Pedestrians are the most vulnerable road users and they are highly susceptible to conflicts at midblock crosswalk locations. They are prone to a higher risk of injury on the incident of vehicular impact and their decision making behaviour at unmarked crosswalks are more crucial than at marked crosswalks. The objective of the current study is to determine the Level of Safety thresholds and warrants for both marked and unmarked pedestrian crossing facilities at urban midblock sections under mixed traffic conditions. In this study, data were collected from four different locations of Trivandrum city including marked and unmarked crosswalks. Crossing behaviour of pedestrians for both types of crosswalks were compared by analyzing different characteristics such as gap acceptance, surrogate safety measure like post encroachment time (PET), waiting time, crossing time, platoon size, type of critical vehicle and critical gap. Multiple linear regression (MLR) technique was used to develop gap acceptance models. The study also proposes Pedestrian Level of Safety (PLS) criteria which describes the safety of pedestrians at crosswalks and warrants for crossings based on the PET values. The developed PLS thresholds and the pedestrian vehicle interaction values (PV2) were correlated to the PET values to develop the pedestrian crossing warrants.
{"title":"Level of Safety and Crossing Warrants for Crosswalks Using Surrogate Safety Measures","authors":"Sheela Alex, Padmakumar Radhakrishnan, Sanjana N","doi":"10.1680/jtran.21.00092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jtran.21.00092","url":null,"abstract":"Pedestrians are the most vulnerable road users and they are highly susceptible to conflicts at midblock crosswalk locations. They are prone to a higher risk of injury on the incident of vehicular impact and their decision making behaviour at unmarked crosswalks are more crucial than at marked crosswalks. The objective of the current study is to determine the Level of Safety thresholds and warrants for both marked and unmarked pedestrian crossing facilities at urban midblock sections under mixed traffic conditions. In this study, data were collected from four different locations of Trivandrum city including marked and unmarked crosswalks. Crossing behaviour of pedestrians for both types of crosswalks were compared by analyzing different characteristics such as gap acceptance, surrogate safety measure like post encroachment time (PET), waiting time, crossing time, platoon size, type of critical vehicle and critical gap. Multiple linear regression (MLR) technique was used to develop gap acceptance models. The study also proposes Pedestrian Level of Safety (PLS) criteria which describes the safety of pedestrians at crosswalks and warrants for crossings based on the PET values. The developed PLS thresholds and the pedestrian vehicle interaction values (PV2) were correlated to the PET values to develop the pedestrian crossing warrants.","PeriodicalId":49670,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Transport","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78094283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1680/jtran.2022.175.2.63
A. Apeagyei
{"title":"Editorial: techniques for addressing sustainability of the transportation system","authors":"A. Apeagyei","doi":"10.1680/jtran.2022.175.2.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jtran.2022.175.2.63","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49670,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Transport","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72887312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Conflict traffic volume is one of the crucial parameters for U-turn capacity estimation at the mid-block median opening (MBMO). Therefore, the present study is undertaken for the estimation of conflicting traffic volumes at MBMO. In this regard, a simple yet practical methodology has been proposed, and a parameter named spatiotemporal conflicting factor has been introduced. In order to estimate spatial conflicting factor, the entire carriageway-width was divided into two zones namely, spatial conflict zone and spatial no-conflict zone. Spatial conflicting factor was estimated by studying the placement characteristics of approaching through traffic and U-turning traffic. Subsequently, temporal conflicting factor was estimated based on no-conflict time gap and possible slowdown section. Afterward, spatiotemporal conflicting factor and resulted conflicting traffic volume was estimated for MBMO in 6-lane and 4-lane road. The present investigation's tangible outcome is to estimate the realistic capacity values of median openings, which will be beneficial for traffic planners for efficient management of traffic for an improved level of service and safety.
{"title":"Estimation of Conflicting Traffic Volume for Uncontrolled Median Openings Using Spatiotemporal Factor","authors":"Tathagatha Khan, S. Mohapatra, P. Dey","doi":"10.1680/jtran.21.00074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jtran.21.00074","url":null,"abstract":"Conflict traffic volume is one of the crucial parameters for U-turn capacity estimation at the mid-block median opening (MBMO). Therefore, the present study is undertaken for the estimation of conflicting traffic volumes at MBMO. In this regard, a simple yet practical methodology has been proposed, and a parameter named spatiotemporal conflicting factor has been introduced. In order to estimate spatial conflicting factor, the entire carriageway-width was divided into two zones namely, spatial conflict zone and spatial no-conflict zone. Spatial conflicting factor was estimated by studying the placement characteristics of approaching through traffic and U-turning traffic. Subsequently, temporal conflicting factor was estimated based on no-conflict time gap and possible slowdown section. Afterward, spatiotemporal conflicting factor and resulted conflicting traffic volume was estimated for MBMO in 6-lane and 4-lane road. The present investigation's tangible outcome is to estimate the realistic capacity values of median openings, which will be beneficial for traffic planners for efficient management of traffic for an improved level of service and safety.","PeriodicalId":49670,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Transport","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88559282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.1680/jtran.2022.175.1.62
{"title":"Transport: Referees 2021","authors":"","doi":"10.1680/jtran.2022.175.1.62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jtran.2022.175.1.62","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49670,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Transport","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87804734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.1680/jtran.2022.175.1.61
{"title":"Award-winning papers in 2020","authors":"","doi":"10.1680/jtran.2022.175.1.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jtran.2022.175.1.61","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49670,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Transport","volume":"702 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76893006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael Wright, M. Wayman, W. Zuo, D. Markham, Frank Haughey
In the UK, current specifications permit up to 10% of reclaimed asphalt (RA) to be routinely incorporated into the surface courses. The incorporation of RA provides significant economic and environmental benefits by effectively using recycled materials. Trials of thin surface course systems incorporating RA contents of more than 10% have been installed on the Strategic Road Network (SRN) since 2004. These trials demonstrated the feasibility of incorporating higher RA contents and the necessary quality controls. The sites have now been in service for a significant period of time and provide an opportunity to understand their performance. This paper summarises current practice and trials undertaken incorporating RA content >10% in the UK. The paper presents detailed analysis of the performance of the M25 J6-7 & 7-8 Clockwise (installed in 2007 incorporating 23% RA) and M25 J6-7 Anti-clockwise (installed in 2009 incorporating 40% RA). The paper provides quantifiable evidence regarding the performance of surface course materials containing RA >10%. The analysis demonstrates that surface courses containing RA have performed equivalently to control sections containing no RA over a significant period of time. The trials indicate that the inclusion of RA, when subject to the appropriate quality control processes, has had no detrimental impact upon on the skid resistance. The conclusions support the incremental increase of the maximum permitted RA content from 10% to 20% with appropriate quality controls in the future revision of PD6691.
{"title":"Performance review of surfacing materials incorporating enhanced levels of reclaimed asphalt","authors":"Michael Wright, M. Wayman, W. Zuo, D. Markham, Frank Haughey","doi":"10.1680/jtran.21.00008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jtran.21.00008","url":null,"abstract":"In the UK, current specifications permit up to 10% of reclaimed asphalt (RA) to be routinely incorporated into the surface courses. The incorporation of RA provides significant economic and environmental benefits by effectively using recycled materials. Trials of thin surface course systems incorporating RA contents of more than 10% have been installed on the Strategic Road Network (SRN) since 2004. These trials demonstrated the feasibility of incorporating higher RA contents and the necessary quality controls. The sites have now been in service for a significant period of time and provide an opportunity to understand their performance. This paper summarises current practice and trials undertaken incorporating RA content >10% in the UK. The paper presents detailed analysis of the performance of the M25 J6-7 & 7-8 Clockwise (installed in 2007 incorporating 23% RA) and M25 J6-7 Anti-clockwise (installed in 2009 incorporating 40% RA). The paper provides quantifiable evidence regarding the performance of surface course materials containing RA >10%. The analysis demonstrates that surface courses containing RA have performed equivalently to control sections containing no RA over a significant period of time. The trials indicate that the inclusion of RA, when subject to the appropriate quality control processes, has had no detrimental impact upon on the skid resistance. The conclusions support the incremental increase of the maximum permitted RA content from 10% to 20% with appropriate quality controls in the future revision of PD6691.","PeriodicalId":49670,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Transport","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91250507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guihua Deng, M. Zhong, Mo Lei, J. Hunt, Wanle Wang, Yong Zhou
The Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) serves as the main east-west axis of China to promote economic development and environmental protection along the Yangtze River. This paper analyses the factors that affect the freight distribution of major types of cargo transported through the Yangtze River, using data from the automatic identification system (AIS) and ship visa data. First, a set of freight impedance functions are developed for different types of links of the waterway network, by considering a number of factors such as cargo types, delays at ship locks, water levels and flows at different waterway segments and upstream and downstream shipping speeds. Both the distance- and time-based impedance matrices of different types of cargo are computed, respectively. After that, gravity model (GM) and intervening opportunity model (IOM) are estimated to simulate the distribution of different types of cargo based on the computed impedance matrices. Meanwhile, a trip length distribution (TLD) method is applied to validate the estimated distribution models. The results indicate that GM with a power term outperforms other models, and the time-based models are superior to the distance-based ones for the prediction of freight distributions over large geographies like the YREB. This work offers an in-depth understanding of the freight characteristics of inland waterways and therefore it should be helpful for relevant authorities in formulating their port and inland waterway plans and policies.
{"title":"Freight Distribution Analysis and Modelling of Inland Waterway Transport along the Yangtze River Economic Belt using Big Data","authors":"Guihua Deng, M. Zhong, Mo Lei, J. Hunt, Wanle Wang, Yong Zhou","doi":"10.1680/jtran.21.00032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jtran.21.00032","url":null,"abstract":"The Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) serves as the main east-west axis of China to promote economic development and environmental protection along the Yangtze River. This paper analyses the factors that affect the freight distribution of major types of cargo transported through the Yangtze River, using data from the automatic identification system (AIS) and ship visa data. First, a set of freight impedance functions are developed for different types of links of the waterway network, by considering a number of factors such as cargo types, delays at ship locks, water levels and flows at different waterway segments and upstream and downstream shipping speeds. Both the distance- and time-based impedance matrices of different types of cargo are computed, respectively. After that, gravity model (GM) and intervening opportunity model (IOM) are estimated to simulate the distribution of different types of cargo based on the computed impedance matrices. Meanwhile, a trip length distribution (TLD) method is applied to validate the estimated distribution models. The results indicate that GM with a power term outperforms other models, and the time-based models are superior to the distance-based ones for the prediction of freight distributions over large geographies like the YREB. This work offers an in-depth understanding of the freight characteristics of inland waterways and therefore it should be helpful for relevant authorities in formulating their port and inland waterway plans and policies.","PeriodicalId":49670,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Transport","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75699982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to reveal structural response law of emergency repair pavement under the airplane loading and verify the backfill material and structural applicability, two craters (Crater 1 composed of 2.4 m thick flying objects (FO) + 0.4 m thick graded crushed rocks (GCR) + 0.2 m thick roller compacted concrete + fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) course, and Crater 2 composed of 2.4 m thick FO + 0.6 m thick GCR + FRP course) were backfilled. Static and dynamic loads were applied using two airplanes. Results show that, laying FRP pavement layers reduced the maximum deflection of Crater 2 by 21%. Crater 1 and concrete pavement were both slightly rigid structures with a strong load transfer ability. The dynamic deflection basin curves of Crater 2 could be fit using a Gaussian function; while the curves of Crater 1 and concrete pavement could be fit using a quartic polynomial. Under static loading, the earth pressures of Crater 2 at −0.6 m, −0.4 m, and −0.2 m sites were 4.3, 9, and 9.6 times of those of Crater 1, respectively. At the −0.2 m site, the earth pressure of Crater 1 was 0.11 MPa, while that of Crater 2 reached 1.06 MPa. The research results can guide the rapid quality inspection and optimization design of emergency repair pavement structure and material.
{"title":"Full-scale Test on Emergency Repair Pavement under Airplane Loading","authors":"Jun Zhang, Wei Xu, Peiwei Gao, X. Weng, L. Su","doi":"10.1680/jtran.21.00049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jtran.21.00049","url":null,"abstract":"In order to reveal structural response law of emergency repair pavement under the airplane loading and verify the backfill material and structural applicability, two craters (Crater 1 composed of 2.4 m thick flying objects (FO) + 0.4 m thick graded crushed rocks (GCR) + 0.2 m thick roller compacted concrete + fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) course, and Crater 2 composed of 2.4 m thick FO + 0.6 m thick GCR + FRP course) were backfilled. Static and dynamic loads were applied using two airplanes. Results show that, laying FRP pavement layers reduced the maximum deflection of Crater 2 by 21%. Crater 1 and concrete pavement were both slightly rigid structures with a strong load transfer ability. The dynamic deflection basin curves of Crater 2 could be fit using a Gaussian function; while the curves of Crater 1 and concrete pavement could be fit using a quartic polynomial. Under static loading, the earth pressures of Crater 2 at −0.6 m, −0.4 m, and −0.2 m sites were 4.3, 9, and 9.6 times of those of Crater 1, respectively. At the −0.2 m site, the earth pressure of Crater 1 was 0.11 MPa, while that of Crater 2 reached 1.06 MPa. The research results can guide the rapid quality inspection and optimization design of emergency repair pavement structure and material.","PeriodicalId":49670,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Transport","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78079214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meisam Siamidoudaran, Mehdi Siamidodaran, Hilmiye Konuralp
Prediction models have been extensively used in the field of road safety, however, none of these models have been particularly applied to zero-emission electric vehicle (EV) related injuries so far; which may lead to different outcomes due to their inaudible engines. Using an optimizable classification tree, this first-ever study aims to predict the likelihood of personal injury severities stemming from EV-related crashes on Britain's roads. The prediction model was found to be capable of detecting significant and insignificant factors. The factors provide important insights into how the severity of injuries can be reduced in the future deployment of EVs. Although there was an increased risk for injuries classified as ‘slight severity’, particularly at lower urban speed limits, several predictors are suggesting that EVs do not pose more of a risk to a certain group. Contrary to popular belief, no convincing evidence has been found to suggest that eco-friendly EVs are ‘silent killers’ for vulnerable road users.
{"title":"Environmentally-friendly electric vehicles: a silent menace to vulnerable road users?","authors":"Meisam Siamidoudaran, Mehdi Siamidodaran, Hilmiye Konuralp","doi":"10.1680/jtran.21.00043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jtran.21.00043","url":null,"abstract":"Prediction models have been extensively used in the field of road safety, however, none of these models have been particularly applied to zero-emission electric vehicle (EV) related injuries so far; which may lead to different outcomes due to their inaudible engines. Using an optimizable classification tree, this first-ever study aims to predict the likelihood of personal injury severities stemming from EV-related crashes on Britain's roads. The prediction model was found to be capable of detecting significant and insignificant factors. The factors provide important insights into how the severity of injuries can be reduced in the future deployment of EVs. Although there was an increased risk for injuries classified as ‘slight severity’, particularly at lower urban speed limits, several predictors are suggesting that EVs do not pose more of a risk to a certain group. Contrary to popular belief, no convincing evidence has been found to suggest that eco-friendly EVs are ‘silent killers’ for vulnerable road users.","PeriodicalId":49670,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Transport","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91008647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this paper is to review research conducting the impact of land use variables on the travel behaviour. It is focused on the density as an important measure of land use that reflects the interaction with the transportation system. The effect of density has been addressed years ago; therefore, papers have been published since 1960s were reviewed in this paper. These papers are classified into two groups according to the most common measure of the density and the most common variables of the travel behaviour considered in these researches. The first group contains about 26 papers published before 2000 while the second group contains about 45 papers published after 2000. It has been noticed that the population density is the main term of density used in the first group while the employment density and the configuration of densities are integrated as measures in the papers published after 2000. The direct relationship with mode choice and travel length has been approved. However, there are some gaps are identified in the discussion and conclusion sections, such as the effect on the trip production rate, the type of trips according to its purposes, internal and external, and weekdays and weekend.
{"title":"Review of the Land Use Variables Affecting the Transportation Behaviour, Review paper","authors":"Abeer K. Jameel, N. W. Jassim, A. M. Abdulwahab","doi":"10.1680/jtran.21.00025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jtran.21.00025","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to review research conducting the impact of land use variables on the travel behaviour. It is focused on the density as an important measure of land use that reflects the interaction with the transportation system. The effect of density has been addressed years ago; therefore, papers have been published since 1960s were reviewed in this paper. These papers are classified into two groups according to the most common measure of the density and the most common variables of the travel behaviour considered in these researches. The first group contains about 26 papers published before 2000 while the second group contains about 45 papers published after 2000. It has been noticed that the population density is the main term of density used in the first group while the employment density and the configuration of densities are integrated as measures in the papers published after 2000. The direct relationship with mode choice and travel length has been approved. However, there are some gaps are identified in the discussion and conclusion sections, such as the effect on the trip production rate, the type of trips according to its purposes, internal and external, and weekdays and weekend.","PeriodicalId":49670,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Transport","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91052533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：