Pub Date : 2013-06-18DOI: 10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.3.3153
A. Boudon, H. Khelil-Arfa, J. Ménard, P. Brunschwig, P. Faverdin
Drinking water is an incompressible need of dairy farms. It represents a significant cost and, an immediate consequence of its restriction is a decrease in milk yield and an alteration of animal welfare. Animal water balance is maintained thanks to regulation of renal excretion of water and thirst in responses to set points related to plasmatic osmotic pressure and blood volume. Numerous predictive equations for water requirements of dairy cows have been published. Diet dry matter content is the first determinant of drinking water volume because it determines the relative part of feed water and drinking water in the total amount of water intake. Dry matter intake, diet contents of sodium, potassium and nitrogen and ambient temperature are the main determinants of total water intake. The comparison of the prediction error of the predictive equations on a common data set showed contrasted performances. The choice of an equation should be based on the nature of the available predictors and the conditions in which it was established. Given that most of the predictive equations for dairy cow water requirements are established from individual measurements, their application to a herd watered through constant trough level requires adjustments. Some elements are also given in the paper to predict the water requirements of heifers.
{"title":"Les besoins en eau d'abreuvement des bovins laitiers : déterminismes physiologiques et quantification","authors":"A. Boudon, H. Khelil-Arfa, J. Ménard, P. Brunschwig, P. Faverdin","doi":"10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.3.3153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.3.3153","url":null,"abstract":"Drinking water is an incompressible need of dairy farms. It represents a significant cost and, an immediate consequence of its restriction is a decrease in milk yield and an alteration of animal welfare. Animal water balance is maintained thanks to regulation of renal excretion of water and thirst in responses to set points related to plasmatic osmotic pressure and blood volume. Numerous predictive equations for water requirements of dairy cows have been published. Diet dry matter content is the first determinant of drinking water volume because it determines the relative part of feed water and drinking water in the total amount of water intake. Dry matter intake, diet contents of sodium, potassium and nitrogen and ambient temperature are the main determinants of total water intake. The comparison of the prediction error of the predictive equations on a common data set showed contrasted performances. The choice of an equation should be based on the nature of the available predictors and the conditions in which it was established. Given that most of the predictive equations for dairy cow water requirements are established from individual measurements, their application to a herd watered through constant trough level requires adjustments. Some elements are also given in the paper to predict the water requirements of heifers.","PeriodicalId":49664,"journal":{"name":"Inra Productions Animales","volume":"4 1","pages":"249-262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2013-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78652654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-18DOI: 10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.3.3152
Michael S. Corson, M. Doreau
Water scarcity, a function of supply and demand, is a regional issue with global repercussions, given that i) the increasing human population and demand for animal products will increase water demand and that ii) global climate change is altering rainfall patterns worldwide. Water can be divided into “blue” (surface and groundwater), “green” (soil water subject to evapotranspiration) and “grey” water (water necessary to dilute pollutants to acceptable levels). On a global scale, agriculture represents 70% of blue water use. One main difference among all methods for assessing water use is whether and how they include green and grey water with blue water. The “water footprint” approach includes green and grey water, whereas life cycle assessment approaches tend to exclude them or to include only the variation in green water availability resulting from land use change. A second difference is whether water use is reported as a volume of water (L) or a volume weighted by a water stress index (L water equivalents). Because of these differences and the few livestock systems studied, methods give wildly different results for the same livestock product. Ultimately, water scarcity depends on blue water use. The contribution of livestock to water scarcity can be reduced by decreasing their water consumption and/or that of the irrigated crops they consume.
{"title":"Évaluation de l'utilisation de l'eau en élevage","authors":"Michael S. Corson, M. Doreau","doi":"10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.3.3152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.3.3152","url":null,"abstract":"Water scarcity, a function of supply and demand, is a regional issue with global repercussions, given that i) the increasing human population and demand for animal products will increase water demand and that ii) global climate change is altering rainfall patterns worldwide. Water can be divided into “blue” (surface and groundwater), “green” (soil water subject to evapotranspiration) and “grey” water (water necessary to dilute pollutants to acceptable levels). On a global scale, agriculture represents 70% of blue water use. One main difference among all methods for assessing water use is whether and how they include green and grey water with blue water. The “water footprint” approach includes green and grey water, whereas life cycle assessment approaches tend to exclude them or to include only the variation in green water availability resulting from land use change. A second difference is whether water use is reported as a volume of water (L) or a volume weighted by a water stress index (L water equivalents). Because of these differences and the few livestock systems studied, methods give wildly different results for the same livestock product. Ultimately, water scarcity depends on blue water use. The contribution of livestock to water scarcity can be reduced by decreasing their water consumption and/or that of the irrigated crops they consume.","PeriodicalId":49664,"journal":{"name":"Inra Productions Animales","volume":"62 1","pages":"239-248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2013-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72432702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-05-17DOI: 10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.2.3140
N. Friggens, O. Martin, Laure Brun-Lafleur, D. Sauvant, P. Faverdin
It has become increasingly clear that understanding nutrient partitioning is central to a much broader range of issues than just being able to predict productive outputs. The extent to which nutrients are partitioned to other functions such as health and reproduction is clearly important, as are the efficiency consequences of nutrient partitioning. Further, there is mounting evidence that reliance on body reserves is increased and that robustness of dairy cows is reduced by selection for increased milk production. There is a need to incorporate in nutritional models the innate driving forces that alter nutrient partitioning according to physiological state i.e., the role of both the cow’s genotype (genetic make-up), and the expression of this genotype through time on nutrient partitioning. This paper summarizes work carried out to extend nutritional models to incorporate these trajectories, and how they affect the homeostatic capacity of the animal. There are now models that can predict the partition of nutrients throughout lactation for cows of differing milk production potentials. However, genotype and stage of lactation effects on homeostatic capacity has not yet been explicitly included in metabolic models that predict nutrient partition, although recent results suggest that this is achievable. These developments considerably extend the generality of nutrient partitioning models with respect to the type of animal and its physiological state. However, these models remain very largely focussed on predicting partition between productive outputs and body reserves and, for the most part, remain research models although substantial progress has been made toward developing models that can be applied in the field. The challenge of linking prediction of nutrient partitioning to its consequences on health, reproduction, and longevity, in the field. The challenge of linking prediction of nutrient partitioning to its consequences on health, reproduction, and longevity, although widely recognised, is only now beginning to be addressed. This is an important perspective for future work on nutrient partitioning.
{"title":"La partition des nutriments entre fonctions physiologiques chez les vaches laitières dépend du génotype et de son expression dans le temps","authors":"N. Friggens, O. Martin, Laure Brun-Lafleur, D. Sauvant, P. Faverdin","doi":"10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.2.3140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.2.3140","url":null,"abstract":"It has become increasingly clear that understanding nutrient partitioning is central to a much broader range of issues than just being able to predict productive outputs. The extent to which nutrients are partitioned to other functions such as health and reproduction is clearly important, as are the efficiency consequences of nutrient partitioning. Further, there is mounting evidence that reliance on body reserves is increased and that robustness of dairy cows is reduced by selection for increased milk production. There is a need to incorporate in nutritional models the innate driving forces that alter nutrient partitioning according to physiological state i.e., the role of both the cow’s genotype (genetic make-up), and the expression of this genotype through time on nutrient partitioning. This paper summarizes work carried out to extend nutritional models to incorporate these trajectories, and how they affect the homeostatic capacity of the animal. There are now models that can predict the partition of nutrients throughout lactation for cows of differing milk production potentials. However, genotype and stage of lactation effects on homeostatic capacity has not yet been explicitly included in metabolic models that predict nutrient partition, although recent results suggest that this is achievable. These developments considerably extend the generality of nutrient partitioning models with respect to the type of animal and its physiological state. However, these models remain very largely focussed on predicting partition between productive outputs and body reserves and, for the most part, remain research models although substantial progress has been made toward developing models that can be applied in the field. The challenge of linking prediction of nutrient partitioning to its consequences on health, reproduction, and longevity, in the field. The challenge of linking prediction of nutrient partitioning to its consequences on health, reproduction, and longevity, although widely recognised, is only now beginning to be addressed. This is an important perspective for future work on nutrient partitioning.","PeriodicalId":49664,"journal":{"name":"Inra Productions Animales","volume":"32 1","pages":"101-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2013-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84736790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-05-17DOI: 10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.2.3141
C. Leroux, L. Bernard, F. Dessauge, F. Provost, P. Martin
La glande mammaire est l'organe dans lequel est synthetise et secrete le lait. Ces processus mettent en jeu des mecanismes moleculaires dont la regulation reste incompletement elucidee. Aussi, de nombreuses recherches ont pour objectif d'identifier les leviers permettant de moduler la composition du lait, afin de repondre a la demande de la filiere et des consommateurs, et de preciser leurs mecanismes d'action pour en permettre une regulation aussi fine que possible. L'objectif de cet article est de presenter les derniers travaux relatifs a la caracterisation de facteurs genetiques et nutritionnels puis d'exposer quelques donnees mettant en lumiere les consequences de leurs interactions sur la lactation. Deux exemples d'etudes des effets de polymorphismes genetiques sur le fonctionnement mammaire chez les caprins (locus CSN1S1,specifiant la caseine alpha-s1) et les bovins (locus DGAT1 specifiant la diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1) mettent en exergue les differences d'expression de genes impliques dans le metabolisme des lipides, mais aussi identifient des genes impliques dans le trafic vesiculaire et la reponse "Unfolded Protein Responses" (UPR) des caprins. Des exemples de regulation nutritionnelle du metabolisme lipidique revelent la difference de reponse a la supplementation lipidique entre la vache et la chevre. De plus, des approches globales ont permis la decouverte de genes du metabolisme lipidique (tels que ACSBG1 et AZGP1 qui specifient respectivement la lipidosine et la zinc-alpha-2-glycoproteine) dont l'expression mammaire etait jusqu'alors inconnue, ou encore de reveler des modifications de la dynamique cellulaire mammaire. Enfin, les interactions entre les facteurs genetique et nutritionnel sont illustrees par des mecanismes de regulation fine de l'expression genique mettant en jeu de petits ARN non-codants : les microARN. L'ensemble de ces nouvelles donnees laissent entrevoir de nombreuses perspective de recherche ciblant une connaissance de plus en plus exhaustive et fine du fonctionnement de la glande mammaire, mais aussi la necessite de replacer ce fonctionnement au niveau de l'animal.
{"title":"La fonction de lactation : régulation de la biosynthèse des constituants du lait","authors":"C. Leroux, L. Bernard, F. Dessauge, F. Provost, P. Martin","doi":"10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.2.3141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.2.3141","url":null,"abstract":"La glande mammaire est l'organe dans lequel est synthetise et secrete le lait. Ces processus mettent en jeu des mecanismes moleculaires dont la regulation reste incompletement elucidee. Aussi, de nombreuses recherches ont pour objectif d'identifier les leviers permettant de moduler la composition du lait, afin de repondre a la demande de la filiere et des consommateurs, et de preciser leurs mecanismes d'action pour en permettre une regulation aussi fine que possible. L'objectif de cet article est de presenter les derniers travaux relatifs a la caracterisation de facteurs genetiques et nutritionnels puis d'exposer quelques donnees mettant en lumiere les consequences de leurs interactions sur la lactation. Deux exemples d'etudes des effets de polymorphismes genetiques sur le fonctionnement mammaire chez les caprins (locus CSN1S1,specifiant la caseine alpha-s1) et les bovins (locus DGAT1 specifiant la diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1) mettent en exergue les differences d'expression de genes impliques dans le metabolisme des lipides, mais aussi identifient des genes impliques dans le trafic vesiculaire et la reponse \"Unfolded Protein Responses\" (UPR) des caprins. Des exemples de regulation nutritionnelle du metabolisme lipidique revelent la difference de reponse a la supplementation lipidique entre la vache et la chevre. De plus, des approches globales ont permis la decouverte de genes du metabolisme lipidique (tels que ACSBG1 et AZGP1 qui specifient respectivement la lipidosine et la zinc-alpha-2-glycoproteine) dont l'expression mammaire etait jusqu'alors inconnue, ou encore de reveler des modifications de la dynamique cellulaire mammaire. Enfin, les interactions entre les facteurs genetique et nutritionnel sont illustrees par des mecanismes de regulation fine de l'expression genique mettant en jeu de petits ARN non-codants : les microARN. L'ensemble de ces nouvelles donnees laissent entrevoir de nombreuses perspective de recherche ciblant une connaissance de plus en plus exhaustive et fine du fonctionnement de la glande mammaire, mais aussi la necessite de replacer ce fonctionnement au niveau de l'animal.","PeriodicalId":49664,"journal":{"name":"Inra Productions Animales","volume":"15 1","pages":"117-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2013-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86795318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-05-17DOI: 10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.2.3138
V. Chatellier, Baptiste Lelyon, C. Perrot, G. You
Given the planned abolition of milk quotas in 2015, the French dairy sector is going through a crucial period in its history, mingling doubts and hopes. The rapid decline in the number of dairy farms (at 5 % per year over the previous decade), the increased price volatility, the negative environmental implications of the intensification, the increasing competition from neighbouring countries (including Germany) have cast doubt on the French players as to the strategies to be deployed to effectively prepare the future. The French dairy sector has nevertheless many assets that will help it rebound: a high level of consumption of dairy products per capita per year (also due to an exceptional diversity of processed products); a wide variety of echnical models, with a historical adaptation of farms to natural conditions (climate, agronomic potential…); a high potential of production development due to a low population density in many rural areas, the abundance of available forage areas and possible substitutions between agricultural productions; some improvements in scientific knowledge and technological know-how in enterprises; some French firms are leaders at the international level; a government commitment in favour of new contractual relationships between producers and firms in order to manage supply without the milk quota system. On the eve of the abolition of milk quotas, the aim of this paper was first to propose an analysis of the current economic situation of the French dairy sector (strengths, weaknesses, diversity of models) and, second, to examine the conditions of the implementation of the contractualisation system.
{"title":"Le secteur laitier français à la croisée des chemins","authors":"V. Chatellier, Baptiste Lelyon, C. Perrot, G. You","doi":"10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.2.3138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.2.3138","url":null,"abstract":"Given the planned abolition of milk quotas in 2015, the French dairy sector is going through a crucial period in its history, mingling doubts and hopes. The rapid decline in the number of dairy farms (at 5 % per year over the previous decade), the increased price volatility, the negative environmental implications of the intensification, the increasing competition from neighbouring countries (including Germany) have cast doubt on the French players as to the strategies to be deployed to effectively prepare the future. The French dairy sector has nevertheless many assets that will help it rebound: a high level of consumption of dairy products per capita per year (also due to an exceptional diversity of processed products); a wide variety of echnical models, with a historical adaptation of farms to natural conditions (climate, agronomic potential…); a high potential of production development due to a low population density in many rural areas, the abundance of available forage areas and possible substitutions between agricultural productions; some improvements in scientific knowledge and technological know-how in enterprises; some French firms are leaders at the international level; a government commitment in favour of new contractual relationships between producers and firms in order to manage supply without the milk quota system. On the eve of the abolition of milk quotas, the aim of this paper was first to propose an analysis of the current economic situation of the French dairy sector (strengths, weaknesses, diversity of models) and, second, to examine the conditions of the implementation of the contractualisation system.","PeriodicalId":49664,"journal":{"name":"Inra Productions Animales","volume":"13 1","pages":"77-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2013-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81128121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-17DOI: 10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.2.3145
H. Seegers, N. Bareille, R. Guattéo, A. Joly, A. Chauvin, C. Chartier, S. Nusinovici, C. Peroz, P. Roussel, F. Beaudeau, Nadine Ravinet, A. Relun, Anne-Frieda Taurel, C. Fourichon
Decisions in animal health management depend on a large variety of situations and problems. To illustrate this, seven major diseases of dairy herds were analysed to identify the main limiting factors for the effectiveness of the current control schemes and the perspectives toward better control in the field. Regarding intramammary infections, research directions focus on the development of multivalent vaccines, tools to better select cows to be treated with antibiotics, on-farm intervention methodology and the enhancement of animal resistance via a contribution of genome-wide selection techniques. For gastro-intestinal strongyloses, priority was also given to rational and selective anthelmintic treatments, genetic improvement of innate resistance seeming less a priority than for small ruminants. The control of Mortellaro disease, a locomotor disorder, should receive attention to develop alternatives because of the forecasted ban of the principal disinfectants used for footbaths. Q fever control can be reached by prolonged vaccination of the whole herd and adequate management of parturition hygiene. Johne disease is probably a good candidate disease for genomic selection, especially given the absence of treatment and very effective vaccine and the presence of a quite promising background of resistance/resilience. Infection by BVDV seems to be controllable by only sanitary measures, associated or not with a vaccination scheme. Eradication of exotic serotypes of BTV can be reached by targeted surveillance and quick and massive vaccination. Specificities in etiology, epidemiology and control techniques of the diseases under study do not quite allow drawing generic conclusions.
{"title":"Epidémiologie et leviers pour la maîtrise de la santé des troupeaux bovins laitiers : approche monographique pour sept maladies majeures","authors":"H. Seegers, N. Bareille, R. Guattéo, A. Joly, A. Chauvin, C. Chartier, S. Nusinovici, C. Peroz, P. Roussel, F. Beaudeau, Nadine Ravinet, A. Relun, Anne-Frieda Taurel, C. Fourichon","doi":"10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.2.3145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.2.3145","url":null,"abstract":"Decisions in animal health management depend on a large variety of situations and problems. To illustrate this, seven major diseases of dairy herds were analysed to identify the main limiting factors for the effectiveness of the current control schemes and the perspectives toward better control in the field. Regarding intramammary infections, research directions focus on the development of multivalent vaccines, tools to better select cows to be treated with antibiotics, on-farm intervention methodology and the enhancement of animal resistance via a contribution of genome-wide selection techniques. For gastro-intestinal strongyloses, priority was also given to rational and selective anthelmintic treatments, genetic improvement of innate resistance seeming less a priority than for small ruminants. The control of Mortellaro disease, a locomotor disorder, should receive attention to develop alternatives because of the forecasted ban of the principal disinfectants used for footbaths. Q fever control can be reached by prolonged vaccination of the whole herd and adequate management of parturition hygiene. Johne disease is probably a good candidate disease for genomic selection, especially given the absence of treatment and very effective vaccine and the presence of a quite promising background of resistance/resilience. Infection by BVDV seems to be controllable by only sanitary measures, associated or not with a vaccination scheme. Eradication of exotic serotypes of BTV can be reached by targeted surveillance and quick and massive vaccination. Specificities in etiology, epidemiology and control techniques of the diseases under study do not quite allow drawing generic conclusions.","PeriodicalId":49664,"journal":{"name":"Inra Productions Animales","volume":"160 1","pages":"157-175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2013-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75336139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-17DOI: 10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.2.3142
J. Léonil, M. Michalski, P. Martin
La presence d’une diversite de molecules specifiques qui coexistent dans le lait sous forme de structures supramoleculaires, telles les micelles de caseine et les globules gras, fait de ce fluide biologique un systeme extraordinairement complexe, physiquement stable, capable de vectoriser les composes bioactifs presents aussi bien dans sa fraction proteique que dans sa fraction lipidique. Les avancees realisees tant sur la composition que sur l’organisation structurale de ces structures, meme s’il subsiste des zones d’ombre, nous montrent que cette organisation n’est pas sans importance sur les effets qu’elles exercent sur l’organisme. La mise en evidence dans le lait de nanovesicules secretees par la cellule epitheliale mammaire (lactosomes) et capables de transmettre a d’autres cellules ou organismes des informations d’une autre nature constitue, a cet egard, un nouveau champ d’investigation passionnant.
{"title":"Les structures supramoléculaires du lait: structure et impact nutritionnel de la micelle de caséine et du globule gras","authors":"J. Léonil, M. Michalski, P. Martin","doi":"10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.2.3142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.2.3142","url":null,"abstract":"La presence d’une diversite de molecules specifiques qui coexistent dans le lait sous forme de structures supramoleculaires, telles les micelles de caseine et les globules gras, fait de ce fluide biologique un systeme extraordinairement complexe, physiquement stable, capable de vectoriser les composes bioactifs presents aussi bien dans sa fraction proteique que dans sa fraction lipidique. Les avancees realisees tant sur la composition que sur l’organisation structurale de ces structures, meme s’il subsiste des zones d’ombre, nous montrent que cette organisation n’est pas sans importance sur les effets qu’elles exercent sur l’organisme. La mise en evidence dans le lait de nanovesicules secretees par la cellule epitheliale mammaire (lactosomes) et capables de transmettre a d’autres cellules ou organismes des informations d’une autre nature constitue, a cet egard, un nouveau champ d’investigation passionnant.","PeriodicalId":49664,"journal":{"name":"Inra Productions Animales","volume":"1 1","pages":"129-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2013-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82849167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-17DOI: 10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.2.3147
J. Guinard-Flament, P. Marnet, I. Verdier-Metz, C. Hurtaud, M. Montel, Kerst Stelwagen, D. Pomies
Cette synthese fait le point sur les effets directs et les consequences de modifications de la conduite des animaux a la traite. Les effets recherches repondent a des besoins de pilotage du troupeau ou de maitrise de la qualite du lait. Ils visent a ajuster le niveau de production laitiere sur l’exploitation, optimiser la qualite chimique, structurelle et microbienne du lait et piloter la conduite du troupeau. Les moyens pour intervenir sont varies allant de modifications de frequence/intervalles de traite, a l’optimisation de la conception et des reglages de la machine a traire et des systemes de stockage/refrigeration du lait en passant par les pratiques de traite. Il ressort de cette synthese que la modulation de la frequence de traite est un outil efficace pour moduler la production de lait et la duree de la lactation, et qu’elle peut contribuer a ameliorer les performances de reproduction, gerer les reserves corporelles des vaches et dans certains cas limiter l’apparition de boiteries. Les choix de materiel de traite et de stockage/refroidissement du lait ainsi que les reglages de la machine a traire permettent d’optimiser l’extraction du lait, la duree de la traite et de collecter et conserver un lait d’une qualite maitrisee sans nuire a la sante de la mamelle. Enfin, l’entretien de la machine a traire, les pratiques de traite et la peau des trayons des animaux semblent jouer un role primordial sur la richesse des laits crus en germes d’interet pour l’industrie laitiere, les equilibres microbiens resultant d’une combinaison de pratiques de production dont la hierarchisation reste encore difficile.
{"title":"La traite, un outil de pilotage du troupeau et de maîtrise de la qualité du lait en élevage bovin laitier","authors":"J. Guinard-Flament, P. Marnet, I. Verdier-Metz, C. Hurtaud, M. Montel, Kerst Stelwagen, D. Pomies","doi":"10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.2.3147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.2.3147","url":null,"abstract":"Cette synthese fait le point sur les effets directs et les consequences de modifications de la conduite des animaux a la traite. Les effets recherches repondent a des besoins de pilotage du troupeau ou de maitrise de la qualite du lait. Ils visent a ajuster le niveau de production laitiere sur l’exploitation, optimiser la qualite chimique, structurelle et microbienne du lait et piloter la conduite du troupeau. Les moyens pour intervenir sont varies allant de modifications de frequence/intervalles de traite, a l’optimisation de la conception et des reglages de la machine a traire et des systemes de stockage/refrigeration du lait en passant par les pratiques de traite. Il ressort de cette synthese que la modulation de la frequence de traite est un outil efficace pour moduler la production de lait et la duree de la lactation, et qu’elle peut contribuer a ameliorer les performances de reproduction, gerer les reserves corporelles des vaches et dans certains cas limiter l’apparition de boiteries. Les choix de materiel de traite et de stockage/refroidissement du lait ainsi que les reglages de la machine a traire permettent d’optimiser l’extraction du lait, la duree de la traite et de collecter et conserver un lait d’une qualite maitrisee sans nuire a la sante de la mamelle. Enfin, l’entretien de la machine a traire, les pratiques de traite et la peau des trayons des animaux semblent jouer un role primordial sur la richesse des laits crus en germes d’interet pour l’industrie laitiere, les equilibres microbiens resultant d’une combinaison de pratiques de production dont la hierarchisation reste encore difficile.","PeriodicalId":49664,"journal":{"name":"Inra Productions Animales","volume":"140 1","pages":"193-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2013-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87575756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-17DOI: 10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.2.3144
M. Brochard, D. Boichard, V. Ducrocq, S. Fritz
Alors que l'amelioration genetique a ete un des facteurs principaux du developpement des filieres laitieres, elle doit aujourd'hui se renouveler notamment pour davantage contribuer a la durabilite de l'agriculture. Un virage vers une prise en compte des caracteres de robustesse des animaux (fertilite, resistance aux mammites, longevite des animaux...) a ete pris a la fin des annees 1990 mais les resultats sont insuffisants. Aujourd'hui, la selection genomique est une formidable opportunite que les schemas de selection saisissent pour augmenter fortement le progres genetique sur les caracteres de robustesse tout en maintenant le progres constant sur la production laitiere. En parallele nous assistons actuellement a un foisonnement de projets dont le but est de permettre a terme la selection sur de nouveaux caracteres. Les deux premiers domaines concernes sont la sante animale et la composition fine du lait. L'efficacite alimentaire et l'empreinte environnementale sont egalement une perspective reelle mais complexe, qui necessitera plus de temps et des collaborations a l'echelle nationale ou internationale. Ces avancees passent par une phase dite de phenotypage (collecte de mesures relatives aux caracteres lies au phenotype d'interet) plus ou moins complexe et couteuse. Les dispositifs de phenotypage sont des axes strategiques majeurs pour les acteurs des schemas de selection. La revolution genomique induit d'autres changements dans le monde de la selection, de type organisationnel, avec des reorganisations, des competitions et des alliances nouvelles entre acteurs historiques (organisations en charge de la mise en œuvre du dispositif genetique francais selon la loi sur l'elevage de 1966) ou emergents (entreprises etrangeres et/ou d'autres secteurs). La genetique est une carte essentielle a jouer pour atteindre les objectifs de durabilite des elevages et filieres de demain.
{"title":"La sélection pour des vaches et une production laitière plus durables : acquis de la génétique et opportunités offertes par la sélection génomique","authors":"M. Brochard, D. Boichard, V. Ducrocq, S. Fritz","doi":"10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.2.3144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.2.3144","url":null,"abstract":"Alors que l'amelioration genetique a ete un des facteurs principaux du developpement des filieres laitieres, elle doit aujourd'hui se renouveler notamment pour davantage contribuer a la durabilite de l'agriculture. Un virage vers une prise en compte des caracteres de robustesse des animaux (fertilite, resistance aux mammites, longevite des animaux...) a ete pris a la fin des annees 1990 mais les resultats sont insuffisants. Aujourd'hui, la selection genomique est une formidable opportunite que les schemas de selection saisissent pour augmenter fortement le progres genetique sur les caracteres de robustesse tout en maintenant le progres constant sur la production laitiere. En parallele nous assistons actuellement a un foisonnement de projets dont le but est de permettre a terme la selection sur de nouveaux caracteres. Les deux premiers domaines concernes sont la sante animale et la composition fine du lait. L'efficacite alimentaire et l'empreinte environnementale sont egalement une perspective reelle mais complexe, qui necessitera plus de temps et des collaborations a l'echelle nationale ou internationale. Ces avancees passent par une phase dite de phenotypage (collecte de mesures relatives aux caracteres lies au phenotype d'interet) plus ou moins complexe et couteuse. Les dispositifs de phenotypage sont des axes strategiques majeurs pour les acteurs des schemas de selection. La revolution genomique induit d'autres changements dans le monde de la selection, de type organisationnel, avec des reorganisations, des competitions et des alliances nouvelles entre acteurs historiques (organisations en charge de la mise en œuvre du dispositif genetique francais selon la loi sur l'elevage de 1966) ou emergents (entreprises etrangeres et/ou d'autres secteurs). La genetique est une carte essentielle a jouer pour atteindre les objectifs de durabilite des elevages et filieres de demain.","PeriodicalId":49664,"journal":{"name":"Inra Productions Animales","volume":"16 1","pages":"145-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2013-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87300528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-17DOI: 10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.2.3150
J. Peyraud, K. Duhem
The authors first warn about the difficulty of performing a short prospective analysis on dairy husbandry and the dairy industry where a large number of uncontrolled variables interfere. They recall the main assets of milk, dairy husbandry and the French dairy industry with regard to the world market trend, but also underline the frailties the global and the French dairy industry in particular, will have to address. These main frailties are its relative lack of competitiveness, its deteriorating image, its potential impact on human health and the impact of dairy husbandry on the environment. A description of the present situation is drafted showing that the French dairy industry has re-structured massively and that this trend will continue in the years to come, along with a significant mutation of the social model of dairying. The main drivers toward a sustainable dairy sector in the future will encompass the improvement of efficacy of dairy cow and herd management, feed security, improving labor conditions, improving the links of dairy farms to their territory, optimizing and accelerating the utilization of technical and organizational innovations, increasing the productions under quality label, monitoring and benchmarking competing sectors with regards to innovation and implementing a better dialogue between milk producers and processors in order to better adapt milk to its further processing and end-consumer needs., In addition, some suggestions are made to implement a real dairy industry strategy in order to guide public policies and enhance innovation through an improved operational partnership with research and development institutes.
{"title":"Les élevages laitiers et le lait demain: exercice d'analyse prospective","authors":"J. Peyraud, K. Duhem","doi":"10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.2.3150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20870/PRODUCTIONS-ANIMALES.2013.26.2.3150","url":null,"abstract":"The authors first warn about the difficulty of performing a short prospective analysis on dairy husbandry and the dairy industry where a large number of uncontrolled variables interfere. They recall the main assets of milk, dairy husbandry and the French dairy industry with regard to the world market trend, but also underline the frailties the global and the French dairy industry in particular, will have to address. These main frailties are its relative lack of competitiveness, its deteriorating image, its potential impact on human health and the impact of dairy husbandry on the environment. A description of the present situation is drafted showing that the French dairy industry has re-structured massively and that this trend will continue in the years to come, along with a significant mutation of the social model of dairying. The main drivers toward a sustainable dairy sector in the future will encompass the improvement of efficacy of dairy cow and herd management, feed security, improving labor conditions, improving the links of dairy farms to their territory, optimizing and accelerating the utilization of technical and organizational innovations, increasing the productions under quality label, monitoring and benchmarking competing sectors with regards to innovation and implementing a better dialogue between milk producers and processors in order to better adapt milk to its further processing and end-consumer needs., In addition, some suggestions are made to implement a real dairy industry strategy in order to guide public policies and enhance innovation through an improved operational partnership with research and development institutes.","PeriodicalId":49664,"journal":{"name":"Inra Productions Animales","volume":"77 1","pages":"221-230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2013-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74452107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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