Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10641262.2012.753404
N. Romano, C. Zeng
Nitrogenous wastes including ammonia-N, nitrite-N, and nitrate-N are increasingly becoming a global issue in aquatic ecosystems due to escalating anthropogenic activities and are a ubiquitous concern in aquaculture. These pollutants are interrelated via the nitrification cycle, with the direct metabolic product ammonia-N generally being the most toxic with high species specificity. Furthermore, while environmental factors influencing nitrogenous waste toxicity are similar, the causative underlying mechanisms are often substantially different. In this review, we focus on decapod crustaceans due to their high commercial value and likelihood of encountering these pollutants in their benthic or near-benthic habitat. While a large body of publications exists in this area, to date a comprehensive literature review on relative toxicities of all three nitrogenous wastes, physiological consequences, and adaptive mechanisms of crustaceans is lacking. Understanding these processes will likely have implications for environmental/fisheries management and the aquaculture industry. Additionally, there are strong indications that theoretical “safe” values, traditionally used for predicting toxicity thresholds, substantially underestimate the impact of nitrogenous waste on the growth and physiological condition of crustaceans. These consequences will be emphasized along with various methods of uptake, elimination, and detoxification that ultimately explain differences in nitrogenous waste toxicity to decapod crustaceans.
{"title":"Toxic Effects of Ammonia, Nitrite, and Nitrate to Decapod Crustaceans: A Review on Factors Influencing their Toxicity, Physiological Consequences, and Coping Mechanisms","authors":"N. Romano, C. Zeng","doi":"10.1080/10641262.2012.753404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10641262.2012.753404","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogenous wastes including ammonia-N, nitrite-N, and nitrate-N are increasingly becoming a global issue in aquatic ecosystems due to escalating anthropogenic activities and are a ubiquitous concern in aquaculture. These pollutants are interrelated via the nitrification cycle, with the direct metabolic product ammonia-N generally being the most toxic with high species specificity. Furthermore, while environmental factors influencing nitrogenous waste toxicity are similar, the causative underlying mechanisms are often substantially different. In this review, we focus on decapod crustaceans due to their high commercial value and likelihood of encountering these pollutants in their benthic or near-benthic habitat. While a large body of publications exists in this area, to date a comprehensive literature review on relative toxicities of all three nitrogenous wastes, physiological consequences, and adaptive mechanisms of crustaceans is lacking. Understanding these processes will likely have implications for environmental/fisheries management and the aquaculture industry. Additionally, there are strong indications that theoretical “safe” values, traditionally used for predicting toxicity thresholds, substantially underestimate the impact of nitrogenous waste on the growth and physiological condition of crustaceans. These consequences will be emphasized along with various methods of uptake, elimination, and detoxification that ultimately explain differences in nitrogenous waste toxicity to decapod crustaceans.","PeriodicalId":49627,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Fisheries Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"1 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10641262.2012.753404","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59680844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10641262.2012.753867
Kathryn N. S. McCain
Large river ecology has evolved through time, from perceiving rivers as big streams to accepting rivers as spatiotemporally diverse and complex ecosystems spanning terrestrial, aquatic, and socio-political realms. This review summarizes past and present concepts in large river ecology and highlights uncertainties facing the science and management of large rivers, and provides examples of tools (river restoration and adaptive management) that may be used to continue the advancement of large river ecology into the future. We need to ask, “Where do we go from here?” and, “How do we get there?” The science, management, and policy of large rivers are inseparable and decisions formulated by river stakeholders today will inevitably shape how rivers are studied and managed into the future.
{"title":"Moving Large River Ecology from Past Theories to Future Actions: A Review","authors":"Kathryn N. S. McCain","doi":"10.1080/10641262.2012.753867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10641262.2012.753867","url":null,"abstract":"Large river ecology has evolved through time, from perceiving rivers as big streams to accepting rivers as spatiotemporally diverse and complex ecosystems spanning terrestrial, aquatic, and socio-political realms. This review summarizes past and present concepts in large river ecology and highlights uncertainties facing the science and management of large rivers, and provides examples of tools (river restoration and adaptive management) that may be used to continue the advancement of large river ecology into the future. We need to ask, “Where do we go from here?” and, “How do we get there?” The science, management, and policy of large rivers are inseparable and decisions formulated by river stakeholders today will inevitably shape how rivers are studied and managed into the future.","PeriodicalId":49627,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Fisheries Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"39 - 48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10641262.2012.753867","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59680859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10641262.2012.725434
S. Mayfield, C. Mundy, H. Gorfine, A. Hart, D. Worthington
The sustained production of abalone from the five state-managed (Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia, New South Wales, and Western Australia) Australian abalone fisheries has contrasted with many of those elsewhere that exhibited rapid and sustained declines in production. Australian abalone fisheries are significant at local, regional, state, national, and international scales. Key attributes are (1) harvesting, processing, and reinvestment of profits occur away from major metropolitan centers; (2) they are among the most valuable wild-catch species in all states; (3) the combined Australian abalone harvest in 2011 (>4,500 t) had a landed value of ∼AU$200M and represented 15% of the Australian total wild-catch production; and (4) this level of production made these fisheries the dominant contributor (60%) to global wild-catch abalone production. Unlike many other abalone fisheries, total catches were controlled by limited entry, quotas, size limits, and geographic boundaries, overseen by stringent compliance regimes, early in their history. Subsequently, state-based research programs, explicitly tasked with providing scientific advice to support management decisions, undertook assessments to match harvests with stock productivity. This information upon which to base management decisions contributed to long-term (>20 years) stable harvests and enabled relationships among stakeholders to develop around consideration of the information and advice for management. In general, rights-holders developed stewardship for the resource, and this has led to numerous important outcomes, including evolving resource co-management and a nationally representative industry entity, the Abalone Council of Australia. The Abalone Council of Australia, state-based industry entities, and ongoing relationships among rights-holders, fishery managers, and researchers play vital roles in addressing and overcoming current and impending challenges for these fisheries. These difficulties include (1) urban encroachment into coastal regions (the so-called “sea change” phenomenon); (2) a growing interest in access to the abalone resource, reflecting the increasing, culturally diverse Australian population; (3) the ever-present threat of illegal fishing; (4) recent total allowable commercial catch reductions, particularly in Victoria and New South Wales, to facilitate stock rebuilding; (5) changing market conditions; (6) declining profitability from increasing operational costs and appreciation of the Australian dollar; and (7) environmental changes, such as prolonged drought and warmer seas associated with shifts in climate. Overall, this review demonstrates that abalone can be harvested sustainably over extended periods, despite aspects of their demography that suggest higher vulnerability to overexploitation, providing the management systems that control harvesting activities and external impacts that encompass several key underpinning elements. This review also identifies like
{"title":"Fifty Years of Sustained Production from the Australian Abalone Fisheries","authors":"S. Mayfield, C. Mundy, H. Gorfine, A. Hart, D. Worthington","doi":"10.1080/10641262.2012.725434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10641262.2012.725434","url":null,"abstract":"The sustained production of abalone from the five state-managed (Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia, New South Wales, and Western Australia) Australian abalone fisheries has contrasted with many of those elsewhere that exhibited rapid and sustained declines in production. Australian abalone fisheries are significant at local, regional, state, national, and international scales. Key attributes are (1) harvesting, processing, and reinvestment of profits occur away from major metropolitan centers; (2) they are among the most valuable wild-catch species in all states; (3) the combined Australian abalone harvest in 2011 (>4,500 t) had a landed value of ∼AU$200M and represented 15% of the Australian total wild-catch production; and (4) this level of production made these fisheries the dominant contributor (60%) to global wild-catch abalone production. Unlike many other abalone fisheries, total catches were controlled by limited entry, quotas, size limits, and geographic boundaries, overseen by stringent compliance regimes, early in their history. Subsequently, state-based research programs, explicitly tasked with providing scientific advice to support management decisions, undertook assessments to match harvests with stock productivity. This information upon which to base management decisions contributed to long-term (>20 years) stable harvests and enabled relationships among stakeholders to develop around consideration of the information and advice for management. In general, rights-holders developed stewardship for the resource, and this has led to numerous important outcomes, including evolving resource co-management and a nationally representative industry entity, the Abalone Council of Australia. The Abalone Council of Australia, state-based industry entities, and ongoing relationships among rights-holders, fishery managers, and researchers play vital roles in addressing and overcoming current and impending challenges for these fisheries. These difficulties include (1) urban encroachment into coastal regions (the so-called “sea change” phenomenon); (2) a growing interest in access to the abalone resource, reflecting the increasing, culturally diverse Australian population; (3) the ever-present threat of illegal fishing; (4) recent total allowable commercial catch reductions, particularly in Victoria and New South Wales, to facilitate stock rebuilding; (5) changing market conditions; (6) declining profitability from increasing operational costs and appreciation of the Australian dollar; and (7) environmental changes, such as prolonged drought and warmer seas associated with shifts in climate. Overall, this review demonstrates that abalone can be harvested sustainably over extended periods, despite aspects of their demography that suggest higher vulnerability to overexploitation, providing the management systems that control harvesting activities and external impacts that encompass several key underpinning elements. This review also identifies like","PeriodicalId":49627,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Fisheries Science","volume":"20 1","pages":"220 - 250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10641262.2012.725434","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59680823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10641262.2012.711194
K. Rohde
Fish diseases are becoming increasingly important, as a consequence of increasing use of aquaculture and also the rapidly changing environment due to human impact, such as pollution, habitat degradation, and climate change. A book that facilitates sound diagnosis of disease, as well as prevention of infection and treatment, is therefore welcome. The book edited by Woo and Buchmann discusses protistan and metazoan parasites that are significant agents of disease in economically important freshwater and marine fishes, focusing on specific pathogens. It does not cover systematics, evolution, molecular biology, ultrastructure, and in vitro culture. Some important parasites, such as Trichodina and Caryophillidae, are not included, because their effects are little known. Thirty-four experts at the forefront of research on particular parasites have contributed. The great attraction of the book is the concise treatment of the disease agents. Chapters are well illustrated, mostly by black and white but, in some cases, by color figures, A typical chapter, such as that on Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, consists of a brief introduction; a section on lifecycles and parasitic stages; transmission and geographical distribution; diagnosis; local and systemic responses; and protective control strategies, including immune responses and vaccine strategies; conclusions; and suggestions for further studies. An extensive list of references follows. Some chapters, depending on the organisms discussed, include discussions of biological control measures and sections on pathophysiology, chemotherapy and immunochemotherapy, or vector control. There is an extensive and useful index (subject and taxonomic combined). The book is highly recommended to anybody involved in aquaculture and fisheries in general. In fact, it is an essential source of information for everybody who needs concise and up-to-date information on fish disease. The high standing of the editors and authors guarantees correct information.
{"title":"A Review of “Fish Parasites. Pathobiology and Protection”","authors":"K. Rohde","doi":"10.1080/10641262.2012.711194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10641262.2012.711194","url":null,"abstract":"Fish diseases are becoming increasingly important, as a consequence of increasing use of aquaculture and also the rapidly changing environment due to human impact, such as pollution, habitat degradation, and climate change. A book that facilitates sound diagnosis of disease, as well as prevention of infection and treatment, is therefore welcome. The book edited by Woo and Buchmann discusses protistan and metazoan parasites that are significant agents of disease in economically important freshwater and marine fishes, focusing on specific pathogens. It does not cover systematics, evolution, molecular biology, ultrastructure, and in vitro culture. Some important parasites, such as Trichodina and Caryophillidae, are not included, because their effects are little known. Thirty-four experts at the forefront of research on particular parasites have contributed. The great attraction of the book is the concise treatment of the disease agents. Chapters are well illustrated, mostly by black and white but, in some cases, by color figures, A typical chapter, such as that on Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, consists of a brief introduction; a section on lifecycles and parasitic stages; transmission and geographical distribution; diagnosis; local and systemic responses; and protective control strategies, including immune responses and vaccine strategies; conclusions; and suggestions for further studies. An extensive list of references follows. Some chapters, depending on the organisms discussed, include discussions of biological control measures and sections on pathophysiology, chemotherapy and immunochemotherapy, or vector control. There is an extensive and useful index (subject and taxonomic combined). The book is highly recommended to anybody involved in aquaculture and fisheries in general. In fact, it is an essential source of information for everybody who needs concise and up-to-date information on fish disease. The high standing of the editors and authors guarantees correct information.","PeriodicalId":49627,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Fisheries Science","volume":"20 1","pages":"251 - 251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10641262.2012.711194","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59680749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-09-25DOI: 10.1080/10641262.2012.719043
E. Nelson, B. Macdonald, S. Robinson
Sea cucumbers are highly marketable as a food and medicinal product. Many species are being cultured in addition to being fished to meet the high demand for these products. This review explores the potential use of the Northern sea cucumber, Cucumaria frondosa, as a viable aquaculture species in the North Atlantic. Utilizing the literature available on this species, the marketability, biology, production cost, hatchery potential, grow-out technology, and alternate uses within integrated multi-trophic aquaculture sites were examined. C. frondosa is well suited for culture in that it has an established market, it is abundant, its reproductive biology is well understood, and it has potential as an extractive co-culture species. Its slow growth rate and low value could limit its production.
{"title":"A Review of the Northern Sea Cucumber Cucumaria frondosa (Gunnerus, 1767) as a Potential Aquaculture Species","authors":"E. Nelson, B. Macdonald, S. Robinson","doi":"10.1080/10641262.2012.719043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10641262.2012.719043","url":null,"abstract":"Sea cucumbers are highly marketable as a food and medicinal product. Many species are being cultured in addition to being fished to meet the high demand for these products. This review explores the potential use of the Northern sea cucumber, Cucumaria frondosa, as a viable aquaculture species in the North Atlantic. Utilizing the literature available on this species, the marketability, biology, production cost, hatchery potential, grow-out technology, and alternate uses within integrated multi-trophic aquaculture sites were examined. C. frondosa is well suited for culture in that it has an established market, it is abundant, its reproductive biology is well understood, and it has potential as an extractive co-culture species. Its slow growth rate and low value could limit its production.","PeriodicalId":49627,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Fisheries Science","volume":"20 1","pages":"212 - 219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10641262.2012.719043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59680790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-20DOI: 10.1080/10641262.2012.704598
T. W. Fraser, P. Fjelldal, T. Hansen, I. Mayer
Aquaculture production continues to increase to satisfy global demand, and as such, issues relating to its environmental sustainability and the welfare of fish are becoming more prominent within society. Sterile triploid fish (possessing one additional chromosome set to the more natural diploid state) are in use in aquaculture and fisheries management to avoid the problems associated with unwanted early sexual maturation and genetic interactions between wild and cultured fish. Triploids are physiologically and behaviorally similar to diploids, although ploidy effects do exist. This review focuses on the welfare of triploid fish within aquaculture and fisheries management. The main conclusions are that triploids appear more susceptible to temperature stress, have a higher incidence of deformities, and are less aggressive than their diploid counterparts. However, considerable knowledge gaps exist in triploid physiology and performance; therefore, triploid requirements for water quality, nutritional requirements, stocking densities, and slaughter methods cannot be fully assessed. In addition, other than growth and survival, no information exists on the performance of triploids when released into natural environments, and this is of considerable concern, as triploids are commonly used in catch-and-release fisheries. These matters become more pressing with today's increased emphasis on animal welfare.
{"title":"Welfare Considerations of Triploid Fish","authors":"T. W. Fraser, P. Fjelldal, T. Hansen, I. Mayer","doi":"10.1080/10641262.2012.704598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10641262.2012.704598","url":null,"abstract":"Aquaculture production continues to increase to satisfy global demand, and as such, issues relating to its environmental sustainability and the welfare of fish are becoming more prominent within society. Sterile triploid fish (possessing one additional chromosome set to the more natural diploid state) are in use in aquaculture and fisheries management to avoid the problems associated with unwanted early sexual maturation and genetic interactions between wild and cultured fish. Triploids are physiologically and behaviorally similar to diploids, although ploidy effects do exist. This review focuses on the welfare of triploid fish within aquaculture and fisheries management. The main conclusions are that triploids appear more susceptible to temperature stress, have a higher incidence of deformities, and are less aggressive than their diploid counterparts. However, considerable knowledge gaps exist in triploid physiology and performance; therefore, triploid requirements for water quality, nutritional requirements, stocking densities, and slaughter methods cannot be fully assessed. In addition, other than growth and survival, no information exists on the performance of triploids when released into natural environments, and this is of considerable concern, as triploids are commonly used in catch-and-release fisheries. These matters become more pressing with today's increased emphasis on animal welfare.","PeriodicalId":49627,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Fisheries Science","volume":"43 1","pages":"192 - 211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10641262.2012.704598","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59680691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-07-12DOI: 10.1080/10641262.2012.700655
T. Frazer, C. Jacoby, M. Edwards, S. Barry, C. Manfrino
Invasive species generate significant environmental and economic costs, with maintenance management constituting a major expenditure. Such costs are generated by invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois spp.) that further threaten already stressed coral reefs in the western Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. This brief review documents rapid range expansion and potential impacts of lionfish. In addition, preliminary experimental data from targeted removals contribute to debates about maintenance management. Removals at sites off Little Cayman Island shifted the size frequency distribution of remaining lionfish toward smaller individuals whose stomachs contained less prey and fewer fish. Fewer lionfish and decreased predation on threatened grouper, herbivores and other economically and ecologically important fishes represent key steps toward protecting reefs. However, complete evaluation of success requires long-term data detailing immigration and recruitment by lionfish, compensatory growth and reproduction of lionfish, reduced direct effects on prey assemblages, and reduced indirect effects mediated by competition for food. Preventing introductions is the best way to avoid impacts from invasive species, and early detection linked to rapid response ranks second. Nevertheless, results from this case study suggest that targeted removals represent a viable option for shifting direct impacts of invasive lionfish away from highly vulnerable components of ecosystems.
{"title":"Coping with the Lionfish Invasion: Can Targeted Removals Yield Beneficial Effects?","authors":"T. Frazer, C. Jacoby, M. Edwards, S. Barry, C. Manfrino","doi":"10.1080/10641262.2012.700655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10641262.2012.700655","url":null,"abstract":"Invasive species generate significant environmental and economic costs, with maintenance management constituting a major expenditure. Such costs are generated by invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois spp.) that further threaten already stressed coral reefs in the western Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. This brief review documents rapid range expansion and potential impacts of lionfish. In addition, preliminary experimental data from targeted removals contribute to debates about maintenance management. Removals at sites off Little Cayman Island shifted the size frequency distribution of remaining lionfish toward smaller individuals whose stomachs contained less prey and fewer fish. Fewer lionfish and decreased predation on threatened grouper, herbivores and other economically and ecologically important fishes represent key steps toward protecting reefs. However, complete evaluation of success requires long-term data detailing immigration and recruitment by lionfish, compensatory growth and reproduction of lionfish, reduced direct effects on prey assemblages, and reduced indirect effects mediated by competition for food. Preventing introductions is the best way to avoid impacts from invasive species, and early detection linked to rapid response ranks second. Nevertheless, results from this case study suggest that targeted removals represent a viable option for shifting direct impacts of invasive lionfish away from highly vulnerable components of ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":49627,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Fisheries Science","volume":"20 1","pages":"185 - 191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10641262.2012.700655","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59680678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-07-01DOI: 10.1080/10641262.2012.707103
M. Gómez-Chiarri
This book by Rex Dunham, a fish geneticist internationally known for his research on the genetic improvement of catfish, is a thorough update of a previous edition published in 2004. It provides, in 26 chapters, a comprehensive description of the general principles of fish genetics and their applications to aquaculture, from traditional selective breeding to gene transfer technology. New in this edition are several useful chapters explaining fundamental concepts in genetics, two chapters focused on interand intraspecific hybridization, a chapter in responses to selection, and a brief introduction to the rapidly expanding field of genomics. The book also illustrates the scholarship of the author by including an overview of the social aspects of aquaculture biotechnology, from a chapter on the history of biotechnology, genetics, and selective breeding (chapter 1) to a discussion of the ethical and regulatory issues related to the use of biotechnology in aquaculture (chapters 20–25). The last chapter in the book poses the challenges facing aquaculture genetics in the near future, and provides some interesting recommendations on what areas need more attention, from student training to issues in biodiversity, politics, and international development. The book is strongly focused on the applications of genetics and biotechnology to the genetic improvement of fish and shellfish species for aquaculture, with only a relatively brief discussion of applications of biotechnology to fisheries management in chapters 12 and 13. These chapters provide a description of molecular markers, basic concepts in population genetics, and a discussion of the consequences of interactions of hatchery and wild fish. Some key genetic concepts relevant to fisheries applications, such as random genetic drift and bottlenecks, are also discussed in chapter 5 (“Population Size, Inbreeding, Random Genetic Drift, and Maintenance of Genetic Quality”). In addition to a description of key concepts in genetics, the author includes a list of examples illustrating the status of past and present research in the field in each chapter. These examples are generally focused on catfish, oysters, and salmonids, the major aquaculture species in the US. Most of the chapters, in particular those dedicated to selective breeding, polyploidy, hybridization, and gene transfer technology, build directly upon the author’s wealth of practical experience in the field of fish genetics. The book also provides a useful glossary with definitions of key concepts in genetics, and, in some chapters, a very brief summary of key points. This expansive book, however, may not be an easy resource for teaching or for introducing fish genetics to the layperson, since there are only a few of the useful diagrams and figures used in textbooks to illustrate key concepts. Moreover, the order in which some of the concepts are presented is not necessarily intuitive and will require a relatively good foundation in genetics or ea
{"title":"A Review of “Aquaculture and Fisheries Biotechnology, Genetic Approaches, 2nd Edition”","authors":"M. Gómez-Chiarri","doi":"10.1080/10641262.2012.707103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10641262.2012.707103","url":null,"abstract":"This book by Rex Dunham, a fish geneticist internationally known for his research on the genetic improvement of catfish, is a thorough update of a previous edition published in 2004. It provides, in 26 chapters, a comprehensive description of the general principles of fish genetics and their applications to aquaculture, from traditional selective breeding to gene transfer technology. New in this edition are several useful chapters explaining fundamental concepts in genetics, two chapters focused on interand intraspecific hybridization, a chapter in responses to selection, and a brief introduction to the rapidly expanding field of genomics. The book also illustrates the scholarship of the author by including an overview of the social aspects of aquaculture biotechnology, from a chapter on the history of biotechnology, genetics, and selective breeding (chapter 1) to a discussion of the ethical and regulatory issues related to the use of biotechnology in aquaculture (chapters 20–25). The last chapter in the book poses the challenges facing aquaculture genetics in the near future, and provides some interesting recommendations on what areas need more attention, from student training to issues in biodiversity, politics, and international development. The book is strongly focused on the applications of genetics and biotechnology to the genetic improvement of fish and shellfish species for aquaculture, with only a relatively brief discussion of applications of biotechnology to fisheries management in chapters 12 and 13. These chapters provide a description of molecular markers, basic concepts in population genetics, and a discussion of the consequences of interactions of hatchery and wild fish. Some key genetic concepts relevant to fisheries applications, such as random genetic drift and bottlenecks, are also discussed in chapter 5 (“Population Size, Inbreeding, Random Genetic Drift, and Maintenance of Genetic Quality”). In addition to a description of key concepts in genetics, the author includes a list of examples illustrating the status of past and present research in the field in each chapter. These examples are generally focused on catfish, oysters, and salmonids, the major aquaculture species in the US. Most of the chapters, in particular those dedicated to selective breeding, polyploidy, hybridization, and gene transfer technology, build directly upon the author’s wealth of practical experience in the field of fish genetics. The book also provides a useful glossary with definitions of key concepts in genetics, and, in some chapters, a very brief summary of key points. This expansive book, however, may not be an easy resource for teaching or for introducing fish genetics to the layperson, since there are only a few of the useful diagrams and figures used in textbooks to illustrate key concepts. Moreover, the order in which some of the concepts are presented is not necessarily intuitive and will require a relatively good foundation in genetics or ea","PeriodicalId":49627,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Fisheries Science","volume":"20 1","pages":"183 - 183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10641262.2012.707103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59680736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-07-01DOI: 10.1080/10641262.2012.695817
J. Lloret, E. Faliex, G. Shulman, J. Raga, P. Sasal, M. Muñoz, M. Casadevall, A. Ahuir-Baraja, F. E. Montero, Aigües Repullés-Albelda, Massimiliano Cardinale, H. Rätz, S. Vilà, D. Ferrer
Although fish health may influence key population-level processes, particularly those dealing with natural mortality, reproduction, and growth, which, in turn, affect stock productivity, little emphasis has been placed on the links between fish health and the management of marine fisheries. This article addresses this gap and illustrates how knowledge of fish health could provide insight for marine fisheries biologists, stock assessment modelers, and managers. The study proposes ways in which the consideration of condition indicators (energy reserves) and parasitism improves stock assessment and fisheries management, especially in situations of data shortage when standard methods cannot be applied, as is the case in many Mediterranean fish stocks. This article focuses on seven case studies of different fish species from the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Overall, and although the relationship between fish health and productivity cannot always be found or quantified, the article emphasizes the importance of the physical health of exploited stocks, particularly during critical life periods of the fish (e.g., prior to spawning, migration, or in the early life stages), as an essential element of sustainable and profitable fisheries. On the basis of these results, stock assessment and fisheries management implications are discussed.
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Pub Date : 2012-06-29DOI: 10.1080/10641262.2012.696898
J. G. Nickum
Do fish feel pain? Perhaps the real question is: Do humans think that fish feel pain? The conclusions that individuals develop in answer to the second question seem to depend on the beliefs they have about fish and, perhaps, animals in general. Beliefs, in turn, may or may not involve solid evidence, but beliefs always involve assumptions. Assumptions are part of everyday life, including science. Many people assume that animals, especially vertebrate animals have some human characteristics. Assigning human characteristics to other animals in the absence of strong evidence is anthropomorphism. In this book, Victoria Braithwaite attempts to move beyond anthropomorphism on the question of whether or not fish feel pain. Does she succeed, or does her science include unsupported assumptions that influence the conclusions she develops? All science involves assumptions. The important thing is to recognize the assumptions and to be certain that the conditions required by the assumptions are met. We assume that animals used in our experiments are representative of a larger population and that experimental conditions are “normal.” When assumptions are not recognized, they can have major effects on results and subsequent conclusions. If assumptions are understood to be optional, the effects can completely negate the conclusions of a study. If the assumptions that we accept lead us to exclude alternative conclusions that are consistent with experimental results, but incompatible with our assumptions, the conclusions probably are biased. Victoria Braithwaite has made a valiant attempt to move the arguments about fish pain beyond beliefs and human perceptions about fish. The research described in her book was planned and executed with care. However, in my opinion, she has failed to provide a scientifically valid answer to her question, because she accepted invalid assumptions concerning pain, nociception, and associative/procedural learning (formerly called “conditioning”). I’ll return to these issues and some additional concerns that I have, but a summary of the book’s content is in order to give readers a better frame of reference. In Chapter 1, the author describes the aim of this book as an attempt to bring the science behind the arguments about pain and fish into the open so that informed discussion can take place. The first chapter, “The Problem,” does an acceptable job of establishing a broad foundation for such a discussion. Chapter 2, “What is Pain and Why Does it Hurt?” chapter begins with the statement that “pain is a personal experience. . .” This is absolutely correct, but it would be more accurate to state that it is a “personal, psychological experience”. Even with humans, with whom no one doubts the reality of pain, we only experience it when we are conscious and the appropriate parts of the brain are fully involved. The author goes on to ask the question “Are animals consciously aware of the pain?” Such a statement carries the assumption that t
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