Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000190
M. Karrasch, D. Michel, S. Schneider, M. Baier, M. Busch
ISSN In CMV high-risk kidney transplant recipients (KTR), recommended antiviral human cytomegalovirus (CMV) treatment can lead to nephrotoxicity and antiviral resistance. In this case report, we report the development of a combined CMV-UL97 C592F and CMV UL54 T503I resistance mutation in a high-risk KTR most probably linked to the previous treatment with valganciclovir (valGCV) and ganciclovir (GCV). Routine CMV screening, in addition with testing of CMV immunity and applied stewardship programs for ganciclovir might have been helpful in preventing the development of these mutations in this patient. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Development of a combined CMV-UL97 C592F and CMV-UL54 T503I resistance mutation during ganciclovir treatment in a kidney transplant recipient","authors":"M. Karrasch, D. Michel, S. Schneider, M. Baier, M. Busch","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000190","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN In CMV high-risk kidney transplant recipients (KTR), recommended antiviral human cytomegalovirus (CMV) treatment can lead to nephrotoxicity and antiviral resistance. In this case report, we report the development of a combined CMV-UL97 C592F and CMV UL54 T503I resistance mutation in a high-risk KTR most probably linked to the previous treatment with valganciclovir (valGCV) and ganciclovir (GCV). Routine CMV screening, in addition with testing of CMV immunity and applied stewardship programs for ganciclovir might have been helpful in preventing the development of these mutations in this patient. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90828711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000164
Elham Sheykhsaran, Nima Hemmat, H. B. Baghi
ISSN Influenza infection is considered to be a serious respiratory disease in human. Annually, epidemics or even pandemics give rise to the frequent antigenetic variations of virus surface receptors, throughout the world. Bacterial infections followed by influenza are the biggest medical concerns associated with elevated mortality rates. These high morbidity and mortality rates, have become a priority in terms of health. Likewise, economic aspects of the issue have special importance also.
{"title":"Influenza A virus and related secondary bacterial infections","authors":"Elham Sheykhsaran, Nima Hemmat, H. B. Baghi","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000164","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN Influenza infection is considered to be a serious respiratory disease in human. Annually, epidemics or even pandemics give rise to the frequent antigenetic variations of virus surface receptors, throughout the world. Bacterial infections followed by influenza are the biggest medical concerns associated with elevated mortality rates. These high morbidity and mortality rates, have become a priority in terms of health. Likewise, economic aspects of the issue have special importance also.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85749849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-15DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000163
M. Eslami, M. Shafiei, Seyede Amene Mirforughi, A. Rajabi
Objective: Acinetobacter baumannii is among the major Gram-negative nosocomial pathogens, and their antibiotic resistance has spread extensively; especially in burn settings. Methods: A total of 300 clinical isolates of A. baumannii were collected from burn patients hospitalized in burn settings. The isolates were examined for antimicrobial susceptibility testing by the disc diffusion method. The class D (blaOXA-51-like, blaOXA-23-like, blaOXA-58-like and blaOXA-24-like) and class B (encoded by blaVIM and blaSIM) carbapenemase genes were investigated by multiplex PCR. Results: A high level of carbapenem resistance was observed among isolates, but none of them were resistant to colistin. Among carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii, previous antibiotic consumption was significantly higher (significant risk factor for carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii acquisition) than other risk factors (P = 0.0123), whereas older age of patients was not significantly higher among other ranges in multivariate analysis by analysis of variance (ANOVA test). The blaOXA-51-like gene was the predominant gene, followed by blaOXA-23-like, blaOXA-24-like, blaOXA-58-like, blaSIM,blaNDM and blaVIM genes being 66, 35.33, 22, 14, 1.33, 1.33 and 13.33%, respectively. Furthermore, the co-existence of blaOXA-51-like/blaOXA-23-like, blaOXA-51-like/blaOXA-23-like/blaOXA-24-like and blaOXA-51-like/blaOXA-24-like were 22.67, 12 and 11.33%, respectively. Conclusion: A high level of class D and class B carbapenemases among A. baumannii strains in the burn settings is a crisis in the eradication of infections caused by MDR, XDR and PDR strains. Therefore, the uncontrolled consumption of last-line antibiotics should be restricted and infection control strategies must be implemented accurately.
{"title":"Multiple carbapenemase gene production by Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from burn patients in Iran","authors":"M. Eslami, M. Shafiei, Seyede Amene Mirforughi, A. Rajabi","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000163","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Acinetobacter baumannii is among the major Gram-negative nosocomial pathogens, and their antibiotic resistance has spread extensively; especially in burn settings. Methods: A total of 300 clinical isolates of A. baumannii were collected from burn patients hospitalized in burn settings. The isolates were examined for antimicrobial susceptibility testing by the disc diffusion method. The class D (blaOXA-51-like, blaOXA-23-like, blaOXA-58-like and blaOXA-24-like) and class B (encoded by blaVIM and blaSIM) carbapenemase genes were investigated by multiplex PCR. Results: A high level of carbapenem resistance was observed among isolates, but none of them were resistant to colistin. Among carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii, previous antibiotic consumption was significantly higher (significant risk factor for carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii acquisition) than other risk factors (P = 0.0123), whereas older age of patients was not significantly higher among other ranges in multivariate analysis by analysis of variance (ANOVA test). The blaOXA-51-like gene was the predominant gene, followed by blaOXA-23-like, blaOXA-24-like, blaOXA-58-like, blaSIM,blaNDM and blaVIM genes being 66, 35.33, 22, 14, 1.33, 1.33 and 13.33%, respectively. Furthermore, the co-existence of blaOXA-51-like/blaOXA-23-like, blaOXA-51-like/blaOXA-23-like/blaOXA-24-like and blaOXA-51-like/blaOXA-24-like were 22.67, 12 and 11.33%, respectively. Conclusion: A high level of class D and class B carbapenemases among A. baumannii strains in the burn settings is a crisis in the eradication of infections caused by MDR, XDR and PDR strains. Therefore, the uncontrolled consumption of last-line antibiotics should be restricted and infection control strategies must be implemented accurately.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"90–94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89132239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000173
S. Solgi, S. Razavi, A. Nateghian, G. Irajian, Abazar Pournajaf, M. Hasannejad-Bibalan, S. Rahmani
Conclusion: The frequency of methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates in our hospitals was high and disk diffusion testing using FOX or oxacillin and/or FOX minimal inhibitory concentration E test as an alternative to PCR for identification of methicillin-resistant S. aureus is suggested. This study highlights the hypothesis that rapid testing plays an important role in antibiotic stewardship by getting patients on targeted therapy faster. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Resistance-related determinants in clinically relevant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from teaching therapeutic centers, Tehran, Iran","authors":"S. Solgi, S. Razavi, A. Nateghian, G. Irajian, Abazar Pournajaf, M. Hasannejad-Bibalan, S. Rahmani","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000173","url":null,"abstract":"Conclusion: The frequency of methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates in our hospitals was high and disk diffusion testing using FOX or oxacillin and/or FOX minimal inhibitory concentration E test as an alternative to PCR for identification of methicillin-resistant S. aureus is suggested. This study highlights the hypothesis that rapid testing plays an important role in antibiotic stewardship by getting patients on targeted therapy faster. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73460624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000172
L. Mahdi, N. Hussein, B. M. Taha, I. G. Auda, L. Zwain, H. Mater
ISSN Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have reported as antifungal, antibacterial, and immunostimulatory agents. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) of lactic acid bacteria effectively could stimulate the production of cytokines by macrophages. This study was aimed to extract, purified, and characterize the EPS from Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. Cremoris and to evaluate the immunostimulatory and antibacterial activities of EPS against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Burkholderia cepacia strains. Nine EPSs producing L. mesenteroides subsp. cremoris strains were isolated from local dairy products and the isolated bacteria were identified by using API 50. Eight B. cepacia strains were isolated from different specimens in the hospitals of Medical city, Baghdad. Furthermore, genotypic and phenotypic detection of antibiotic resistance were determined including ESBL genes. EPS of L. mesenteroides subsp. Cremoris was extracted and purified by gel filtration chromatography. EPS physical and chemical analysis were performed to characterize it. Antibacterial and immunomodulatory effect of EPS were studied in vivo using mice and ELISA was used to determine the levels of IL-10 in the mice sera. The extracted EPS was found to have a maximum relative viscosity in water (3.51 dl/g) and maximum specific viscosity (2.93 dl/g), while the intrinsic viscosity recorded 1.41 dl/g. The chemical analysis of the extracted polysaccharide was found to contain the following components, carbohydrates, protein, uronic acids, hexosamines, acetyl groups, ketal linked pyruvate groups, phosphate groups, and sulfate groups, also show the following functional groups under infrared (IR) spectra (hydroxyl, alkanes, carbonyl, carbonyl of carboxylic acid, phosphates, and aliphatic amines). HPLC analysis revealed the presence of mannose as a major component with a calculated molecular weight of 1.71 10 g/mol. Genotypic detection of the blaPER-1 gene among ESBL producing B. cepacia strains showed the presence of blaPER-1 gene in three (42.86%) strains. Furthermore, to confirm the biological potential, the EPS was evaluated for its antibacterial activity against multidrug resistance B. cepacia strains in vitro and the result showed that the purified EPS was more effective than crude EPS in all concentrations. The protective activities of L. mesenteroides and EPS were observed when administered 7 days before and after B. cepacia infection, whereas therapeutic activities were monitored by administering EPS for 7 days after B. cepacia induction. This results revealed that the administration of L. mesenteroides and EPS significantly decreased the number of B. cepacia in liver, spleen, and lung (P<0.05). Furthermore, they enhanced production of IL-10. In conclusion, the L. mesenteroides and its EPSs possess antibacterial and immunostimulator properties and are nontoxic with medicinal importance. Therefore, further studies in human participants should
{"title":"Immunostimulatory and antibacterial activity of Leuconostoc mesenteroides and its purified exopolysaccharide against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Burkholderia cepacia","authors":"L. Mahdi, N. Hussein, B. M. Taha, I. G. Auda, L. Zwain, H. Mater","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000172","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have reported as antifungal, antibacterial, and immunostimulatory agents. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) of lactic acid bacteria effectively could stimulate the production of cytokines by macrophages. This study was aimed to extract, purified, and characterize the EPS from Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. Cremoris and to evaluate the immunostimulatory and antibacterial activities of EPS against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Burkholderia cepacia strains. Nine EPSs producing L. mesenteroides subsp. cremoris strains were isolated from local dairy products and the isolated bacteria were identified by using API 50. Eight B. cepacia strains were isolated from different specimens in the hospitals of Medical city, Baghdad. Furthermore, genotypic and phenotypic detection of antibiotic resistance were determined including ESBL genes. EPS of L. mesenteroides subsp. Cremoris was extracted and purified by gel filtration chromatography. EPS physical and chemical analysis were performed to characterize it. Antibacterial and immunomodulatory effect of EPS were studied in vivo using mice and ELISA was used to determine the levels of IL-10 in the mice sera. The extracted EPS was found to have a maximum relative viscosity in water (3.51 dl/g) and maximum specific viscosity (2.93 dl/g), while the intrinsic viscosity recorded 1.41 dl/g. The chemical analysis of the extracted polysaccharide was found to contain the following components, carbohydrates, protein, uronic acids, hexosamines, acetyl groups, ketal linked pyruvate groups, phosphate groups, and sulfate groups, also show the following functional groups under infrared (IR) spectra (hydroxyl, alkanes, carbonyl, carbonyl of carboxylic acid, phosphates, and aliphatic amines). HPLC analysis revealed the presence of mannose as a major component with a calculated molecular weight of 1.71 10 g/mol. Genotypic detection of the blaPER-1 gene among ESBL producing B. cepacia strains showed the presence of blaPER-1 gene in three (42.86%) strains. Furthermore, to confirm the biological potential, the EPS was evaluated for its antibacterial activity against multidrug resistance B. cepacia strains in vitro and the result showed that the purified EPS was more effective than crude EPS in all concentrations. The protective activities of L. mesenteroides and EPS were observed when administered 7 days before and after B. cepacia infection, whereas therapeutic activities were monitored by administering EPS for 7 days after B. cepacia induction. This results revealed that the administration of L. mesenteroides and EPS significantly decreased the number of B. cepacia in liver, spleen, and lung (P<0.05). Furthermore, they enhanced production of IL-10. In conclusion, the L. mesenteroides and its EPSs possess antibacterial and immunostimulator properties and are nontoxic with medicinal importance. Therefore, further studies in human participants should","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86036875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000167
A. Rajabi, H. Rajabi-vardanjani, Kobra Rastiyani, Mais E. Ahmed, Seyede Amene Mirforughi, F. Norouzi
Objective: As major nosocomial pathogens, Escherichia coli isolates exhibit antibiotic resistance and also express adhesive structures and antibiotic resistance genes. The objective of this study was the comparison of virulence gene expression of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli between blood and stool samples. Methods: In this study, 20 E. coli clinical isolates (10 ESBL-producers including 5 from blood, 5 from stool samples and 10 non-ESBL-producer strains) were included. The existence of fimA, kpsMII and cdt (adhesives and toxin), acr-ab (efflux-encoding) and bla(CTX-M1) genes were confirmed by PCR. The quantitative real-time PCR was performed for evaluation of gene expression. Results: ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from stool samples could express fimA, kpsMII and cdt genes significantly higher than blood samples, whereas those isolates from blood samples significantly expressed the acr-ab (efflux-encoding) genes. In addition, the bla(CTXM1) gene was expressed among isolates from stool samples significantly higher (P = 0.022) than those from blood samples according to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. In addition, among non-ESBL-producers, the expression of fimA, kpsMII and cdt genes was significantly lower than ESBL-producing isolates from blood samples, but not significantly different than those from stool samples. Moreover, the expression of acr-ab genes was significantly lower than those from stool samples. Conclusion: The results exhibited that the expression of virulence genes among clinical isolates of E. coli is not the same or similar in various conditions or from various clinical origins. Thus determining the profile of gene expression in each of clinical situations can be helpful in tracking the infectious pathogens. ESBL-producing strains possibly have regulatory factors for inducing higher virulence gene expression. Copyright (C) 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Expression of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes among Escherichia coli clinical isolates from blood and stool samples","authors":"A. Rajabi, H. Rajabi-vardanjani, Kobra Rastiyani, Mais E. Ahmed, Seyede Amene Mirforughi, F. Norouzi","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000167","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: As major nosocomial pathogens, Escherichia coli isolates exhibit antibiotic resistance and also express adhesive structures and antibiotic resistance genes. The objective of this study was the comparison of virulence gene expression of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli between blood and stool samples. Methods: In this study, 20 E. coli clinical isolates (10 ESBL-producers including 5 from blood, 5 from stool samples and 10 non-ESBL-producer strains) were included. The existence of fimA, kpsMII and cdt (adhesives and toxin), acr-ab (efflux-encoding) and bla(CTX-M1) genes were confirmed by PCR. The quantitative real-time PCR was performed for evaluation of gene expression. Results: ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from stool samples could express fimA, kpsMII and cdt genes significantly higher than blood samples, whereas those isolates from blood samples significantly expressed the acr-ab (efflux-encoding) genes. In addition, the bla(CTXM1) gene was expressed among isolates from stool samples significantly higher (P = 0.022) than those from blood samples according to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. In addition, among non-ESBL-producers, the expression of fimA, kpsMII and cdt genes was significantly lower than ESBL-producing isolates from blood samples, but not significantly different than those from stool samples. Moreover, the expression of acr-ab genes was significantly lower than those from stool samples. Conclusion: The results exhibited that the expression of virulence genes among clinical isolates of E. coli is not the same or similar in various conditions or from various clinical origins. Thus determining the profile of gene expression in each of clinical situations can be helpful in tracking the infectious pathogens. ESBL-producing strains possibly have regulatory factors for inducing higher virulence gene expression. Copyright (C) 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84893583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000165
N. Kianfar, A. Ghasemian, A. Al-Marzoqi, M. Eslami, Hossein Rajabi Vardanjani, Seyede Amene Mirforughi, H. R. Vardanjani
ISSN Glanders is a zoonotic infection, and because of recent outbreaks among Equidae family, the possibility of its reemergence among human populations is a crisis. The causative agent is Burkholderia mallei, a Gram-negative, aerobic and highly contagious bacterium causing severe impacts with low infectious dose transmitted via direct contact to respiratory secretions, skin exudates of animals and fomite. Despite high mortality rate, no proper vaccination has been developed to hinder the infection spread. The disease is more prevalent in Australia and Southeast Asia, but has been eradicated in developed countries. Glanders’ clinical signs include pulmonary and disseminated infection depending upon type of infection. Recent reports and outbreaks from Iran and neighboring countries among horses in 2011 and 2017 (Pakistan, Afghanistan and Kuwait), mules in 2008, 2011 and 2017 (Pakistan and Turkey), donkeys and horses in 2011–2015 (Pakistan) and tiger and camels in 2011 (Iran and Bahrain) is a concern. Animal importation or exportation; particularly by healthy carriers is a key route of B. mallei spread. Thus, infection control strategies, accurate and screening before animals’ import, prevention of animal contacts and development of prompt diagnostic approaches and proper therapeutic strategies are essential. Different forms of glanders have emerged or re-emerged in various animals. The factors leading to the re-emergence of the infection mostly include no specific symptoms and anti-B. mallei antibodies, lack of early diagnosis and vaccination strategies, housing conditions, contact with infected and carrier animals and low infectious dose. Sporadic and endemic remote cases have remained in Asia and Middle Eastern countries. Control strategies should focus on surveillance; identify healthy carriers, quarantine and elimination of all infected animals. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"The reemergence of glanders as a zoonotic and occupational infection in Iran and neighboring countries","authors":"N. Kianfar, A. Ghasemian, A. Al-Marzoqi, M. Eslami, Hossein Rajabi Vardanjani, Seyede Amene Mirforughi, H. R. Vardanjani","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000165","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN Glanders is a zoonotic infection, and because of recent outbreaks among Equidae family, the possibility of its reemergence among human populations is a crisis. The causative agent is Burkholderia mallei, a Gram-negative, aerobic and highly contagious bacterium causing severe impacts with low infectious dose transmitted via direct contact to respiratory secretions, skin exudates of animals and fomite. Despite high mortality rate, no proper vaccination has been developed to hinder the infection spread. The disease is more prevalent in Australia and Southeast Asia, but has been eradicated in developed countries. Glanders’ clinical signs include pulmonary and disseminated infection depending upon type of infection. Recent reports and outbreaks from Iran and neighboring countries among horses in 2011 and 2017 (Pakistan, Afghanistan and Kuwait), mules in 2008, 2011 and 2017 (Pakistan and Turkey), donkeys and horses in 2011–2015 (Pakistan) and tiger and camels in 2011 (Iran and Bahrain) is a concern. Animal importation or exportation; particularly by healthy carriers is a key route of B. mallei spread. Thus, infection control strategies, accurate and screening before animals’ import, prevention of animal contacts and development of prompt diagnostic approaches and proper therapeutic strategies are essential. Different forms of glanders have emerged or re-emerged in various animals. The factors leading to the re-emergence of the infection mostly include no specific symptoms and anti-B. mallei antibodies, lack of early diagnosis and vaccination strategies, housing conditions, contact with infected and carrier animals and low infectious dose. Sporadic and endemic remote cases have remained in Asia and Middle Eastern countries. Control strategies should focus on surveillance; identify healthy carriers, quarantine and elimination of all infected animals. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86675562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000174
M. Y. Memar, K. Adibkia, S. Farajnia, H. Kafil, M. Yekani, N. Alizadeh, R. Ghotaslou
ISSN The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms is presently known as a global challenge. An effective alternative is critical to guarantee an operative paradigm shift in the epidemic of resistance. The antimicrobial effects of grape seed extract (GSE) have been reported against a broad range of microbes. This study is an updated overview of the antimicrobial effect of GSE against different pathogens. The available reports from various studies retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases regarding the antimicrobial effect of GSE was evaluated. The GSE is rich sources of phenolic compounds. GSE can inhibit the growth of a broad spectrum of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria depended on its concentrations, phenolic content, and tested bacterial species. The GSE is more effective against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. It has also been shown to have inhibitory effects against several clinically important viruses and fungi. The antibiofilm effect of GSE also has been described in some studies. The significant side effects of GSE have not reported and it is almost safe. GSE may be a promising source for new generations of antimicrobial agents in the food industry and clinical setting. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"The grape seed extract: a natural antimicrobial agent against different pathogens","authors":"M. Y. Memar, K. Adibkia, S. Farajnia, H. Kafil, M. Yekani, N. Alizadeh, R. Ghotaslou","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000174","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms is presently known as a global challenge. An effective alternative is critical to guarantee an operative paradigm shift in the epidemic of resistance. The antimicrobial effects of grape seed extract (GSE) have been reported against a broad range of microbes. This study is an updated overview of the antimicrobial effect of GSE against different pathogens. The available reports from various studies retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases regarding the antimicrobial effect of GSE was evaluated. The GSE is rich sources of phenolic compounds. GSE can inhibit the growth of a broad spectrum of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria depended on its concentrations, phenolic content, and tested bacterial species. The GSE is more effective against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. It has also been shown to have inhibitory effects against several clinically important viruses and fungi. The antibiofilm effect of GSE also has been described in some studies. The significant side effects of GSE have not reported and it is almost safe. GSE may be a promising source for new generations of antimicrobial agents in the food industry and clinical setting. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86995194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000175
A. Ganji, Maryam Islami, M. Ejtehadifar, Ehsan Zarei-Mehrvarz, M. Darvish
Infectious diseases are common life-threatening problems mediated by pathogen micro-organisms that cause morbidity and mortality worldwide. Currently, there is an increasing rate of the bacterial infections and emergence of the new antibiotic resistance in human societies. On the other hand, early detection of the bacterial infection present in biological samples suffers from extended time, high cost, and laborious methods. Therefore, there is a permanent need for robust diagnostic and therapeutic tools against bacterial agents. Recently, specific targeting bio-molecules, such as aptamer and nanobody have been appeared as specific and effective tools for biomedical application. They have excellent physicochemical parameters that make them superior to diagnosis and treatment of infectious agents achievable from diverse large libraries through systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) or phage display process, respectively. The present study provides an overview of nanobody and aptamer and their method description. Main contexts of article focus on the application of nanobody and aptamer as an inhibiting moiety for some bacterial toxins.
{"title":"Nanobody and aptamer as targeting moiety against bacterial toxins: therapeutic and diagnostic applications","authors":"A. Ganji, Maryam Islami, M. Ejtehadifar, Ehsan Zarei-Mehrvarz, M. Darvish","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000175","url":null,"abstract":"Infectious diseases are common life-threatening problems mediated by pathogen micro-organisms that cause morbidity and mortality worldwide. Currently, there is an increasing rate of the bacterial infections and emergence of the new antibiotic resistance in human societies. On the other hand, early detection of the bacterial infection present in biological samples suffers from extended time, high cost, and laborious methods. Therefore, there is a permanent need for robust diagnostic and therapeutic tools against bacterial agents. Recently, specific targeting bio-molecules, such as aptamer and nanobody have been appeared as specific and effective tools for biomedical application. They have excellent physicochemical parameters that make them superior to diagnosis and treatment of infectious agents achievable from diverse large libraries through systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) or phage display process, respectively. The present study provides an overview of nanobody and aptamer and their method description. Main contexts of article focus on the application of nanobody and aptamer as an inhibiting moiety for some bacterial toxins.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79263531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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