done on food-borne botulism poisoning cases reported to the Iran’s Ministry of Health during 2011–2015. Data was collected by interview, examination and questionnaires. All the relevant and confirmed botulism outbreaks that occurred in the period under consideration are described. During these 5 years, 1743 cases of suspected botulism were reported from different clinical sources. A total of 99 (5.6%) cases confirmed as food-borne botulism of which the most occurred in West Azarbaijan, Guilan and Golestan provinces, respectively. The main causes of the food-borne botulism were consumption of nonpasteurized dairy products, spawn (a kind of caviar) and smoked fish. Twenty-six (26.2%) laboratory-confirmed incidents were caused by toxin type A, 21 (21.2%) by toxin type B and 15 (15.1%) by toxin type E. Among all confirmed patients, a total of 32 (32.3%) deaths were reported and the case-fatality rate ranged from 4% (in 2014) to 12% (in 2011). Though a relatively rare disease, botulism can be a serious problem of public health, particularly when connected with the consumption of traditional food products; moreover, in the last years, the shortage of specific antitoxin has caused some concern in the Public Health Authorities. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86926154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000177
M. Memariani, H. Memariani, M. Shahidi-Dadras, Z. Tehranchinia, F. Ghalamkarpour, H. Moravvej
ISS Exfoliative toxins of Staphylococcus aureus have been associated with Staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome (SSSS) and bullous impetigo. Despite many reports on the exfoliative toxin-producing S. aureus in Iran over the past years, a comprehensive analysis of these studies are still rare endeavors. This systematic review aimed to determine the overall prevalence of exfoliative toxin genes (i.e. eta, etb, and etd) among S. aureus isolated from patients in Iran. An electronic search was conducted in the MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Google scholar databases for all documents published from 1 January 2010 through 1 December 2018. Of the 735 records identified from the databases, 14 studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. The overall prevalence of eta, etb, and etd genes among S. aureus strains were 13.057% (95% CI: 2.930–28.885%), 3.601% (95% CI: 0.901–8.002%), and 21.922% (95% CI: 3.012–83.237%), respectively. The most prevalent genotypes of eta-positive S. aureus in Iran were staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IV, accessory gene regulator (agr) group I, S. aureus Protein A (spa) type t021, and sequence type 30 (ST30). Regarding etb, the most common genotypes were SCCmec III, spa t005, and ST22. In conclusion, the prevalence of S. aureus strains harboring exfoliative toxin genes varies throughout Iran and that these strains, especially those carrying eta, might be more prevalent in some Iranian provinces, such as Mazandaran and Zanjan. Further researches are encouraged to understand the transmission, burden, and risk factors associated with infections caused by exfoliative toxin-producing S. aureus. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Contemporary systematic review and meta-analysis of exfoliative toxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from patients in Iran","authors":"M. Memariani, H. Memariani, M. Shahidi-Dadras, Z. Tehranchinia, F. Ghalamkarpour, H. Moravvej","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000177","url":null,"abstract":"ISS Exfoliative toxins of Staphylococcus aureus have been associated with Staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome (SSSS) and bullous impetigo. Despite many reports on the exfoliative toxin-producing S. aureus in Iran over the past years, a comprehensive analysis of these studies are still rare endeavors. This systematic review aimed to determine the overall prevalence of exfoliative toxin genes (i.e. eta, etb, and etd) among S. aureus isolated from patients in Iran. An electronic search was conducted in the MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Google scholar databases for all documents published from 1 January 2010 through 1 December 2018. Of the 735 records identified from the databases, 14 studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. The overall prevalence of eta, etb, and etd genes among S. aureus strains were 13.057% (95% CI: 2.930–28.885%), 3.601% (95% CI: 0.901–8.002%), and 21.922% (95% CI: 3.012–83.237%), respectively. The most prevalent genotypes of eta-positive S. aureus in Iran were staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IV, accessory gene regulator (agr) group I, S. aureus Protein A (spa) type t021, and sequence type 30 (ST30). Regarding etb, the most common genotypes were SCCmec III, spa t005, and ST22. In conclusion, the prevalence of S. aureus strains harboring exfoliative toxin genes varies throughout Iran and that these strains, especially those carrying eta, might be more prevalent in some Iranian provinces, such as Mazandaran and Zanjan. Further researches are encouraged to understand the transmission, burden, and risk factors associated with infections caused by exfoliative toxin-producing S. aureus. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76749756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000188
Javad Nezhadi, H. Eslami, Vahid Fakhrzadeh, S. Moaddab, Elham Zeinalzadeh, H. Kafil
ISSN Burns are one of the very ordinary and destructive forms of trauma. Patients with significant thermal injury require urgent specialized care for minimize morbidity and mortality. Significant thermal injuries induce a state of immunosuppression that predisposes burn patients to infectious complications. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was discovered over 100 years ago by observing the killing of microorganisms when harmless dyes and visible light were combined in vitro. Since then it has primarily been developed as a treatment for cancer, ophthalmologic disorders and in dermatology. Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is considered one of the most important pathogens that represent life-threatening risk in nosocomial environments, mainly in patients with severe burns. Antimicrobial PDT is an effective and useful method to kill bacteria. The advantages of PDT include the rapid effect on bacteria and the lack of drug resistance to this system. The disadvantages of this method can be noted loses antimicrobial activity when the light source turns off and less than perfect selectivity for microbial cells over host tissue. Available data from different studies retrieve from PubMed, Scopus and Google scholar databases on antimicrobial affects of PDT. Based on existing research, PDT is one of the effective methods for the treatment of burn infections with fewer side effects and no sign of resistance. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Photodynamic therapy of infection in burn patients","authors":"Javad Nezhadi, H. Eslami, Vahid Fakhrzadeh, S. Moaddab, Elham Zeinalzadeh, H. Kafil","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000188","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN Burns are one of the very ordinary and destructive forms of trauma. Patients with significant thermal injury require urgent specialized care for minimize morbidity and mortality. Significant thermal injuries induce a state of immunosuppression that predisposes burn patients to infectious complications. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was discovered over 100 years ago by observing the killing of microorganisms when harmless dyes and visible light were combined in vitro. Since then it has primarily been developed as a treatment for cancer, ophthalmologic disorders and in dermatology. Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is considered one of the most important pathogens that represent life-threatening risk in nosocomial environments, mainly in patients with severe burns. Antimicrobial PDT is an effective and useful method to kill bacteria. The advantages of PDT include the rapid effect on bacteria and the lack of drug resistance to this system. The disadvantages of this method can be noted loses antimicrobial activity when the light source turns off and less than perfect selectivity for microbial cells over host tissue. Available data from different studies retrieve from PubMed, Scopus and Google scholar databases on antimicrobial affects of PDT. Based on existing research, PDT is one of the effective methods for the treatment of burn infections with fewer side effects and no sign of resistance. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85429605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000171
Mona Arab YarMohammadi, M. Eslami, N. Amirmozafari
Materials and methods: Sampling was carried out in Tehran Metro from 2016 to 2017. One hundred samples were collected from metro wagons. The antibiotic susceptibility test was done with the disk diffusion test using cefoxitin, cefotaxime, cotrimoxazole, methicillin, and oxacillin antibiotics. Sensitivity to Deconex AF was measured by Broth dilution test. PCR technique was used to investigate the presence of mecA and qacA/B genes using specific primers.
{"title":"Investigating the presence of qacA/B and mecA genes in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from metro stations in Tehran city of Iran","authors":"Mona Arab YarMohammadi, M. Eslami, N. Amirmozafari","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000171","url":null,"abstract":"Materials and methods: Sampling was carried out in Tehran Metro from 2016 to 2017. One hundred samples were collected from metro wagons. The antibiotic susceptibility test was done with the disk diffusion test using cefoxitin, cefotaxime, cotrimoxazole, methicillin, and oxacillin antibiotics. Sensitivity to Deconex AF was measured by Broth dilution test. PCR technique was used to investigate the presence of mecA and qacA/B genes using specific primers.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86514839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000191
O. Schildgen
Urogenital infections and sexually transmitted infections remain a major problem and challenge for microbiology, a fact that is faced also in the new edition of the Oxford handbook of Urology. Chapter 6, entitled ‘‘Infections and inflammatory conditions’’, is a comprehensive summary equally relevant for clinicians and students. Practically orientated the chapter may assist in advanced teaching of medical students, mainly as the chapter is both symptoms orientated as focusing on the major diseases. Thereby, both microbiological relevant information on pathogens as well as state of the art treatment regimens are listed, the latter also being a nice tool for life-scientists who are involved in teaching of medical students. Despite a total numberof 864 pages the book still fits into a lab/white coat pocket, provided the pocket is not already filled by other books.
{"title":"New Books related to Medical Microbiology","authors":"O. Schildgen","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000191","url":null,"abstract":"Urogenital infections and sexually transmitted infections remain a major problem and challenge for microbiology, a fact that is faced also in the new edition of the Oxford handbook of Urology. Chapter 6, entitled ‘‘Infections and inflammatory conditions’’, is a comprehensive summary equally relevant for clinicians and students. Practically orientated the chapter may assist in advanced teaching of medical students, mainly as the chapter is both symptoms orientated as focusing on the major diseases. Thereby, both microbiological relevant information on pathogens as well as state of the art treatment regimens are listed, the latter also being a nice tool for life-scientists who are involved in teaching of medical students. Despite a total numberof 864 pages the book still fits into a lab/white coat pocket, provided the pocket is not already filled by other books.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81364859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000183
Sheikh Mansoor, I. Maqbool
ISSN H1N1 often is cause of annual epidemics in world particularly during winters and is a seasonal pandemic that has been a cause of many deaths. The display of various strains of H1N1 always creates confrontation to public health and the scientific communities. The key behind the repeated epidemics is the transformation of the viruses to escape the immunity that is induced by former infection or vaccination. The pandemic was declared, by the WHO, as officially over in August 2010. The H1N1 virus has become a regular flu virus which occurs seasonally, and causes outbreaks in many areas of the world. This mini review discusses risk of this disease with pandemic potential globally, transmission, diagnostics and preventive measures to be taken by people and health institutes. A present it calls for alertness of the health systems worldwide and a need for active correlation between public and health institutes. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Swine flu a seasonal pandemic, symptoms, diagnostics and prevention","authors":"Sheikh Mansoor, I. Maqbool","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000183","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN H1N1 often is cause of annual epidemics in world particularly during winters and is a seasonal pandemic that has been a cause of many deaths. The display of various strains of H1N1 always creates confrontation to public health and the scientific communities. The key behind the repeated epidemics is the transformation of the viruses to escape the immunity that is induced by former infection or vaccination. The pandemic was declared, by the WHO, as officially over in August 2010. The H1N1 virus has become a regular flu virus which occurs seasonally, and causes outbreaks in many areas of the world. This mini review discusses risk of this disease with pandemic potential globally, transmission, diagnostics and preventive measures to be taken by people and health institutes. A present it calls for alertness of the health systems worldwide and a need for active correlation between public and health institutes. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82734312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000180
H. Memariani, M. Memariani
ISSN Shigella sonnei, which has historically prevailed in industrialized countries, is currently undergoing an unprecedented expansion throughout the developing world. The harshness of shigellosis relies on certain virulence factors produced by the pathogen. Available information regarding virulence genes and epidemiological relatedness of S. sonnei strains in Iran is relatively scarce. In this study, 3540 stool specimens were obtained from children with diarrhoea in Tehran, Iran, from September 2016 through January 2018. PCR assays were performed to evaluate the presence of virulence genes among S. sonnei strains. The genetic relatedness of these strains was also assessed by multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA). A total of 50 S. sonnei strains were obtained, all of which harboured ipaH, sigA, and virA, whereas ial, invE, and sen were positive in 70% (n1⁄435), 62% (n1⁄431), and 54% (n1⁄427) of the strains, respectively. None of the S. sonnei strains carried set1A, set1B, and sat. The most frequent virulence profile was VP1 (positive for ipaH, ial, invE, sen, sigA, and virA), which was observed in 16 (32%) strains. Using MLVA, 12 genotypes were identified. According to the minimum spanning tree (MST) analysis, S. sonnei strains were grouped into three clonal complexes. CC1, which consisted of 44 (88%) isolates, was the largest clonal complex identified. No association was observed between virulence profiles and genotypes. Overall, it was shown that S. sonnei strains were virulent and clonally related. Furthermore, MLVA can be used as a helpful method for epidemiological investigations. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Genotyping and diversity of virulence genes among Shigella sonnei isolated from children with diarrhoea","authors":"H. Memariani, M. Memariani","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000180","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN Shigella sonnei, which has historically prevailed in industrialized countries, is currently undergoing an unprecedented expansion throughout the developing world. The harshness of shigellosis relies on certain virulence factors produced by the pathogen. Available information regarding virulence genes and epidemiological relatedness of S. sonnei strains in Iran is relatively scarce. In this study, 3540 stool specimens were obtained from children with diarrhoea in Tehran, Iran, from September 2016 through January 2018. PCR assays were performed to evaluate the presence of virulence genes among S. sonnei strains. The genetic relatedness of these strains was also assessed by multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA). A total of 50 S. sonnei strains were obtained, all of which harboured ipaH, sigA, and virA, whereas ial, invE, and sen were positive in 70% (n1⁄435), 62% (n1⁄431), and 54% (n1⁄427) of the strains, respectively. None of the S. sonnei strains carried set1A, set1B, and sat. The most frequent virulence profile was VP1 (positive for ipaH, ial, invE, sen, sigA, and virA), which was observed in 16 (32%) strains. Using MLVA, 12 genotypes were identified. According to the minimum spanning tree (MST) analysis, S. sonnei strains were grouped into three clonal complexes. CC1, which consisted of 44 (88%) isolates, was the largest clonal complex identified. No association was observed between virulence profiles and genotypes. Overall, it was shown that S. sonnei strains were virulent and clonally related. Furthermore, MLVA can be used as a helpful method for epidemiological investigations. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89299478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000178
Abdulbaset Mazarzaei, Yaqdhan Alnomani, M. Shafiei, Y. K. Alghanimi, M. R. Ali, Nagham M. Al-gburi, H. R. Al-abodi, S. Kadhum
ISSN The rate of allergy is increasing particularly among infants due to several factors reaching up to 30%. Several materials components have been implicated in the development and excessive activation of the immune system, acting as irritants and allergic agents. In several studies, in Mediterranean inhabitants with a specific diet, the prevalence of allergies in children was low, whereas dietary supplements in the Western and Mediterranean countries had a different role in the regulation of immune responses and in the reduction of allergic reactions. Probiotics have been associated with reduction of allergic reactions mostly by positive effect on T helper cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), B cells and dendritic cells. Furthermore, probiotics existing in the human intestine can modulate the immune response and allergic reactions through downregulation of Th2-related responses (IgE, IL-4 and IL-5). They mostly exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties by modulation of immune system components via hindering of various signaling pathways such as the NF-kB pathway, probably associated with changes in mitogen-activated protein kinases and pattern recognition receptors pathways. These microorganisms have also potential to inhibit the bacterial lipopolysaccharide attachment to the CD14 receptor, hence reducing the overall activation of NF-kB and proinflammatory cytokines production. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species act through increase in proinflammatory (Th1) cytokines (INF-g, IL-12, IL-13, TNF-a and also IL-4 and IL-10), dendritic cells, CD4þFoxP3þ T cells, GATA-3 and intestinal barrier maturation, whereas decrease the Th2-mediated cytokines, IgA, IgE, IgG1, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6, IL-13, airway reactivity, pulmonary eosinophilia. Furthermore, Clostridium butyricum could act by improvement of anaphylaxis symptoms and increase of sIgA and CD4þ CD25þFoxP3Treg cells. In this review, we assessed the recent evidence that confirms the role of probiotics compounds as an important factor in the safety of homeostasis and the development of allergic reactions through a complex set of metabolites and the immune cells. The employment and application of probiotics combined with immunotherapy approaches can be possibly effective in reducing allergic reactions and related therapeutic costs. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"The immunomodulatory and antiallergic effects of human colonized probiotics","authors":"Abdulbaset Mazarzaei, Yaqdhan Alnomani, M. Shafiei, Y. K. Alghanimi, M. R. Ali, Nagham M. Al-gburi, H. R. Al-abodi, S. Kadhum","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000178","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN The rate of allergy is increasing particularly among infants due to several factors reaching up to 30%. Several materials components have been implicated in the development and excessive activation of the immune system, acting as irritants and allergic agents. In several studies, in Mediterranean inhabitants with a specific diet, the prevalence of allergies in children was low, whereas dietary supplements in the Western and Mediterranean countries had a different role in the regulation of immune responses and in the reduction of allergic reactions. Probiotics have been associated with reduction of allergic reactions mostly by positive effect on T helper cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), B cells and dendritic cells. Furthermore, probiotics existing in the human intestine can modulate the immune response and allergic reactions through downregulation of Th2-related responses (IgE, IL-4 and IL-5). They mostly exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties by modulation of immune system components via hindering of various signaling pathways such as the NF-kB pathway, probably associated with changes in mitogen-activated protein kinases and pattern recognition receptors pathways. These microorganisms have also potential to inhibit the bacterial lipopolysaccharide attachment to the CD14 receptor, hence reducing the overall activation of NF-kB and proinflammatory cytokines production. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species act through increase in proinflammatory (Th1) cytokines (INF-g, IL-12, IL-13, TNF-a and also IL-4 and IL-10), dendritic cells, CD4þFoxP3þ T cells, GATA-3 and intestinal barrier maturation, whereas decrease the Th2-mediated cytokines, IgA, IgE, IgG1, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6, IL-13, airway reactivity, pulmonary eosinophilia. Furthermore, Clostridium butyricum could act by improvement of anaphylaxis symptoms and increase of sIgA and CD4þ CD25þFoxP3Treg cells. In this review, we assessed the recent evidence that confirms the role of probiotics compounds as an important factor in the safety of homeostasis and the development of allergic reactions through a complex set of metabolites and the immune cells. The employment and application of probiotics combined with immunotherapy approaches can be possibly effective in reducing allergic reactions and related therapeutic costs. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"124 16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82473974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000185
B. Mohammadpour, H. Salimizand, K. Rahmani
Search method: All available national and international databanks (PubMed, Science Direct and pages web address) were searched to find published studies from 2006 to March 2018. Quality of studies was assessed by STROBE. Because of the significant heterogeneity, random effects model was used to combine the results. Statistical analysis was performed by STATA (software version 13, Stanford, California, USA) (confidence interval; 95%, P<0.05).
检索方法:检索所有可用的国家和国际数据库(PubMed, Science Direct和pages网址)，以查找2006年至2018年3月发表的研究。采用STROBE评估研究质量。由于异质性显著，采用随机效应模型对结果进行组合。统计学分析采用STATA(软件版本13,Stanford, California, USA)(置信区间;95%, P < 0.05)。
{"title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence and mortality of metallo-beta-lactamases in Iranian patients infected with metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa","authors":"B. Mohammadpour, H. Salimizand, K. Rahmani","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000185","url":null,"abstract":"Search method: All available national and international databanks (PubMed, Science Direct and pages web address) were searched to find published studies from 2006 to March 2018. Quality of studies was assessed by STROBE. Because of the significant heterogeneity, random effects model was used to combine the results. Statistical analysis was performed by STATA (software version 13, Stanford, California, USA) (confidence interval; 95%, P<0.05).","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"56 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83393487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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